Industries in India – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

The textile industry is crucial for India's economy because it provides employment to millions of people, especially in small towns and rural areas.

Small-scale industries like the one Riya visited help in:

• Generating income for workers and their families.
• Promoting local craftsmanship and traditional skills.
• Supplying raw materials to larger industries, boosting overall production.

Additionally, these industries contribute to exports, earning foreign exchange for the country. They also support local communities by creating jobs and preserving cultural heritage through handmade textiles.

Heavy industries, like the steel plant in Jamshedpur, involve large-scale production using heavy machinery and raw materials. Their key features are:

• They require huge investments and infrastructure.
• They produce goods like steel, machinery, and chemicals, which are essential for other industries.
• They provide employment to skilled and unskilled workers.

These industries play a vital role in India's development by:

• Supporting construction, transportation, and manufacturing sectors.
• Contributing to the country's GDP and industrial growth.
• Helping in building infrastructure like bridges, railways, and buildings.

The IT industry is called a sunrise industry because it is new, fast-growing, and has a bright future.

It benefits India in the following ways:

• Creates high-paying jobs for skilled professionals, boosting the economy.
• Attracts foreign companies to invest in India, increasing foreign direct investment (FDI).
• Improves technology and services like banking, healthcare, and education.

For example, cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad have become global IT hubs, earning the nickname "Silicon Valley of India". This industry also helps in digitalizing government services, making them faster and more efficient.

The textile industry's excessive water usage can harm the environment in multiple ways:

• Water pollution: Chemical dyes contaminate rivers, harming aquatic life.
• Groundwater depletion: Overuse reduces water availability for communities.

Industries can reduce this problem by:

• Using eco-friendly dyes that require less water.
• Installing water recycling plants to reuse wastewater.
• Adopting rainwater harvesting to conserve natural resources.

These steps help protect both the environment and local communities.

Agro-based industries are located near farms because:

• Reduced transportation costs: Raw materials like sugarcane are bulky and perishable.
• Freshness preservation: Proximity ensures crops are processed quickly.

Two other agro-based industries in India are:

• Cotton textile industry (uses cotton from farms).
• Vegetable oil industry (processes oilseeds like mustard).

These industries support farmers and boost rural employment.

Chennai is ideal for the automobile industry due to:

• Port connectivity: Easy export/import of vehicles and parts.
• Skilled labor: Availability of trained engineers and workers.
• Infrastructure: Well-developed roads and industrial zones.

Benefits to the local economy include:

• Job creation for thousands of people.
• Growth of small businesses supplying parts and services.

This boosts overall development in the region.

The textile industry is mostly small-scale because it requires less capital investment and can be set up with basic machinery. Many processes like dyeing, weaving, and stitching can be done by skilled workers in small units. These industries are often family-run or employ local artisans.

Textile industries contribute to India's economy in multiple ways:

• They provide employment to millions of people, especially in rural areas.
• They support related industries like cotton farming and dye manufacturing.
• India earns foreign exchange by exporting textiles to other countries.
• They preserve traditional crafts like handloom and embroidery.

Small-scale textile industries also help in balanced regional development by spreading economic opportunities beyond big cities.

Mining industries cause environmental problems such as:

• Deforestation: Large areas of forests are cleared for mining, leading to loss of wildlife and soil erosion.
  Solution: Companies should replant trees in mined areas to restore the ecosystem.
• Water pollution: Chemicals from mining can mix with nearby rivers, making water unsafe for drinking.
  Solution: Treating wastewater before releasing it into water bodies can prevent pollution.

By following these measures, we can balance industrial growth with environmental protection.

Steel plants are located near coal mines or iron ore deposits because:

• Steel production requires large amounts of coal (for fuel) and iron ore (as raw material). Transporting these heavy materials over long distances is expensive.
• Locating plants near mines reduces transportation costs and ensures a steady supply of raw materials.

Two advantages of such locations are:

• Cost-effective: Saves money on transporting bulky raw materials.
• Efficient production: Ensures uninterrupted supply, preventing delays in steel manufacturing.

This is why major steel plants like those in Jamshedpur are set up near mineral-rich areas.

The two types of industries involved are:

• Agro-based industry: This includes the production of raw materials like cotton, which is grown by farmers. Cotton is the primary input for the textile industry.
• Manufacturing industry: This involves spinning yarn from cotton and weaving fabric using machines. These processes transform raw cotton into finished products like clothes.

Both industries work together to make the textile sector successful. The agro-based industry provides raw materials, while the manufacturing industry processes them into usable products, creating jobs and boosting the economy.

The steel industry is called a heavy industry because:

• It involves large-scale production using heavy machinery and raw materials like iron ore and coal.
• It requires significant capital investment and infrastructure.

Its importance in India's growth includes:

• Steel is essential for building infrastructure like bridges, railways, and buildings.
• It supports other industries like automobile and construction, creating employment opportunities.
• India is one of the top steel producers globally, contributing to economic development.

Comparison between the IT industry and traditional industries:

• Nature: The IT industry deals with software, services, and digital technology, while traditional industries like textiles or steel involve physical manufacturing.
• Workforce: IT requires skilled professionals like engineers and developers, whereas traditional industries employ both skilled and unskilled laborers.
• Environmental impact: IT has a lower environmental footprint as it doesn’t produce pollution like factories. Traditional industries often cause air and water pollution due to manufacturing processes.

The IT industry drives innovation and globalization, while traditional industries remain vital for basic goods and employment.

The process of converting cotton into cloth involves multiple steps and different types of industries:

• Primary Industry: Cotton is grown in farms (agriculture).
• Secondary Industry: The cotton is sent to a textile industry where it is spun into yarn (spinning) and then woven into cloth (weaving).
• Tertiary Industry: The finished cloth is transported to markets for sale.

This shows how raw materials pass through different industries before becoming a usable product.

Steel plants are often located near coal mines or iron ore deposits due to the following reasons:

• Raw Material Availability: Steel production requires large amounts of coal (for fuel) and iron ore (main raw material). Being close reduces transportation costs.
  Example: Jamshedpur (Tata Steel) is near coal mines in Jharkhand.
• Cost Efficiency: Transporting heavy materials like coal and iron ore is expensive, so proximity saves money.
• Infrastructure: Such areas often have developed roads and railways for easy movement of goods.

This is why industries are often set up near sources of raw materials.

Cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad are ideal for IT industries because of:

• Skilled Workforce: These cities have many engineering colleges and trained professionals.
• Infrastructure: Good electricity, internet connectivity, and office spaces support IT companies.
• Government Support: Policies like tax benefits attract companies.
  Example: Bengaluru's Electronic City is a major IT hub.
• Pleasant Climate: Moderate weather reduces energy costs for cooling.

These factors help IT industries grow and contribute to India's economy.

Natural dyes are obtained from plants, minerals, or animals, such as indigo (from plants) or lac (from insects). Synthetic dyes are chemically produced in factories.

Industries might prefer synthetic dyes because:

• They offer a wider range of bright and consistent colors.
• They are cheaper and easier to produce in large quantities.
• They bond better with fabrics, making colors last longer after washing.

Jamshedpur is ideal for steel production due to:

• Availability of raw materials: Nearby iron ore mines in Singhbhum provide the key ingredient.
• Water supply: The Subarnarekha River ensures water for cooling machinery.
• Transport connectivity: Roads and railways help transport heavy steel products across India.

Additionally, skilled labor and established infrastructure support the industry.

The process includes:
1. Clay extraction: Digging clay from riverbanks and removing impurities.
2. Shaping: Molding clay on a wheel or by hand into pots.
3. Drying: Leaving the shaped clay in the sun to harden.
4. Firing: Baking pottery in kilns to make it strong.

Pottery industries are usually small-scale because:

• They rely on local materials and manual labor.
• They cater to nearby markets, reducing transport needs.
• Minimal machinery is required, keeping costs low.

Steel plants are called heavy industries because they involve large-scale production, heavy machinery, and require huge amounts of raw materials like iron ore and coal.

Steel is essential for infrastructure development because:

• It is used to construct bridges, buildings, and railways, making them strong and durable.
• It is a key material in manufacturing vehicles, machines, and tools.

For example, the Howrah Bridge in Kolkata and metro rail projects across India are built using steel. Without steel, modern infrastructure would not be possible.

The IT industry is different from traditional industries because it focuses on technology, software, and services rather than physical goods.

Its unique features include:

• It requires highly skilled workers like engineers and programmers.
• It operates globally, providing services to companies worldwide.
• It does not need large factories; instead, it relies on computers and the internet.

The IT industry has boosted India's growth by creating high-paying jobs, attracting foreign investment, and making India a leader in software development. Cities like Bengaluru are known as IT hubs due to their contribution to this sector.

Natural dyes are obtained from plants, minerals, or animals, while synthetic dyes are chemically manufactured. Here’s how they differ and affect the environment:

• Natural dyes: Eco-friendly, biodegradable, and cause minimal pollution. However, they require large amounts of water and land for cultivation.
• Synthetic dyes: Produce vibrant colors but release harmful chemicals into water bodies, harming aquatic life and soil fertility.

Industries should adopt sustainable practices like treating wastewater before disposal to reduce environmental damage.

The process involves:

Transportation connects farms to industries by ensuring raw materials reach factories on time. Good roads, railways, and storage facilities help reduce waste and support India’s agro-based industries.

Iron ore, coal, and limestone are essential because:

• Iron ore is the main raw material for steel.
• Coal provides heat for smelting.
• Limestone removes impurities during production.

Steel plants are often located near:

This reduces transportation costs and makes production efficient.

Agro-based industries like sugar mills play a key role in converting farm produce into finished goods. The steps to make sugar from sugarcane are:

These industries benefit farmers by:

• Providing a steady market for their crops, ensuring income.
• Reducing wastage as perishable farm produce is processed into long-lasting products.
• Creating additional jobs in rural areas, improving living standards.

Differences between cottage industries and large-scale industries:

• Scale of Production: Cottage industries operate on a small scale, often at home, while large-scale industries use factories and machinery.
• Employment: Cottage industries employ local artisans, whereas large industries hire a large workforce with specialized skills.
• Investment: Cottage industries need minimal capital, while large industries require huge investments.

Relevance of cottage industries:

They preserve traditional crafts like pottery, weaving, and handicrafts, which are part of India's cultural identity.

They provide livelihoods to rural artisans who may not have access to industrial jobs.

Additionally, handmade products have high demand in domestic and international markets, supporting local economies.

The process of converting cotton into fabric involves several steps:

• Ginning: Cotton is cleaned to remove seeds and impurities.
• Spinning: The cleaned cotton is spun into yarn using machines.
• Weaving/Knitting: Yarn is woven or knitted into fabric using large machines.
• Dyeing/Printing: Fabric is dyed or printed with designs.
• Finishing: The fabric is treated to improve quality and texture.

Surat is a major hub for the textile industry because:

• It has a long history of textile production.
• Availability of skilled labor and advanced machinery.
• Good transportation links for raw materials and finished goods.
• High demand for fabrics in domestic and international markets.

The raw materials used in steel production and their roles are:

• Iron ore: Provides the base metal iron, which is the main component of steel.
• Coal: Used as fuel in blast furnaces and converted into coke for melting iron ore.
• Limestone: Acts as a flux to remove impurities during the smelting process.

Steel plants are often located near coal mines or ports because:

• Coal is bulky and expensive to transport, so proximity reduces costs.
• Ports facilitate the import of raw materials like iron ore if not locally available.
• Easy access to transportation networks for distributing finished steel products.

The by-products of sugarcane processing and their uses are:

• Molasses: Used to make alcohol, ethanol, and animal feed.
• Bagasse: Used as fuel in sugar mills or to make paper and cardboard.

The importance of the sugar industry in India includes:

• It is the second-largest producer of sugar in the world.
• Provides employment to millions of farmers and workers.
• Supports related industries like distilleries and paper mills.
• Contributes to the economy through exports and domestic consumption.

Agro-based industries like sugar mills help farmers and regions in multiple ways:

1. Extra Income: Farmers earn additional money by supplying sugarcane to mills or working there.
2. Reduces Waste: Leftover sugarcane (bagasse) is used to make paper or generate electricity.
3. Employment: Factories create jobs for locals, reducing migration to cities.
4. Development: Roads, schools, and hospitals improve as industries grow in the area.

Both film (Bollywood) and software industries boost Mumbai's growth in unique ways:

Film Industry:

• Creates jobs for actors, technicians, and vendors.
• Attracts tourists to film studios and events.
• Promotes Indian culture globally through movies.

• Provides high-tech jobs for engineers and developers.
• Helps other businesses with digital services.
• Makes Mumbai a hub for IT companies.