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Kathmandu – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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9th

9th - English (Panorama Part‑1)

Kathmandu

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Overview of the Chapter

The chapter "Kathmandu" is a travelogue written by Vikram Seth, which describes his experiences and observations during his visit to Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. The narrative captures the vibrant culture, bustling streets, and unique atmosphere of the city, offering readers a vivid glimpse into its daily life and traditions.

Travelogue: A piece of writing or a lecture about travel experiences, often describing the places visited and the people encountered.

Key Themes

  • The cultural diversity and religious harmony in Kathmandu.
  • The contrast between the serene temples and the chaotic marketplaces.
  • The author's personal reflections on the city's unique charm.

Summary

The author begins by describing the bustling streets of Kathmandu, filled with shops selling various items, from postcards to Tibetan artifacts. He visits the Pashupatinath Temple, a sacred Hindu shrine, and observes the rituals performed by devotees. The temple's serene environment contrasts with the noisy streets outside.

Next, the author visits the Baudhnath Stupa, a Buddhist shrine, where he notices the peaceful atmosphere and the devotees circumambulating the stupa. The chapter highlights the coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism in Kathmandu, reflecting the city's religious tolerance.

The author also describes the chaotic yet lively marketplaces, where vendors sell everything from fruits to flutes. He is particularly fascinated by a flute seller, whose music adds to the city's vibrant ambiance. The chapter concludes with the author's departure from Kathmandu, leaving readers with a sense of the city's enduring charm.

Important Characters

  • Vikram Seth: The author and narrator of the travelogue, who shares his experiences in Kathmandu.
  • The Flute Seller: A street vendor whose music captivates the author and symbolizes the city's cultural richness.

Key Takeaways

  • Kathmandu is a city of contrasts, where spirituality and chaos coexist.
  • The chapter emphasizes the importance of cultural diversity and religious harmony.
  • The author's vivid descriptions help readers visualize the city's unique atmosphere.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
What is the theme of the chapter Kathmandu?
Answer:

The theme is the cultural richness of Kathmandu.

Question 2:
Name the two temples mentioned in Kathmandu.
Answer:
  • Pashupatinath Temple
  • Boudhanath Stupa
Question 3:
Who is the author of Kathmandu?
Answer:

Vikram Seth.

Question 4:
What does the flute seller symbolize in Kathmandu?
Answer:

He symbolizes simplicity and contentment.

Question 5:
Which river flows through Kathmandu?
Answer:

The Bagmati River.

Question 6:
What is the main attraction of Pashupatinath Temple?
Answer:

The sacredness and rituals of Hinduism.

Question 7:
Why is Boudhanath Stupa significant?
Answer:

It is a major Buddhist pilgrimage site.

Question 8:
What contrast does the author highlight in Kathmandu?
Answer:

The contrast between chaos and serenity.

Question 9:
How does the author describe the streets of Kathmandu?
Answer:

They are crowded and vibrant.

Question 10:
What emotion does the flute seller evoke?
Answer:

A sense of peace and joy.

Question 11:
What is the religious importance of Pashupatinath?
Answer:

It is dedicated to Lord Shiva.

Question 12:
What animals are seen around Pashupatinath Temple?
Answer:

Monkeys and sadhus.

Question 13:
What sound does the author associate with Kathmandu?
Answer:

The sound of flutes and bells.

Question 14:
What lesson does the author learn in Kathmandu?
Answer:

To appreciate simple pleasures.

Question 15:
What is the name of the river mentioned in the chapter Kathmandu?
Answer:
The river mentioned is the Bagmati river.
Question 16:
Who is the author of the chapter Kathmandu?
Answer:
The author is Vikram Seth.
Question 17:
Name two temples mentioned in the chapter Kathmandu.
Answer:
The two temples are Pashupatinath and Boudhanath.
Question 18:
What is the significance of the Pashupatinath temple?
Answer:

The Pashupatinath temple is a sacred Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. It attracts devotees from all over the world and is known for its strict entry rules.

Question 19:
Describe the atmosphere around the Boudhanath stupa.
Answer:

The Boudhanath stupa has a peaceful atmosphere with Tibetan monks chanting prayers, the smell of incense, and shops selling religious items.

Question 20:
What does the author buy from the streets of Kathmandu?
Answer:
The author buys a corn-on-the-cob and a barrel of fizzy drinks.
Question 21:
Why does the author feel a sense of relief at the Boudhanath stupa?
Answer:

The author feels relief because the stupa offers a calm and spiritual environment, contrasting with the chaos of Kathmandu's streets.

Question 22:
What musical instrument does the author hear being played in Kathmandu?
Answer:
The author hears the flute being played.
Question 23:
How does the author describe the flute seller in Kathmandu?
Answer:

The flute seller is described as a carefree man who plays his flutes without aggressively selling them, creating a melodious atmosphere.

Question 24:
What does the author compare the sound of the flute to?
Answer:
The author compares the flute's sound to the human voice, calling it the most universal and particular of sounds.
Question 25:
Why does the author mention the marzipan in the chapter?
Answer:

The author mentions marzipan as a sweet reminder of home, showing how small things can evoke strong memories.

Question 26:
What is the central theme of the chapter Kathmandu?
Answer:

The central theme is the blend of chaos and spirituality in Kathmandu, highlighting the city's vibrant culture and the author's personal reflections.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
What is the significance of the Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu?
Answer:

The Pashupatinath Temple is one of the most sacred Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. It holds immense religious importance and attracts devotees from all over the world. The temple's architecture and rituals reflect Nepal's rich cultural heritage.

Question 2:
Describe the atmosphere at the Boudhanath Stupa as mentioned in the chapter.
Answer:

The Boudhanath Stupa has a serene and spiritual atmosphere. It is surrounded by Tibetan monks chanting prayers, the smell of incense, and the sound of spinning prayer wheels. The stupa symbolizes peace and is a major center of Tibetan Buddhism.

Question 3:
Why does the author call Kathmandu a vivid, mercenary, and religious city?
Answer:

The author describes Kathmandu as vivid due to its colorful markets and lively streets, mercenary because of its bustling trade and commerce, and religious owing to its numerous temples and spiritual significance.

Question 4:
What role do the flute sellers play in the chapter?
Answer:

The flute sellers symbolize the simplicity and cultural richness of Kathmandu. Their music adds to the city's vibrant atmosphere, representing the blend of art and daily life.

Question 5:
How does the author contrast the Pashupatinath Temple and the Boudhanath Stupa?
Answer:

The Pashupatinath Temple is bustling with Hindu rituals and crowds, while the Boudhanath Stupa is calm, with Tibetan Buddhist practices. The former is noisy and chaotic, whereas the latter is peaceful and meditative.

Question 6:
What does the author observe about the bagpipers in Kathmandu?
Answer:

The author notices that the bagpipers play repetitive tunes but still attract crowds. This highlights the city's eclectic mix of traditions and the people's appreciation for music.

Question 7:
Why is Kathmandu considered a melting pot of cultures?
Answer:

Kathmandu is called a melting pot because it blends Hindu and Buddhist traditions, along with influences from Tibet and India. The city's festivals, architecture, and daily life reflect this cultural diversity.

Question 8:
What impression does the author give about the streets of Kathmandu?
Answer:

The author describes the streets of Kathmandu as chaotic yet fascinating, filled with vendors, sacred cows, and a mix of old and new influences. The streets capture the city's vibrant energy.

Question 9:
How does the chapter depict the religious tolerance in Kathmandu?
Answer:

The chapter shows religious tolerance through the peaceful coexistence of Hindu and Buddhist sites like Pashupatinath Temple and Boudhanath Stupa. People respect each other's faiths, creating harmony.

Question 10:
What is the significance of the river Bagmati in the chapter?
Answer:

The river Bagmati is considered holy, and rituals like cremations take place on its banks. It symbolizes the cycle of life and death in Hindu culture, adding to Kathmandu's spiritual aura.

Question 11:
How does the author's visit to Kathmandu reflect his personal experiences?
Answer:

The author shares his personal experiences through vivid descriptions of temples, streets, and people. His observations highlight the city's unique blend of chaos, spirituality, and cultural richness.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
How does the author describe the atmosphere of Kathmandu in the chapter?
Answer:

The author describes Kathmandu as a vibrant and chaotic city filled with sensory experiences. The air is thick with the smell of incense and spices, and the streets are crowded with people, animals, and vendors. The author highlights the blend of modernity and tradition, with temples and shrines standing alongside bustling markets. The constant noise of honking vehicles and chanting priests adds to the lively atmosphere.

Question 2:
What significance does the Pashupatinath Temple hold in the chapter?
Answer:

The Pashupatinath Temple is a sacred Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva. The author observes the rituals performed by devotees, including ablutions in the river and offerings to the deity. The temple represents the deep-rooted spiritualism and cultural heritage of Nepal. The presence of sadhus (holy men) and the somber cremation ceremonies along the riverbank add to its solemn yet profound significance.

Question 3:
How does the author portray the Boudhanath Stupa in the narrative?
Answer:

The Boudhanath Stupa is depicted as a serene and majestic Buddhist monument. The author describes its massive white dome and the all-seeing eyes of Buddha painted on it. The stupa is surrounded by prayer flags fluttering in the wind, creating a peaceful ambiance. Tibetan monks chanting prayers and devotees circumambulating the stupa reflect the spiritual devotion and tranquility of the place.

Question 4:
What contrasts does the author highlight between the Pashupatinath Temple and the Boudhanath Stupa?
Answer:

The author contrasts the Pashupatinath Temple and the Boudhanath Stupa in terms of atmosphere and religious practices.

  • The temple is bustling with noisy crowds, rituals, and ceremonies, reflecting the dynamic nature of Hinduism.
  • The stupa, on the other hand, exudes calmness with its quiet prayers and meditative ambiance, showcasing the introspective essence of Buddhism.
Both, however, symbolize the rich religious diversity of Kathmandu.

Question 5:
Why does the author mention the flute seller in the chapter?
Answer:

The flute seller symbolizes the simplicity and beauty of everyday life in Kathmandu. Unlike other vendors who aggressively market their goods, the flute seller plays his flute softly, letting the music attract customers. This reflects the author's appreciation for artistic purity and the unhurried, traditional way of life amidst the city's chaos.

Question 6:
How does the chapter Kathmandu reflect the theme of cultural diversity?
Answer:

The chapter showcases Kathmandu as a melting pot of cultures and religions. The coexistence of Hindu and Buddhist landmarks like the Pashupatinath Temple and Boudhanath Stupa highlights religious harmony. The bustling markets, varied cuisines, and multilingual chatter further emphasize the city's multicultural fabric. The author's observations underline how diversity enriches the city's identity.

Question 7:
How does the author describe the flute seller in Kathmandu? What impression does this create about the local culture?
Answer:

The author describes the flute seller as a carefree and skilled musician who plays his flutes effortlessly, attracting a small crowd. He does not aggressively sell his flutes but instead lets the music speak for itself. This creates an impression of a laid-back and artistic local culture in Kathmandu, where people value simplicity and passion over commercial gains.

Question 8:
What significance does the Boudhanath Stupa hold in the chapter 'Kathmandu'? How does the author perceive it?
Answer:

The Boudhanath Stupa is a sacred Buddhist shrine symbolizing peace and spirituality. The author perceives it as a serene and majestic structure, surrounded by devotees and pigeons. Its massive dome and watchful eyes of Buddha create a sense of divinity and calmness, contrasting with the chaotic streets of Kathmandu.

Question 9:
Explain the contrast between the Pashupatinath Temple and the Boudhanath Stupa as described in the chapter.
Answer:

The Pashupatinath Temple is depicted as a place of chaos and rituals, with crowds, priests, and even monkeys adding to the commotion. In contrast, the Boudhanath Stupa is peaceful, with a tranquil atmosphere and devotees meditating quietly. This contrast highlights the diversity of religious practices in Kathmandu.

Question 10:
Why does the author feel a sense of detachment while observing the activities at the Pashupatinath Temple?
Answer:

The author feels detached because he is an outsider witnessing the intense rituals, such as cremations and prayers, which are deeply personal for the locals. The cultural gap and his role as a mere observer make him feel like a spectator rather than a participant, emphasizing the contrast between his perspective and the devotees' faith.

Question 11:
How does the author describe the streets of Kathmandu? What does this reveal about the city's atmosphere?
Answer:

The author describes the streets as lively, chaotic, and filled with a mix of sights, sounds, and smells—from fruit vendors to flute music. This reveals Kathmandu's vibrant and multisensory atmosphere, where tradition and modernity coexist in a bustling urban setting.

Question 12:
What role does the flute music play in the author's experience of Kathmandu? How does it connect to the theme of the chapter?
Answer:

The flute music serves as a moment of tranquility amidst the chaos of Kathmandu. It symbolizes universal beauty and artistic freedom, as the flute seller plays without any commercial motive. This connects to the theme of finding peace and simplicity in a fast-paced world.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Describe the significance of the flute seller in the chapter 'Kathmandu' from Beehive. How does his presence add to the author's experience?
Answer:
Introduction

In 'Kathmandu,' the flute seller symbolizes the cultural richness of the city. Our textbook shows how the author observes him amidst the chaos.

Argument 1
  • The flute seller's calm demeanor contrasts with the noisy market, highlighting simplicity.
Argument 2
  • His music connects the author to deeper emotions, as described in the chapter.
Conclusion

Through the flute seller, the author appreciates Kathmandu's soul, making it a memorable experience.

Question 2:
How does the author of 'Kathmandu' portray the contrast between the sacred and the chaotic in the city? Provide examples.
Answer:
Introduction

The chapter 'Kathmandu' depicts a blend of spirituality and chaos. We studied how the author observes this duality.

Argument 1
  • The peaceful Pashupatinath Temple contrasts with the noisy streets outside, as mentioned in NCERT.
Argument 2
  • The Baudhnath Stupa's serenity differs from the lively market nearby.
Conclusion

These contrasts help the author capture Kathmandu's unique character, balancing tradition and modernity.

Question 3:
Explain the role of sensory details in 'Kathmandu' to create a vivid picture of the city.
Answer:
Introduction

Sensory details in 'Kathmandu' immerse readers in the city's atmosphere. Our textbook emphasizes sights, sounds, and smells.

Argument 1
  • The author describes the 'febrile confusion' of crowds, making the scene lively.
Argument 2
  • The smell of marigolds and the sound of flutes add cultural depth.
Conclusion

These details help readers visualize Kathmandu vividly, as intended by the author.

Question 4:
Why does the author in 'Kathmandu' feel a sense of connection with the flute music? Discuss its emotional impact.
Answer:
Introduction

The flute music in 'Kathmandu' deeply moves the author. We studied how it transcends cultural barriers.

Argument 1
  • The music reminds the author of universal human emotions, as noted in NCERT.
Argument 2
  • Its simplicity contrasts with the city's chaos, offering peace.
Conclusion

This connection highlights music's power to evoke shared feelings across cultures.

Question 5:
Compare the author's descriptions of Pashupatinath Temple and Baudhnath Stupa in 'Kathmandu'. How do they reflect different aspects of the city?
Answer:
Introduction

Pashupatinath and Baudhnath represent Kathmandu's spiritual diversity. Our textbook contrasts their atmospheres.

Argument 1
  • Pashupatinath is bustling with rituals, showing vibrant Hinduism.
Argument 2
  • Baudhnath's quietness reflects Buddhist tranquility, as described in the chapter.
Conclusion

Together, they showcase Kathmandu's religious harmony and cultural richness.

Question 6:
Describe the character of Vikram Seth as portrayed in the lesson Kathmandu. How does his observational skill enhance the narrative?
Answer:
Introduction

Vikram Seth, in Kathmandu, is portrayed as a keen observer who immerses himself in the city's vibrant culture.


Argument 1
  • His detailed descriptions of Pashupatinath Temple and Boudhanath Stupa showcase his curiosity.
  • We studied how he notices small details like the flute seller's music, reflecting his attentiveness.

Argument 2
  • His observational skill helps readers visualize Kathmandu's chaos and spirituality.
  • Our textbook shows his fascination with local life, like the marigold sellers and monkeys.

Conclusion

Seth's observations make the narrative vivid, allowing us to experience Kathmandu through his eyes.

Question 7:
Explain how the contrast between Pashupatinath Temple and Boudhanath Stupa highlights the diversity of Kathmandu in the lesson.
Answer:
Introduction

The lesson Kathmandu contrasts the Pashupatinath Temple and Boudhanath Stupa to show the city's cultural richness.


Argument 1
  • Pashupatinath is chaotic, with rituals and crowds, while Boudhanath is peaceful, with Tibetan chants.
  • We studied how Seth describes the temple's strict rules versus the stupa's open atmosphere.

Argument 2
  • The contrast reflects diversity—Hindu and Buddhist traditions coexisting.
  • Our textbook mentions the flute seller near both sites, symbolizing harmony.

Conclusion

These differences emphasize Kathmandu's unique blend of spirituality and daily life.

Question 8:
How does the flute seller in Kathmandu symbolize the universal language of music? Provide examples from the text.
Answer:
Introduction

The flute seller in Kathmandu represents how music transcends cultural barriers.


Argument 1
  • Seth describes the seller's indifference to sales, focusing only on playing.
  • We studied how his music blends with the city's sounds, creating unity.

Argument 2
  • The flutes from different cultures (Japanese, Indian) show music's universal appeal.
  • Our textbook highlights Seth's admiration for this simplicity.

Conclusion

The flute seller reminds us that art connects people beyond language.

Question 9:
Analyze the significance of the monkeys at Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu. How do they add to the atmosphere?
Answer:
Introduction

The monkeys at Pashupatinath Temple contribute to the lively and chaotic atmosphere of Kathmandu.


Argument 1
  • They symbolize the temple's wild, unrestrained energy, contrasting with its sacredness.
  • We studied how Seth humorously describes their mischief, like snatching offerings.

Argument 2
  • Their presence adds authenticity, showing the blend of nature and spirituality.
  • Our textbook mentions pilgrims ignoring them, highlighting acceptance.

Conclusion

The monkeys make the scene vivid, reinforcing Kathmandu's unique character.

Question 10:
Discuss the theme of travel in Kathmandu. How does Vikram Seth's journey reflect self-discovery?
Answer:
Introduction

In Kathmandu, Vikram Seth's travel becomes a journey of self-discovery through new experiences.


Argument 1
  • His observations of temples and streets reveal his curiosity about different cultures.
  • We studied how he contrasts Kathmandu's chaos with his own reflections.

Argument 2
  • The flute seller's music inspires him, showing how travel broadens perspectives.
  • Our textbook highlights his appreciation for simplicity, a lesson learned.

Conclusion

Seth's journey teaches us that travel is not just about places but also inner growth.

Question 11:
Describe the author's experience in Kathmandu as mentioned in the chapter. How does the author portray the cultural and spiritual essence of the city?
Answer:

The author's experience in Kathmandu is vividly described as a blend of chaos and spirituality. The chapter highlights the bustling streets filled with vendors, sacred rivers, and ancient temples, creating a unique atmosphere. The author portrays the city's cultural essence through its vibrant markets, where flutes are sold alongside modern gadgets, symbolizing the coexistence of tradition and modernity.

Additionally, the spiritual essence of Kathmandu is depicted through landmarks like the Pashupatinath Temple and the Boudhanath Stupa. The author observes the rituals, prayers, and the serene yet lively environment, emphasizing the deep-rooted faith of the people. The chapter also contrasts the sacred Bagmati River with its polluted state, reflecting the challenges of preserving spirituality in a rapidly changing world.

Overall, the author's portrayal captures Kathmandu as a city where tradition and modernity intertwine, offering a rich cultural and spiritual experience.

Question 12:
Compare and contrast the two sacred places mentioned in the chapter Kathmandu—the Pashupatinath Temple and the Baudhanath Stupa. How do they reflect the religious diversity of Nepal?
Answer:

The Pashupatinath Temple and the Baudhanath Stupa are two prominent sacred places in Kathmandu, each representing different aspects of Nepal's religious diversity.

  • Pashupatinath Temple: This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is a major pilgrimage site for Hindus. The author describes the temple's lively atmosphere, with priests, devotees, and even monkeys creating a chaotic yet spiritual environment. The rituals, such as cremations by the Bagmati River, highlight the Hindu beliefs in life, death, and rebirth.
  • Baudhanath Stupa: In contrast, the Baudhanath Stupa is a serene Buddhist shrine, known for its massive mandala and peaceful ambiance. The author notes the quiet prayers of Tibetan monks and the spinning of prayer wheels, reflecting Buddhist practices of meditation and mindfulness.

While the Pashupatinath Temple embodies the vibrant and ritualistic nature of Hinduism, the Baudhanath Stupa represents the calm and introspective traditions of Buddhism. Together, they showcase Nepal's religious harmony, where diverse faiths coexist and thrive side by side.

Question 13:
Describe the author's experience in Kathmandu as depicted in the chapter. Highlight the cultural and spiritual significance of the places he visits.
Answer:

The author's experience in Kathmandu is a vivid portrayal of the city's bustling life and rich cultural heritage. He describes the crowded streets, the vibrant markets, and the unique blend of modernity and tradition. One of the key places he visits is the Pashupatinath Temple, a sacred Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva. Here, he observes the devout pilgrims, the rituals, and the serene atmosphere, which highlight the spiritual significance of the place.

Another important location is the Boudhanath Stupa, a Buddhist shrine with a massive mandala. The author notes the peaceful ambiance, the monks chanting prayers, and the spinning of prayer wheels, which reflect the deep-rooted Buddhist culture in Kathmandu.

  • The Pashupatinath Temple symbolizes Hindu devotion and the cycle of life and death.
  • The Boudhanath Stupa represents Buddhist teachings and the quest for enlightenment.

Through these visits, the author captures the essence of Kathmandu as a city where spirituality and daily life coexist harmoniously. The chapter also subtly contrasts the chaos of the streets with the tranquility of these sacred spaces, offering a deeper understanding of Nepal's cultural diversity.

Question 14:
Describe the author's experience in Kathmandu as mentioned in the chapter. How does the author portray the cultural and spiritual essence of the city? (5 marks)
Answer:

The author, Vikram Seth, vividly describes his experiences in Kathmandu, capturing the city's vibrant and chaotic atmosphere. He portrays it as a place filled with sensory overload—sights, sounds, and smells that create a unique cultural tapestry. The author visits the Pashupatinath Temple, a sacred Hindu shrine, where he observes rituals, devotees, and even monkeys, highlighting the spiritual fervor of the place. He contrasts this with the Boudhanath Stupa, a Buddhist shrine, where the ambiance is more serene, with monks chanting and prayer wheels spinning.

The author also describes the bustling streets of Kathmandu, filled with vendors selling flutes, postcards, and other items, showcasing the city's lively commerce. The sound of flute music, particularly the ‘bansuri’, leaves a lasting impression on him, symbolizing the city's artistic soul. Through these observations, the author beautifully captures the cultural and spiritual essence of Kathmandu, blending chaos with tranquility, tradition with modernity.

Additionally, the author reflects on how Kathmandu serves as a melting pot of religions and cultures, where Hinduism and Buddhism coexist harmoniously. This portrayal not only highlights the city's diversity but also its deep-rooted spirituality, making it a unique and unforgettable destination.

Question 15:
Describe the author's experience in Kathmandu as mentioned in the chapter. How does the author portray the city's cultural and religious diversity? Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The author, Vikram Seth, vividly describes his experiences in Kathmandu, highlighting the city's rich cultural and religious diversity. He portrays Kathmandu as a bustling, vibrant place filled with sensory delights and spiritual significance.

Cultural Diversity: The author observes the chaotic yet harmonious blend of people, sounds, and activities in the streets. For example, he mentions the flute seller whose music stands out amidst the noise, symbolizing the city's artistic soul. The market scene, with vendors selling everything from postcards to cosmetic items, reflects the everyday life and commerce of Kathmandu.

Religious Diversity: The author visits two significant temples—the Pashupatinath Temple (a Hindu shrine) and the Baudhanath Stupa (a Buddhist site). At Pashupatinath, he describes the fervent devotion of pilgrims, the sacred river Bagmati, and the rituals performed there. In contrast, Baudhanath Stupa offers a serene atmosphere, with Tibetan monks praying and the giant eyes of Buddha watching over the city. These contrasting experiences showcase the peaceful coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism in Kathmandu.

The author's portrayal emphasizes how Kathmandu is a melting pot of traditions, where different cultures and religions thrive side by side, creating a unique and enchanting atmosphere.

Question 16:
Describe the author's experience in Kathmandu as depicted in the chapter. How does the author's observation of the city reflect its cultural and spiritual significance? (5 marks)
Answer:

The author's experience in Kathmandu is a vivid portrayal of the city's bustling life and deep spiritual essence. The chapter highlights the author's visit to the Pashupatinath Temple and the Boudhanath Stupa, two iconic landmarks that symbolize the city's religious diversity.

At the Pashupatinath Temple, the author observes the chaotic yet devout atmosphere, with priests, devotees, and even monkeys adding to the vibrant scene. The temple's strict entry rules for non-Hindus emphasize its sacredness. In contrast, the Boudhanath Stupa offers a serene environment, where Tibetan monks chant prayers and the air is filled with a sense of peace. The author notes the spiritual harmony between Hinduism and Buddhism in Kathmandu.

The city's cultural richness is further reflected in its crowded streets, filled with flute sellers, hawkers, and the constant hum of activity. The author's description of the flute seller playing different tunes symbolizes the blending of traditions and the universal language of music.

Overall, the author's observations capture Kathmandu as a city where tradition and modernity coexist, and its spiritual aura leaves a lasting impression on visitors.

Question 17:
Describe the author's experience in Kathmandu as mentioned in the chapter. How does the author portray the city's cultural and spiritual essence? (5 marks)
Answer:

The author's experience in Kathmandu is vividly described, highlighting the city's bustling energy and deep spiritual aura. The chapter captures the sensory overload of the place—the sounds of flutes, temple bells, and street vendors, along with the sights of colorful markets and ancient temples. The author portrays Kathmandu as a blend of chaos and serenity, where modernity coexists with tradition.

The cultural essence is depicted through the Pashupatinath Temple, where rituals and devotees create a sacred atmosphere. The Boudhanath Stupa, with its peaceful monks and spinning prayer wheels, reflects the city's spiritual depth. The author also mentions the Kumari, the living goddess, symbolizing the unique blend of myth and reality in Nepalese culture.

Additionally, the author contrasts the city's noisy streets with moments of tranquility, like the flute seller's music, which becomes a metaphor for the city's soul. This duality—of chaos and calm—captures the essence of Kathmandu as a place where spirituality and daily life intertwine seamlessly.

Question 18:
Describe the author's experience in Kathmandu as depicted in the chapter. How does the author's observation of the city reflect its cultural and spiritual essence? (5 marks)
Answer:

The author's experience in Kathmandu is a vivid portrayal of the city's bustling life and spiritual aura. He describes the crowded streets, the noise of hawkers, and the blend of modernity with tradition. The cultural essence is highlighted through the presence of temples like Pashupatinath and the Baudhnath Stupa, where rituals and prayers are a common sight. The author observes the flute seller, whose music adds a serene contrast to the chaos, symbolizing the city's spiritual depth.

Furthermore, the author notes the coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism, reflecting religious harmony. The marigold offerings and the chanting of mantras create a sense of devotion. The chapter captures the city's soul through its sensory details—smells, sounds, and sights—making it a living, breathing entity. The author's observations emphasize how Kathmandu is not just a place but an experience of cultural richness and spiritual tranquility.

Question 19:
How does the chapter Kathmandu highlight the contrast between the sacred and the mundane? Provide examples from the text to support your answer. (5 marks)
Answer:

The chapter Kathmandu beautifully contrasts the sacred and the mundane through the author's observations. For instance, the Pashupatinath Temple, a sacred site, is surrounded by chaotic streets filled with vendors and tourists, showing how spirituality exists alongside everyday life. The Baudhnath Stupa, with its peaceful ambiance, stands in stark contrast to the noisy marketplace nearby.

Another example is the flute seller, who represents the sacred through his music, yet his presence is part of the ordinary street scene. The author also describes the polluted Bagmati River, which holds religious significance but is marred by human neglect. These contrasts emphasize how the divine and the ordinary coexist in Kathmandu, creating a unique blend of reverence and realism. The chapter thus portrays the city as a place where spirituality and daily life are intertwined.

Question 20:
Describe the author's experience in the Kathmandu bazaar. How does the author use sensory details to bring the scene to life?
Answer:

The author vividly describes the bustling Kathmandu bazaar using rich sensory details to immerse the reader in the scene. Sight is highlighted through the colorful chaos of shops selling flutes, postcards, and copper utensils, while the sound of car horns, bicycle bells, and hawkers creates a noisy yet lively atmosphere. The smell of incense from temples mixes with the aroma of street food, adding depth to the experience. The author also mentions the touch of the cool marble floors in the temples and the taste of sweet, juicy mangoes from a vendor.

These sensory details not only make the scene realistic but also reflect the cultural vibrancy of Kathmandu. The author's observations capture the essence of the bazaar as a place where tradition and modernity coexist, making it a memorable part of the narrative.

Question 21:
Compare and contrast the Pashupatinath temple and the Baudhnath Stupa as described in the chapter Kathmandu. How do these places reflect different aspects of Nepalese culture?
Answer:

The Pashupatinath temple and the Baudhnath Stupa represent two distinct yet integral aspects of Nepalese culture as depicted in the chapter.

  • Pashupatinath Temple: This Hindu temple is bustling with activity, filled with priests, devotees, and even monkeys. The author describes the chaotic yet spiritual atmosphere, where rituals like cremation are openly performed. The temple symbolizes the vibrant and ritualistic side of Nepalese Hinduism.
  • Baudhnath Stupa: In contrast, the Buddhist stupa exudes tranquility. The author notes its serene environment, with Tibetan refugees quietly circumambulating the structure. The white dome and peaceful surroundings reflect the meditative and inclusive nature of Buddhism in Nepal.

While both sites are religious landmarks, Pashupatinath is lively and sensory, whereas Baudhnath is calm and introspective. Together, they showcase Nepal's religious diversity and cultural harmony.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
In Kathmandu, the author describes the flute seller as indifferent to sales.
Case Summary: The flute seller plays melodies without worrying about customers.
Q1. Why does the author find the flute seller’s attitude remarkable? Support your answer with two examples from the text.
Answer:
Case Summary: The flute seller’s calmness contrasts with typical market behavior.
Analysis:
  • He plays music for joy, not profit, showing detachment from materialism.
  • Our textbook mentions his ‘bamboo pole’ flutes, symbolizing simplicity.
Conclusion: The author admires his contentment, like the holy river Bagmati flowing undisturbed.
Question 2:
Case Summary: The Buddhist shrine and Hindu temple in Kathmandu coexist peacefully.
Q2. How does this reflect the city’s cultural harmony? Use two details from the lesson.
Answer:
Case Summary: The shrines represent unity in diversity.
Analysis:
  • We studied the ‘great stillness’ at both sites, showing shared reverence.
  • The ‘bells’ and ‘prayer flags’ blend traditions visually.
Conclusion: Kathmandu’s harmony mirrors India’s pluralism, like NCERT’s example of Ganga-Yamuna cultures.
Question 3:
Case Summary: The author contrasts Kathmandu’s chaotic streets with its spiritual calm.
Q3. Identify two literary devices used to depict this contrast. Quote lines as evidence.
Answer:
Case Summary: Sensory details highlight the paradox.
Analysis:
  • Oxymoron: ‘febrile confusion’ describes bustling yet vibrant streets.
  • Imagery: ‘marigold garlands’ against dusty roads show beauty in chaos.
Conclusion: Like NCERT’s ‘quietness’ in cities, the text balances noise and peace.
Question 4:
Case Summary: The author buys a comic book and corn-on-the-cob in Kathmandu.
Q4. How do these choices reveal his human side? Relate to two universal traits.
Answer:
Case Summary: Simple pleasures humanize the traveler.
Analysis:
  • His ‘childlike excitement’ for comics shows nostalgia, a common emotion.
  • Eating street food (‘charcoal fire’) reflects cultural curiosity.
Conclusion: Like NCERT’s Ruskin Bond, he finds joy in ordinary moments.
Question 5:
In Kathmandu, the author describes the flute seller as someone who doesn’t aggressively sell his flutes. How does this reflect the cultural values of the place? Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:
Case Summary

We studied how the flute seller in Kathmandu represents patience and simplicity. Unlike typical vendors, he doesn’t shout or bargain.

Analysis
  • The seller’s calmness mirrors Nepal’s spiritual culture.
  • Our textbook shows he plays flute melodies, attracting buyers naturally.
Conclusion

This reflects values like contentment and artistry over materialism, similar to how monks meditate peacefully.

Question 6:
The Boudhanath Stupa and Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu are described as contrasting yet coexisting. Explain this contrast using textual evidence.
Answer:
Case Summary

Our textbook describes Boudhanath Stupa as serene with Tibetan Buddhism, while Pashupatinath is chaotic with Hindu rituals.

Analysis
  • Stupa has prayer flags; Pashupatinath has crowds and animals.
  • Both show religious harmony, like how Diwali and Buddha Purnima are celebrated together.
Conclusion

This contrast highlights Nepal’s diversity, where traditions blend respectfully.

Question 7:
How does the author’s description of street vendors in Kathmandu emphasize the city’s vibrancy? Give two examples from the lesson.
Answer:
Case Summary

The lesson shows Kathmandu’s streets filled with vendors selling spices, flutes, and more, creating a lively atmosphere.

Analysis
  • We read about marigold garlands adding color, like during festivals.
  • The flute seller’s music blends with street noise, making it unique.
Conclusion

Such details paint Kathmandu as vibrant, similar to India’s bustling bazaars.

Question 8:
The author mentions feeling ‘assaulted’ by Kathmandu’s noise but also finds peace. Analyze this paradox with references to the text.
Answer:
Case Summary

In Kathmandu, the author calls the city noisy yet finds calm near the Bagmati River.

Analysis
  • Our textbook describes honking traffic but also quiet flute music.
  • Like India’s Ganga Aarti, chaos and spirituality coexist.
Conclusion

This paradox shows how cities balance hustle with pockets of tranquility.

Question 9:
In Kathmandu, the narrator describes the flute seller as indifferent to sales. Case Summary: The seller plays melodies without urging buyers.
Analysis: Why does this attitude stand out in a marketplace?
Conclusion: How does this reflect the cultural essence of Kathmandu?
Answer:
Case Summary: The flute seller prioritizes music over profit, unlike typical vendors.
Analysis: His indifference highlights artistic passion, contrasting the market's commercial hustle. Our textbook shows similar themes in The Sound of Music, where art transcends material gains.
Conclusion: This mirrors Kathmandu's spiritual culture, valuing joy over money, like the Buddhist monks we studied.
Question 10:
Case Summary: The narrator in Kathmandu feels overwhelmed by the city's chaos.
Analysis: Identify two sensory details (e.g., sounds/smells) that create this effect.
Conclusion: How do these details deepen our understanding of the narrator's experience?
Answer:
Case Summary: The narrator describes honking cars, pungent spices, and crowded streets.
Analysis:
  • Sound: Flute music contrasts with traffic noise.
  • Smell: Incense mixes with petrol fumes.
Our textbook's My Childhood also uses sensory imagery for atmosphere.
Conclusion: These contrasts show his mixed emotions—chaos vs. beauty—like the duality in The Road Not Taken.
Question 11:
Case Summary: The Boudhanath stupa in Kathmandu symbolizes peace.
Analysis: Compare its description with another holy place from your syllabus (e.g., Meenakshi Temple).
Conclusion: Why are such places central to travel narratives?
Answer:
Case Summary: The stupa's white dome and prayer flags evoke serenity, similar to Meenakshi Temple's vibrant gopurams.
Analysis: Both sites blend architecture with spirituality. We studied how temples in Glimpses of India showcase cultural identity.
Conclusion: They anchor narratives by revealing local beliefs, like the river in The Brook symbolizing life.
Question 12:
Case Summary: The narrator buys a postcard of Kathmandu’s deities.
Analysis: How does this act connect to the theme of memory?
Conclusion: Relate it to a similar moment in The Lost Child.
Answer:
Case Summary: The postcard preserves memories of the trip, like photographs.
Analysis: It mirrors how The Lost Child uses toys to symbolize fleeting moments. Our textbook shows memory as a recurring theme, e.g., Rain on the Roof.
Conclusion: Both texts use objects (postcard/toys) to capture emotions, emphasizing nostalgia’s universal role.
Question 13:

Read the following extract from the chapter Kathmandu and answer the question that follows:

"The busiest streets in Kathmandu are lined with shops selling everything from copper pots and pans to postcards and trekking gear."

Based on the extract, describe the vibrant market culture of Kathmandu as observed by the author. How does this reflect the city's economic and cultural diversity? (4 marks)

Answer:

The author highlights the vibrant market culture of Kathmandu by describing the bustling streets filled with shops offering a wide range of goods. Copper pots and pans signify the local craftsmanship and traditional lifestyle, while postcards and trekking gear cater to tourists, showcasing the city's blend of economic and cultural diversity.

This diversity is evident because:

  • The presence of copper utensils reflects the local artisans' skills and the demand for traditional household items.
  • Postcards indicate the city's popularity among tourists, promoting its cultural heritage.
  • Trekking gear shops highlight Kathmandu's role as a gateway to the Himalayas, attracting adventure seekers.

Thus, the market culture not only supports the local economy but also bridges tradition and modernity, making Kathmandu a unique destination.

Question 14:

In the chapter Kathmandu, the author mentions the Pashupatinath Temple and the Boudhanath Stupa as significant landmarks. Compare the religious and cultural importance of these two sites based on the author's observations. (4 marks)

Answer:

The Pashupatinath Temple and Boudhanath Stupa are both religiously and culturally significant but serve different purposes as described by the author:

  • Pashupatinath Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva, it is a major Hindu pilgrimage site. The author notes the presence of sadhus (holy men) and rituals like cremation by the river, emphasizing its spiritual importance in Hinduism.
  • Boudhanath Stupa: This is one of the largest Buddhist stupas in the world. The author describes the peaceful atmosphere, with devotees circumambulating the stupa and spinning prayer wheels, highlighting its role in Tibetan Buddhism.

While Pashupatinath represents Hindu traditions, Boudhanath reflects Buddhist practices, showcasing Kathmandu's religious harmony. Both sites attract devotees and tourists, contributing to the city's cultural richness.

Question 15:

Read the following excerpt from Kathmandu and answer the question below:

"The busiest streets in Kathmandu are lined with shops selling everything from copper pots and pans to postcards and film rolls."

Based on the excerpt, describe the vibrancy of Kathmandu's streets and how it reflects the city's cultural and economic significance. Provide examples from the text.

Answer:

The excerpt highlights the vibrancy of Kathmandu's streets, showcasing its lively and bustling nature. The presence of shops selling diverse items like copper pots and pans and postcards reflects the city's rich cultural heritage and thriving economy.

  • Cultural Significance: The sale of traditional items like copper pots indicates the preservation of local craftsmanship and cultural practices.
  • Economic Significance: The variety of goods, including modern items like film rolls, shows the city's adaptability and economic activity, catering to both locals and tourists.

This blend of traditional and modern elements makes Kathmandu a unique and dynamic city.

Question 16:

In Kathmandu, the author describes the "flute seller" as a symbol of simplicity and artistry. Analyze how the flute seller's character contributes to the overall theme of the chapter. Support your answer with textual evidence.

Answer:

The flute seller in Kathmandu embodies the themes of simplicity and artistry, which are central to the chapter. His character highlights the beauty of everyday life and the importance of traditional arts.

  • Simplicity: The flute seller is described as having a "carefree attitude", showing contentment with his modest livelihood. This contrasts with the chaos of the city, emphasizing the value of simplicity.
  • Artistry: His skill in playing the flute and crafting the instruments reflects the preservation of cultural arts. The text mentions how he "plays the flute with effortless grace", showcasing his dedication to his craft.

Through the flute seller, the author conveys that true happiness and cultural richness lie in simplicity and artistry.

Question 17:

Read the following extract from Kathmandu and answer the question below:

"The busiest streets are lined with shops selling postcards, flutes, and Tibetan curios. The hawkers call out to the tourists in broken English."

Question: How does the author depict the cultural and commercial atmosphere of Kathmandu in this extract? Explain in detail.

Answer:

The author vividly portrays the cultural and commercial atmosphere of Kathmandu through the following details:

  • Busy streets lined with shops: This highlights the city's bustling commercial activity, catering to both locals and tourists.
  • Items sold (postcards, flutes, Tibetan curios): These reflect the cultural richness of Kathmandu, blending Nepalese and Tibetan influences.
  • Hawkers using broken English: This emphasizes the city's reliance on tourism and the informal, lively interactions between locals and visitors.

The extract captures the essence of Kathmandu as a vibrant, multicultural hub where commerce and culture intersect.

Question 18:

Read the following extract from Kathmandu and answer the question below:

"The temple of Pashupatinath is one of the holiest Hindu shrines in the world. Devotees come here to worship Lord Shiva."

Question: What significance does the Pashupatinath Temple hold in the chapter? How does it contribute to the author's portrayal of Kathmandu?

Answer:

The Pashupatinath Temple holds immense religious and cultural significance in the chapter, as it:

  • Represents the spiritual heart of Kathmandu, attracting devotees from across the world to worship Lord Shiva.
  • Highlights the city's deep-rooted Hindu traditions and its role as a pilgrimage site.
  • Contributes to the author's portrayal of Kathmandu as a place where faith and daily life intertwine, adding depth to its cultural identity.

The temple symbolizes the city's timeless connection to religion and its enduring appeal as a sacred destination.

Question 19:

Read the following excerpt from Kathmandu and answer the question below:

"The busiest streets were full of sacred cows, stray dogs, and vendors selling everything from flutes to postcards."

How does the author use sensory details to create a vivid picture of Kathmandu's streets? Explain with reference to the text.

Answer:

The author uses sensory details to bring Kathmandu's streets to life by appealing to multiple senses. Here's how:

  • Sight: The mention of "sacred cows", "stray dogs", and "vendors" paints a visual image of a bustling, chaotic street.
  • Sound: Though not directly stated, the presence of vendors implies noise—hawking, bargaining, and possibly flute music.
  • Touch/Smell: The crowded scene suggests the warmth of bodies and the mingling scents of street food, animals, and incense.

These details make the scene feel immersive, helping the reader visualize and almost experience the lively atmosphere of Kathmandu.

Question 20:

In Kathmandu, the author describes the "small shrine" with "flowers, bells, and offerings." How does this description reflect the cultural and spiritual significance of such shrines in Nepal? Provide evidence from the text.

Answer:

The description of the "small shrine" highlights its cultural and spiritual importance in Nepal. Here's why:

  • Religious Practices: The presence of "flowers" and "offerings" shows devotion, a common practice in Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
  • Symbolism: "Bells" are often rung to ward off evil spirits or announce prayers, indicating the shrine's role in daily rituals.
  • Community Connection: Such shrines are focal points for locals, reflecting Nepal's deep-rooted spirituality.

The author's attention to these details emphasizes how even small shrines hold great meaning in Kathmandu's cultural landscape.

Question 21:
Read the following excerpt from Kathmandu:
'The flute seller does not shout out his wares. He makes a sale, and then another, but in between, he plays the flute.'
Based on this, explain how the flute seller's approach to selling reflects the cultural values of Kathmandu. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The flute seller's approach reflects the tranquil and unhurried lifestyle of Kathmandu, where commerce blends seamlessly with artistry and tradition. Unlike aggressive sales tactics, his method highlights the city's cultural emphasis on patience and appreciation for beauty.

  • Example 1: The phrase 'does not shout out his wares' shows respect for peace, a core value in Nepalese culture.
  • Example 2: Playing the flute between sales demonstrates how art is woven into daily life, symbolizing Kathmandu's spiritual and artistic heritage.

This contrasts with typical urban markets, emphasizing the city's unique harmony between livelihood and tradition.

Question 22:
In Kathmandu, the author describes the ‘mongrel’ crowd at the bus park. Analyze how this description helps in understanding the diversity and vibrancy of the city. Refer to specific details from the text.
Answer:

The term 'mongrel' metaphorically captures Kathmandu's cosmopolitan and inclusive character, where people from varied backgrounds coexist vibrantly.

  • Detail 1: The crowd includes 'sadhus, hawkers, tourists, and locals', illustrating the city's role as a melting pot of cultures and religions.
  • Detail 2: The 'chaotic yet harmonious' bus park scene reflects Nepal's tolerance and unity amid diversity, a hallmark of its identity.

Such imagery contrasts with rigid societal divisions elsewhere, showcasing Kathmandu's openness and cultural richness as celebrated in the chapter.

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