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Yayati – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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9th

9th - English (Panorama Part‑1)

Yayati

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Overview of the Chapter

The chapter "Yayati" is a part of the CBSE Grade 9 English textbook (Panorama Part-1). It is based on an ancient Indian mythological tale from the Mahabharata, which explores themes of desire, sacrifice, and redemption. The story revolves around King Yayati, who is cursed with premature old age due to his excessive indulgence in worldly pleasures. The narrative delves into his struggles and the moral lessons he learns through his experiences.

Yayati: A legendary king in Hindu mythology, known for his story of exchanging his old age with his son's youth to continue enjoying worldly pleasures.

Summary of the Chapter

The chapter begins with King Yayati, a powerful and prosperous ruler, who is cursed by his father-in-law, Shukracharya, for his immoral behavior. The curse condemns him to lose his youth and become old prematurely. Distraught, Yayati pleads for a solution, and Shukracharya offers him a way out—he can transfer his old age to someone willing to accept it in exchange for their youth.

Yayati approaches his five sons, requesting one of them to take his old age and give him their youth. Only his youngest son, Puru, agrees to this sacrifice out of love and duty toward his father. Yayati regains his youth and continues to enjoy life, while Puru bears the burden of old age.

After many years of indulgence, Yayati realizes the futility of his desires and the emptiness of his pursuits. He returns Puru's youth and accepts his old age, acknowledging that true happiness does not lie in sensory pleasures but in wisdom and self-control. He crowns Puru as the king and retires to the forest to seek spiritual enlightenment.

Puru: Yayati's youngest son, who selflessly accepts his father's old age, demonstrating loyalty and sacrifice.

Themes and Moral Lessons

The story of Yayati highlights several key themes:

  • Desire and Consequences: Yayati's insatiable desires lead to his downfall, emphasizing the dangers of unchecked greed.
  • Sacrifice and Duty: Puru's willingness to sacrifice his youth for his father's happiness showcases the importance of duty and selflessness.
  • Redemption and Wisdom: Yayati's eventual realization and acceptance of his mistakes underline the value of wisdom and self-awareness.

Conclusion

The chapter "Yayati" serves as a moral allegory, teaching readers about the impermanence of worldly pleasures and the significance of inner peace. Through Yayati's journey, students learn the importance of self-restraint, responsibility, and the pursuit of higher truths.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Who is the author of the play Yayati?
Answer:

Girish Karnad wrote Yayati.

Question 2:
Name the kingdom ruled by Yayati.
Answer:

Yayati ruled the kingdom of Hastinapur.

Question 3:
Why did Yayati exchange his old age with his son?
Answer:

To enjoy youth and pleasures again.

Question 4:
Which son agreed to exchange his youth with Yayati?
Answer:

Puru agreed to the exchange.

Question 5:
What lesson does Yayati learn at the end?
Answer:

True happiness comes from within.

Question 6:
Name the two sons of Yayati mentioned in the play.
Answer:
  • Yadu
  • Puru
Question 7:
What was the curse given to Yayati?
Answer:

He was cursed with premature old age.

Question 8:
Who cursed Yayati in the play?
Answer:

Sukracharya cursed Yayati.

Question 9:
What does Yayati symbolize in the play?
Answer:

Human desires and consequences.

Question 10:
How does Yayati regain his kingdom?
Answer:

Puru returns it after learning the truth.

Question 11:
What is the central theme of Yayati?
Answer:

The futility of excessive desires.

Question 12:
Which character represents wisdom in Yayati?
Answer:

Sukracharya represents wisdom.

Question 13:
How does Yayati describe his suffering?
Answer:

As endless and self-inflicted.

Question 14:
What does Puru gain from the exchange with Yayati?
Answer:

Puru gains maturity and kingship.

Question 15:
Who was the protagonist of the story Yayati?
Answer:

The protagonist of the story Yayati was King Yayati, a legendary ruler from Hindu mythology known for his insatiable desire for youth and pleasure.

Question 16:
What was the curse given to Yayati by Shukracharya?
Answer:

Shukracharya cursed Yayati with premature old age for insulting his daughter Devayani. The curse made him weak and frail instantly.

Question 17:
How did Yayati regain his youth temporarily?
Answer:

Yayati regained his youth by convincing his youngest son, Puru, to exchange his youth with him. Puru willingly accepted his father’s old age, allowing Yayati to enjoy life again.

Question 18:
What lesson does the story of Yayati teach about desires?
Answer:

The story teaches that excessive desires lead to suffering. Despite regaining youth, Yayati realized that no amount of indulgence could satisfy him, highlighting the futility of uncontrolled cravings.

Question 19:
Name the two sons of Yayati who refused to exchange their youth with him.
Answer:

Yayati’s two sons, Yadu and Turvasu, refused to exchange their youth with him, as they valued their own lives and happiness.

Question 20:
Why did Puru agree to give his youth to Yayati?
Answer:

Puru agreed out of filial duty and respect for his father. He selflessly sacrificed his youth to fulfill Yayati’s wishes, showcasing his devotion.

Question 21:
What realization did Yayati have after regaining his youth?
Answer:

Yayati realized that desires are never-ending. Despite experiencing pleasure, he remained unsatisfied, understanding that true happiness lies beyond materialistic pursuits.

Question 22:
Who was Devayani in the story of Yayati?
Answer:

Devayani was the daughter of Shukracharya, the guru of the demons. She married Yayati but later cursed him due to his betrayal.

Question 23:
What was the final decision of Yayati regarding his kingdom?
Answer:

Yayati chose Puru as his successor, rewarding his selflessness by making him the king, despite him being the youngest son.

Question 24:
How does the story of Yayati reflect the concept of karma?
Answer:

The story reflects karma as Yayati’s actions (insulting Devayani) led to his suffering, while Puru’s selflessness was rewarded with kingship.

Question 25:
What role does Sharmishtha play in Yayati’s life?
Answer:

Sharmishtha, Devayani’s friend and later Yayati’s second wife, became a cause of conflict, leading to Devayani’s anger and the curse on Yayati.

Question 26:
How did Yayati’s story conclude?
Answer:

After realizing the futility of desires, Yayati returned Puru’s youth, embraced old age, and retired to the forest to seek spiritual enlightenment.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Who was Yayati in the mythological story?
Answer:

Yayati was a legendary king from Hindu mythology, known for his insatiable desire for youth and pleasure. He was the son of Nahusha and played a key role in the story of exchanging his old age with his son's youth.

Question 2:
Why did Yayati ask his sons to exchange their youth with him?
Answer:

Yayati wanted to enjoy worldly pleasures for a longer time, so he asked his sons to give him their youth in exchange for his old age. Only his youngest son, Puru, agreed to this sacrifice.

Question 3:
Name the sons of Yayati who refused to exchange their youth with him.
Answer:

Yadu, Turvasu, Druhyu, and Anu refused to exchange their youth with Yayati. Only Puru agreed.

Question 4:
How did Puru demonstrate his loyalty to his father?
Answer:

Puru selflessly agreed to give his youth to Yayati, showing deep respect and loyalty. This act later made him the rightful heir to the kingdom.

Question 5:
What was the curse given to Yayati by Shukracharya?
Answer:

Shukracharya cursed Yayati with premature old age for his immoral behavior, leading him to seek youth from his sons.

Question 6:
How did Yayati realize the futility of his desires?
Answer:

After years of indulgence, Yayati understood that desires are never-ending. He returned Puru's youth and embraced wisdom.

Question 7:
What was the significance of Puru inheriting Yayati's kingdom?
Answer:

It symbolized that selflessness and duty are rewarded. Puru became the ancestor of the Puru dynasty, which included great kings like Bharata.

Question 8:
How does the story of Yayati reflect the concept of karma?
Answer:

Yayati's actions led to his suffering, showing that unethical choices have consequences. His eventual repentance highlights redemption through wisdom.

Question 9:
What role did Devayani play in Yayati's life?
Answer:

Devayani, daughter of Shukracharya, married Yayati. Her anger over his infidelity led to the curse that drove the story's events.

Question 10:
Why is the story of Yayati considered a moral allegory?
Answer:

It warns against greed and teaches the importance of sacrifice, duty, and wisdom. Yayati's journey from desire to enlightenment serves as a timeless lesson.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the significance of the character Yayati in the context of the story.
Answer:

The character Yayati is central to the story as he represents the human desire for eternal youth and the consequences of unchecked desires.
His decision to exchange his old age with his son Puru highlights the theme of moral responsibility and the cyclical nature of life.
Through Yayati, the story teaches the lesson that true happiness comes from contentment, not from external pleasures.

Question 2:
How does the story of Yayati reflect the concept of karma?
Answer:

The story of Yayati illustrates karma through his actions and their consequences.
His attempt to escape old age by transferring it to his son Puru backfires, showing that one cannot avoid the natural consequences of their deeds.
Eventually, Yayati realizes his mistake and accepts his fate, demonstrating the principle that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Question 3:
Describe the role of Devayani in the story of Yayati.
Answer:

Devayani plays a pivotal role as Yayati's wife and the daughter of the sage Shukracharya.
Her curse on Yayati for his infidelity sets the main conflict of the story in motion.
Her character symbolizes the power of truth and the consequences of betrayal, adding depth to the moral lessons of the narrative.

Question 4:
What lesson does the story of Yayati teach about the pursuit of pleasure?
Answer:

The story teaches that the relentless pursuit of pleasure, as seen in Yayati's insatiable desire for youth, leads to suffering and emptiness.
Yayati's eventual realization that true happiness lies in self-control and contentment serves as a moral lesson.
The story emphasizes that material desires are fleeting and inner peace is the ultimate goal.

Question 5:
How does the character of Puru contrast with that of Yayati?
Answer:

Puru contrasts with Yayati in his selflessness and wisdom.
While Yayati is driven by selfish desires, Puru willingly accepts his father's old age to uphold his duty as a son.
Puru's actions highlight the virtues of sacrifice and filial piety, making him a foil to Yayati's flawed character.

Question 6:
Explain the symbolic meaning of Yayati's curse and its resolution.
Answer:

Yayati's curse symbolizes the inevitable consequences of unethical actions and the burden of unfulfilled desires.
His resolution comes through self-realization and acceptance of his mistakes, showing redemption is possible through wisdom.
The curse and its lifting underscore the themes of forgiveness and the importance of learning from one's errors.

Question 7:
What is the central theme of the chapter Yayati?
Answer:

The central theme of Yayati revolves around the consequences of desire and the pursuit of eternal youth. It highlights how Yayati's insatiable craving for pleasure leads to his downfall, emphasizing the moral lesson that true happiness comes from contentment and wisdom, not material or sensory indulgence.

Question 8:
How does Yayati justify his actions when he asks his son to exchange his youth with him?
Answer:

Yayati justifies his actions by claiming that as a king, he deserves to enjoy life's pleasures for a longer time. He argues that his son, being young, can endure old age better than him. This reflects his selfishness and inability to accept the natural cycle of life.

Question 9:
Describe the significance of the curse given by Sukracharya to Yayati.
Answer:

The curse by Sukracharya symbolizes the consequences of moral transgression. By cursing Yayati with premature old age, it serves as a lesson about the futility of unchecked desires and the importance of ethical conduct. The curse also sets the stage for Yayati's eventual redemption.

Question 10:
What role does Devayani play in the story of Yayati?
Answer:

Devayani acts as a pivotal character whose anger and pride trigger the events in the story. Her marriage to Yayati and her subsequent curse on him for infidelity highlight themes of betrayal and justice, shaping the narrative's moral undertones.

Question 11:
How does Puru's character contrast with Yayati's in the story?
Answer:

Puru represents selflessness and filial duty, contrasting sharply with Yayati's selfishness. While Yayati seeks personal pleasure, Puru willingly sacrifices his youth for his father, embodying the virtues of sacrifice and unconditional love.

Question 12:
Explain the lesson Yayati learns by the end of the story.
Answer:

By the end, Yayati realizes that true happiness cannot be achieved through sensory pleasures or eternal youth. He understands the value of wisdom, contentment, and the natural order of life. His redemption comes when he accepts his mistakes and returns Puru's youth, embracing a life of virtue.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Analyze the character of Yayati in the play Yayati by Girish Karnad. How does his desire for youth reflect human flaws?
Answer:
Introduction

Yayati, the protagonist, symbolizes human greed and the consequences of unchecked desires. Our textbook shows his obsession with youth as a central theme.


Argument 1
  • Yayati's exchange of his son's youth highlights his selfishness.
  • His inability to find happiness despite gaining youth shows moral decay.

Argument 2

His actions mirror real-life greed, like power-hungry leaders or materialistic individuals. The NCERT example compares him to modern figures chasing temporary pleasures.


Conclusion

Yayati's tragic fate teaches us about the dangers of uncontrolled desires, a timeless lesson.

Question 2:
Explain the significance of the curse in Yayati. How does it drive the plot forward?
Answer:
Introduction

The curse by Shukracharya acts as the turning point in the play. It forces Yayati to confront his flaws.


Argument 1
  • The curse strips Yayati of his youth, creating conflict.
  • It leads to his desperate exchange with Puru, advancing the plot.

Argument 2

Like in NCERT's Macbeth, curses symbolize consequences of immoral actions. Yayati's suffering mirrors real-life karma.


Conclusion

The curse is pivotal, teaching that actions have inevitable repercussions.

Question 3:
Compare Devayani and Sharmishtha in Yayati. How do their personalities influence Yayati's decisions?
Answer:
Introduction

Devayani and Sharmishtha represent contrasting traits that shape Yayati's fate. Our textbook highlights their roles as catalysts.


Argument 1
  • Devayani's pride and vengeance trigger the curse.
  • Sharmishtha's humility contrasts her, showing moral complexity.

Argument 2

Like NCERT's Draupadi, both women challenge patriarchal norms. Yayati's favoritism reflects societal biases.


Conclusion

Their duality emphasizes how relationships impact destiny, a recurring theme in literature.

Question 4:
Discuss the theme of sacrifice in Yayati with reference to Puru's character.
Answer:
Introduction

Puru's sacrifice of his youth for his father embodies filial piety. The NCERT lesson frames it as both noble and tragic.


Argument 1
  • His selflessness contrasts Yayati's selfishness.
  • It highlights generational duty, like modern children caring for aging parents.

Argument 2

Similar to Karna in Mahabharata (NCERT reference), Puru's sacrifice questions blind obedience.


Conclusion

The play uses Puru to explore ethical dilemmas around familial bonds.

Question 5:
How does Girish Karnad use mythological adaptation in Yayati to convey modern themes?
Answer:
Introduction

Karnad retells an ancient myth to address contemporary issues like midlife crises and ethical decay.


Argument 1
  • Yayati's youth obsession mirrors modern beauty standards.
  • The NCERT analysis compares it to today's age-defying culture.

Argument 2

Like Shakespeare's adaptations, Karnad blends old and new. Example: Corporate greed parallels Yayati's lust for youth.


Conclusion

Myth becomes a lens to critique present-day societal flaws effectively.

Question 6:
Analyze the character of Yayati in the play Yayati by Girish Karnad. How does his desire for youth drive the plot?
Answer:
Introduction

In Girish Karnad's play Yayati, the protagonist is a complex character torn between duty and desire. Our textbook shows his obsession with youth as central to the story.


Argument 1
  • Yayati's curse stems from his selfishness, forcing him to seek youth from his son.
  • His inability to accept aging reflects human fear of mortality.

Argument 2
  • The exchange of youth with Puru drives the conflict and eventual redemption.
  • His realization of folly mirrors our NCERT lesson on karma.

Conclusion

Yayati's journey teaches us about consequences of unchecked desires, a key theme in the play.

Question 7:
Explain the significance of the exchange of youth between Yayati and Puru in the play. How does it reflect Indian cultural values?
Answer:
Introduction

The youth exchange in Yayati is a pivotal moment highlighting filial duty and sacrifice. Our textbook presents it as a moral dilemma.


Argument 1
  • Puru's obedience reflects Indian family values where children respect parental wishes.
  • Yayati's later remorse shows the cycle of karma we studied in NCERT.

Argument 2
  • The exchange becomes a metaphor for generational responsibility.
  • It contrasts Western individualism with Indian collective family ethos.

Conclusion

This episode beautifully encapsulates traditional Indian thoughts on duty and redemption.

Question 8:
Compare the character of Devayani and Sharmishtha in Yayati. How do they represent different aspects of womanhood in the play?
Answer:
Introduction

Devayani and Sharmishtha in Yayati present contrasting female archetypes. Our NCERT textbook shows them as symbols of different social positions.


Argument 1
  • Devayani's pride and entitlement as a Brahmin's daughter causes conflicts.
  • Sharmishtha's resilience as a displaced princess shows dignity in adversity.

Argument 2
  • Their rivalry drives Yayati's downfall, showing how women influence fate.
  • Devayani's curse versus Sharmishtha's sacrifice presents moral contrasts.

Conclusion

Through these characters, the play explores complex dimensions of power and femininity.

Question 9:
Discuss how the play Yayati uses mythological elements to convey contemporary messages about human desires.
Answer:
Introduction

Girish Karnad's Yayati retells an ancient myth to comment on modern human nature. Our textbook highlights its timeless relevance.


Argument 1
  • The curse motif warns against uncontrolled ambitions we see today.
  • Yayati's midlife crisis mirrors modern existential struggles.

Argument 2
  • The supernatural youth transfer symbolizes modern anti-aging obsessions.
  • Puru's sacrifice questions contemporary parent-child relationships.

Conclusion

The play proves mythological stories can powerfully address current societal issues.

Question 10:
Analyze the ending of Yayati. How does Yayati's realization and redemption complete his character arc?
Answer:
Introduction

The conclusion of Yayati shows the king's transformation from selfishness to wisdom. Our NCERT lesson emphasizes this moral journey.


Argument 1
  • Yayati's voluntary return of Puru's youth shows earned wisdom.
  • His acceptance of aging demonstrates personal growth we studied.

Argument 2
  • The ending reinforces the play's theme about contentment.
  • His final advice to Puru about true happiness becomes the moral.

Conclusion

Yayati's arc completes beautifully, teaching us about the value of self-realization.

Question 11:
Analyze the character of Yayati in the play Yayati. How does his desire for youth reflect human flaws?
Answer:
Introduction

Yayati, the protagonist, symbolizes human greed and the consequences of unchecked desires. Our textbook shows his obsession with youth as a central theme.

Argument 1
  • Yayati's exchange of his son's youth highlights his selfishness.
  • His inability to find happiness despite gaining youth shows moral decay.
Argument 2
  • His eventual realization mirrors the lesson that material desires lead to suffering.
  • NCERT examples compare him to mythological figures like King Midas.
Conclusion

Yayati's journey teaches us about the futility of excessive desires, a timeless lesson.

Question 12:
Explain the significance of the exchange between Yayati and his son Puru in the play Yayati. How does it drive the plot?
Answer:
Introduction

The exchange of youth between Yayati and Puru is a pivotal moment in the play. Our textbook emphasizes its moral and dramatic importance.

Argument 1
  • Puru's selflessness contrasts with Yayati's selfishness, highlighting familial duty.
  • The exchange sets the stage for Yayati's eventual redemption.
Argument 2
  • It symbolizes the cyclical nature of life and consequences of actions.
  • NCERT examples link it to themes of sacrifice in Indian epics.
Conclusion

This moment shapes the play's message about responsibility and self-awareness.

Question 13:
Discuss the role of Devayani in Yayati. How does her character influence Yayati's decisions?
Answer:
Introduction

Devayani, Yayati's wife, plays a crucial role in the play. Our textbook portrays her as a voice of reason and morality.

Argument 1
  • Her warnings to Yayati about his desires foreshadow his downfall.
  • She represents stability and wisdom in contrast to Yayati's impulsiveness.
Argument 2
  • Her emotional suffering reflects the cost of Yayati's actions on others.
  • NCERT examples compare her to Sita in her patience and resilience.
Conclusion

Devayani's character underscores the importance of ethical choices in relationships.

Question 14:
How does the play Yayati explore the theme of redemption? Provide examples from the text.
Answer:
Introduction

Redemption is a central theme in Yayati. Our textbook shows how Yayati's journey reflects this idea.

Argument 1
  • Yayati's realization of his mistakes marks the beginning of his redemption.
  • His decision to return Puru's youth shows moral growth.
Argument 2
  • The play's ending, where Yayati accepts his fate, reinforces the theme.
  • NCERT examples link it to similar arcs in the Mahabharata.
Conclusion

The play teaches that redemption comes from self-awareness and change.

Question 15:
Compare the moral lessons in Yayati with another story from your NCERT textbook. How are they similar?
Answer:
Introduction

Both Yayati and the story of King Midas from our NCERT textbook teach moral lessons about greed.

Argument 1
  • Yayati's desire for youth parallels Midas's wish for gold, both leading to suffering.
  • Both characters realize their mistakes too late, facing consequences.
Argument 2
  • The stories emphasize the value of contentment and humility.
  • NCERT examples show how such tales are universal across cultures.
Conclusion

These stories remind us that material desires often bring unhappiness.

Question 16:
Discuss the central theme of the chapter Yayati and how it reflects the consequences of unchecked desires. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The central theme of Yayati revolves around the destructive consequences of unchecked desires and the pursuit of eternal youth. The story highlights how King Yayati's insatiable craving for youth and pleasure leads to his downfall, affecting not only himself but also his family.

In the text, Yayati exchanges his old age with his son Puru's youth to continue indulging in worldly pleasures. However, despite gaining youth, he remains spiritually unfulfilled. This reflects the moral lesson that material desires, if not controlled, can never bring true happiness. Eventually, Yayati realizes his mistake and returns Puru's youth, accepting the natural cycle of life.

An example from the text is when Yayati admits, 'Desire is never quenched by indulgence.' This statement underscores the futility of his actions. The story serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed and the importance of contentment.

Question 17:
Analyze the character of Puru in the chapter Yayati and explain how his actions demonstrate filial duty and sacrifice.
Answer:

The character of Puru in Yayati embodies the virtues of filial duty and selfless sacrifice. Despite being unfairly treated by his father, Puru willingly accepts Yayati's old age and suffering to fulfill his father's desire for youth.

For example, when Yayati asks for his youth, Puru does not protest or question his father's motives. Instead, he obeys without hesitation, showcasing his deep respect and loyalty. This act highlights the traditional Indian value of putting family above personal comfort.

Puru's sacrifice ultimately leads to his reward, as Yayati, realizing his folly, blesses him and makes him his successor. This reinforces the idea that selflessness and duty are noble qualities that bring long-term rewards. Puru's character serves as an ideal example of devotion and humility in the face of adversity.

Question 18:
Analyze the character of Yayati as a tragic hero in the context of the chapter. What flaws lead to his suffering, and how does he redeem himself?
Answer:

Yayati can be seen as a tragic hero due to his noble status, fatal flaws, and eventual realization of his mistakes. His suffering stems from his excessive pride and uncontrolled desires, which blind him to the consequences of his actions.

Flaws:
1. Greed for Youth: Yayati's obsession with remaining young leads him to exploit his son Puru, showcasing his selfishness.
2. Lack of Self-Awareness: He fails to recognize the emptiness of his pursuits until he experiences suffering firsthand.

Redemption:
Yayati redeems himself by finally understanding the futility of his desires. He returns Puru's youth and accepts his old age, demonstrating growth and repentance. His final realization—'Desires are never satisfied by fulfillment'—becomes a powerful lesson on the importance of inner peace over external pleasures.

Thus, Yayati's journey from arrogance to wisdom aligns with the traits of a tragic hero who learns through suffering.

Question 19:
Discuss the theme of desire and its consequences in the chapter Yayati. How does the story reflect the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by the characters? Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The chapter Yayati explores the theme of desire and its consequences through the story of King Yayati, who is cursed with premature old age due to his insatiable desires. The narrative highlights how unchecked desires can lead to suffering and moral dilemmas.

Yayati's relentless pursuit of youth and pleasure forces him to exchange his old age with his son, Puru. This act reflects the ethical dilemma of sacrificing another's well-being for personal gain. Despite Puru's willingness to help his father, Yayati's actions raise questions about the morality of exploiting familial bonds for selfish ends.

  • Example 1: Yayati's inability to find satisfaction even after regaining youth shows the futility of material desires.
  • Example 2: Puru's selflessness contrasts with Yayati's selfishness, emphasizing the moral lesson of contentment.

Ultimately, Yayati realizes the emptiness of his desires and returns Puru's youth, accepting his fate. The story teaches that true happiness lies in self-control and wisdom, not in endless gratification.

Question 20:
Discuss the central theme of the chapter Yayati and how it reflects the consequences of uncontrolled desires. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The central theme of the chapter Yayati revolves around the destructive consequences of uncontrolled desires and the pursuit of eternal youth. The story highlights how King Yayati's insatiable lust for pleasure leads to his downfall, despite his noble lineage and power.

In the text, Yayati exchanges his old age with his son Puru to enjoy worldly pleasures, believing that youth is the key to happiness. However, even after regaining his youth, he remains unsatisfied, realizing that desires are endless. This reflects the moral lesson that materialistic cravings never lead to true fulfillment.

  • Example 1: Yayati's curse from Shukracharya for his immoral behavior shows how uncontrolled desires invite suffering.
  • Example 2: Puru's selfless sacrifice contrasts with Yayati's selfishness, emphasizing the value of contentment.

The story ultimately teaches that wisdom and self-control are greater virtues than fleeting pleasures, a timeless lesson relevant even today.

Question 21:
Discuss the central theme of the chapter Yayati and how it reflects the moral dilemmas faced by the characters. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The central theme of the chapter Yayati revolves around the concepts of desire, sacrifice, and redemption. The story highlights the moral dilemmas faced by King Yayati, who is cursed with premature old age due to his excessive desires. His attempt to transfer his curse to his son, Puru, showcases the conflict between selfishness and selflessness.

For example, Yayati's insatiable thirst for youth and pleasure leads him to make unethical choices, such as asking his son to bear his curse. However, Puru's willingness to sacrifice his youth for his father's happiness reflects the virtues of filial piety and unconditional love. Ultimately, Yayati realizes the futility of his desires and attains redemption by accepting his fate and returning Puru's youth.

This theme is significant as it teaches the lesson that true happiness lies in contentment and moral integrity, rather than in the relentless pursuit of desires.

Question 22:
Analyze the character of Puru in the chapter Yayati and explain how his actions contribute to the development of the plot.
Answer:

Puru is portrayed as a selfless and dutiful character in the chapter Yayati. His actions play a pivotal role in the development of the plot by highlighting the contrast between his virtues and his father Yayati's flaws.

For instance, when Yayati asks Puru to exchange his youth for his father's old age, Puru agrees without hesitation. This act of sacrifice not only advances the plot but also underscores the themes of filial duty and moral strength. Puru's willingness to endure suffering for his father's sake eventually leads to Yayati's realization and transformation.

Moreover, Puru's character serves as a moral compass in the story. His humility and obedience are rewarded when Yayati, moved by his son's devotion, decides to reverse the curse and acknowledges the futility of his own desires. Thus, Puru's actions are instrumental in driving the narrative toward its resolution, emphasizing the importance of virtue and selflessness.

Question 23:
Discuss the central theme of the chapter Yayati and how it reflects the moral dilemmas faced by individuals in society. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The central theme of the chapter Yayati revolves around the concepts of desire, sacrifice, and redemption. The story highlights the moral dilemmas faced by individuals when they prioritize personal desires over responsibilities. Yayati, the protagonist, is cursed with old age due to his excessive indulgence in worldly pleasures. However, he manipulates his son Puru into exchanging his youth for Yayati's old age, showcasing the conflict between selfishness and duty.

An example from the text is when Yayati realizes the futility of his desires after experiencing prolonged youth through Puru's sacrifice. This moment of self-realization underscores the theme that true happiness cannot be achieved through selfish means. The story also reflects societal values by emphasizing the importance of selflessness and the consequences of unchecked desires.

Additionally, the chapter teaches that redemption is possible through acceptance and repentance, as seen when Yayati ultimately returns Puru's youth and embraces his old age with wisdom. This moral lesson resonates with readers, encouraging them to reflect on their own choices and societal expectations.

Question 24:
Analyze the character of Puru in the chapter Yayati and explain how his actions contribute to the development of the plot. What qualities make him a role model for the youth?
Answer:

Puru, the son of Yayati, is a pivotal character in the chapter Yayati. His actions drive the plot forward and highlight the virtues of filial piety, sacrifice, and humility. When Yayati asks Puru to exchange his youth for Yayati's old age, Puru willingly agrees without hesitation, demonstrating his deep respect for his father and his sense of duty.

Puru's selfless act serves as the turning point in the story. It allows Yayati to experience youth again but also leads to Yayati's eventual realization of the emptiness of his desires. Puru's sacrifice underscores the theme that true strength lies in compassion and selflessness.

Puru's qualities make him a role model for the youth. His unwavering loyalty to his father, his willingness to endure hardship for the sake of others, and his lack of resentment even after suffering showcase his noble character. These traits teach young readers the importance of putting others before oneself and the value of humility in personal growth.

Furthermore, Puru's actions ultimately lead to Yayati's redemption, reinforcing the idea that goodness and sacrifice can inspire positive change in others. His character serves as a moral compass in the story, guiding readers toward ethical behavior.

Question 25:
Analyze the character of Yayati in the chapter Yayati and explain how his actions impact the lives of those around him. Provide textual evidence to support your answer.
Answer:

Yayati is portrayed as a flawed yet introspective character whose actions have far-reaching consequences. His selfish decision to take his son Puru's youth disrupts the natural order and causes suffering to his family.

For instance, Puru willingly sacrifices his youth for his father, showcasing his filial devotion. However, Yayati's prolonged indulgence in pleasure creates emotional turmoil for his wives and children. The text mentions how his eldest son, Yadu, refuses the exchange, highlighting the contrast between Yayati's selfishness and Yadu's principled stance.

Yayati's eventual realization and repentance demonstrate his redemption arc. He acknowledges his mistakes and restores Puru's youth, symbolizing the importance of accountability. The line, 'True happiness lies in renunciation, not in endless desire,' encapsulates his transformation.

This character analysis shows how Yayati's journey from arrogance to wisdom serves as a lesson on the impact of one's actions on others.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
In Yayati, the king exchanges his old age with his son's youth. Case Summary: Analyze how this decision reflects the theme of desire versus duty in the story.
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati, driven by desire, forces his son Puru to swap ages.
Analysis: Our textbook shows Yayati prioritizes personal pleasure (desire) over his kingly duty. Puru obeys, upholding filial duty.
Conclusion: The swap highlights conflict between selfish wants and responsibilities, as seen in Yayati’s regret later.
Question 2:
Case Summary: Yayati’s curse from Devayani leads to his downfall. How does this event illustrate the consequences of deceit?
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati lies about marrying Sharmishtha, angering Devayani.
Analysis: We studied that deceit disrupts trust, as shown when Devayani curses him. His short-term gain (marrying both) brings long-term suffering.
Conclusion: The curse proves dishonesty harms relationships, like in NCERT’s example of broken promises.
Question 3:
Compare Yayati’s initial arrogance and final realization using two examples from the text.
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati demands youth, but later accepts his mistakes.
Analysis:
  • Arrogance: He forces Puru to swap ages, ignoring ethics.
  • Realization: After failing to satisfy desires, he returns Puru’s youth.

Conclusion: Like NCERT’s moral stories, his journey shows growth from pride to wisdom.
Question 4:
How does Puru’s obedience in Yayati reflect the cultural values of ancient India? Support with text evidence.
Answer:
Case Summary: Puru agrees to his father’s unfair demand.
Analysis: Our textbook highlights filial piety, where children respect parents unconditionally. Puru’s sacrifice mirrors this value, unlike modern individualism.
Conclusion: The story upholds traditional duty, similar to other NCERT tales like Shravan Kumar.
Question 5:
In Yayati, the king exchanges his old age with his son's youth. Case Summary: Yayati, cursed with premature old age, convinces his son Puru to swap their ages.
Analysis: Why does Puru agree to this exchange? How does this reflect the cultural values of the time?
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati, cursed by Sage Shukracharya, persuades Puru to take his old age in exchange for youth.
Analysis: Puru agrees due to filial duty, a key value in ancient Indian culture. Our textbook shows sons were expected to obey fathers unconditionally.
Conclusion: This highlights the importance of family loyalty, similar to Rama obeying Dasharatha in the Ramayana.
Question 6:
Case Summary: After regaining youth, Yayati indulges in pleasures but remains unsatisfied.
Analysis: What lesson does this convey about materialism? Compare this to another story from our syllabus.
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati enjoys sensory pleasures but finds no fulfillment.
Analysis: This teaches that material desires are endless, mirroring the snake in 'The Snake and the Mirror' chasing illusions.
Conclusion: Both stories show worldly cravings lead to emptiness, like the poet in 'The Road Not Taken' realizing choices define us.
Question 7:
Case Summary: Yayati eventually returns Puru's youth and accepts his old age.
Analysis: What change in Yayati's character does this decision reveal? Support with a textual example.
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati realizes his mistake and reverses the exchange.
Analysis: This shows his moral growth, similar to the thief in 'The Thief's Story' who reforms.
Conclusion: Both characters evolve by accepting consequences, proving change is possible, as we studied in NCERT moral tales.
Question 8:
Case Summary: Puru is rewarded with a kingdom for his sacrifice.
Analysis: How does this ending reinforce the theme of dharma? Relate it to another king's story from our lessons.
Answer:
Case Summary: Puru becomes king due to his selflessness.
Analysis: This upholds dharma (duty), like King Harishchandra in our textbook who kept promises despite hardships.
Conclusion: Both stories show righteousness is rewarded, teaching us to prioritize ethics over personal gain.
Question 9:
In Yayati, why does Yayati exchange his old age with his son Puru? Analyze the moral dilemma faced by Puru.
Answer:
Case Summary

Yayati, cursed with old age, asks his son Puru to exchange youth with him. Puru agrees despite the sacrifice.

Analysis
  • Puru faces a moral dilemma: obey his father or protect his own future.
  • Our textbook shows Puru prioritizing duty over personal desire, reflecting Indian family values.
Conclusion

Puru’s decision highlights respect for elders, a key theme in the story.

Question 10:
How does Yayati illustrate the consequences of excessive desire? Compare it with a modern example.
Answer:
Case Summary

Yayati’s insatiable desire for youth leads to suffering for himself and his son.

Analysis
  • His excessive desire mirrors modern greed, like chasing money at the cost of health.
  • Our textbook warns how unchecked desires disrupt harmony, as seen in Yayati’s downfall.
Conclusion

The story teaches moderation, relevant even today.

Question 11:
Explain how Yayati portrays the father-son relationship. Give two examples from the text.
Answer:
Case Summary

Yayati tests his sons’ loyalty by asking for their youth.

Analysis
  • The father-son relationship is hierarchical, as Puru obeys without question.
  • Our textbook shows Yayati favoring Puru for his sacrifice, unlike his other sons.
Conclusion

The story emphasizes duty and sacrifice in familial bonds.

Question 12:
What life lesson does Yayati learn after regaining his youth? Relate it to a real-life situation.
Answer:
Case Summary

Yayati realizes youth alone doesn’t bring happiness after his exchange with Puru.

Analysis
  • The life lesson is about valuing contentment over material desires.
  • Our textbook compares this to students chasing grades without enjoying learning.
Conclusion

Yayati’s transformation teaches the importance of inner peace.

Question 13:
In Yayati, the king exchanges his old age with his son's youth. Case Summary: Yayati, cursed with premature old age, convinces his son Puru to take his decay. Analysis: What does this reveal about Yayati's character and the theme of desire vs. duty? Conclusion: How does Puru's sacrifice reflect values taught in our textbook?
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati, cursed by Shukracharya, forces Puru to bear his old age to enjoy life.
Analysis: Yayati’s selfishness highlights unchecked desire, while Puru’s obedience shows filial duty. Our textbook contrasts this with King Harishchandra’s sacrifices.
Conclusion: Puru’s sacrifice mirrors NCERT lessons on dharma, teaching us about selflessness and responsibility.
Question 14:
Case Summary: Yayati’s curse results from insulting Devayani. Analysis: How does this incident illustrate the consequences of pride in the story? Conclusion: Compare this with another NCERT example where arrogance leads to downfall.
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati rejects Devayani’s love, calling her "unworthy," and is cursed.
Analysis: His pride blinds him to her feelings, causing his suffering. Like Ravana in the Ramayana, his ego destroys him.
Conclusion: Both stories warn against arrogance, as taught in our textbook’s moral lessons.
Question 15:
Case Summary: After regaining youth, Yayati realizes worldly pleasures are fleeting. Analysis: What life lesson does this convey? Conclusion: Link this to an NCERT story with a similar message.
Answer:
Case Summary: Yayati’s endless cravings leave him unfulfilled until he accepts old age.
Analysis: The story teaches that material desires bring no peace, like the Buddha’s teachings in NCERT.
Conclusion: Both emphasize inner contentment, a key theme in our syllabus.
Question 16:
Case Summary: Puru willingly accepts his father’s curse. Analysis: How does this decision reflect the parent-child relationship in ancient texts? Conclusion: Contrast Puru’s loyalty with a modern example from NCERT.
Answer:
Case Summary: Puru obeys Yayati despite the injustice, upholding respect for elders.
Analysis: Ancient texts idealize such devotion, unlike modern stories like ‘The Lost Child’ where priorities differ.
Conclusion: NCERT shows evolving values, yet Puru’s sacrifice remains a timeless lesson.
Question 17:

Read the following excerpt from the chapter Yayati:

"Yayati, despite his old age, was obsessed with youth and pleasure. He asked his son Puru to exchange his youth with him, to which Puru agreed out of respect for his father."

Based on this, answer:

a) What does Yayati's obsession with youth reveal about his character?
b) How does Puru's response highlight the values of Indian culture?

Answer:

a) Yayati's obsession with youth reveals his selfishness and inability to accept the natural cycle of life. Despite being a king, he prioritizes personal pleasure over his responsibilities, showing a lack of wisdom.

b) Puru's response highlights the Indian cultural values of filial piety and sacrifice. By willingly giving his youth to his father, Puru demonstrates deep respect for elders and family duty, which are core principles in Indian traditions.

Question 18:

In the chapter Yayati, Yayati realizes his mistake after experiencing prolonged youth and returns Puru's youth to him.

Based on this, answer:

a) What lesson does Yayati learn from his actions?
b) How does this realization contribute to the moral of the story?

Answer:

a) Yayati learns that true happiness does not come from external pleasures like youth but from inner contentment and fulfilling one's duties. His realization shows the importance of self-awareness and acceptance.

b) This realization reinforces the moral that material desires are temporary and spiritual growth is eternal. The story teaches that wisdom comes from experience and that one must respect the natural order of life.

Question 19:
Read the following excerpt from the chapter Yayati:

'Yayati, despite his old age, was obsessed with the desire to remain youthful. He asked his son Puru to exchange his youth with him.'

Based on this, answer:

1. What does Yayati's obsession with youth reveal about human nature?
2. How does this action impact his relationship with Puru?
Answer:

1. Yayati's obsession with youth reveals the universal human desire to cling to physical vitality and avoid the natural process of aging. It highlights the human weakness of being unable to accept life's inevitable transitions, often leading to irrational decisions. The story underscores how desires, when unchecked, can cloud judgment.


2. Yayati's demand to exchange his old age for Puru's youth strains their relationship, as it places a heavy emotional and physical burden on Puru. However, Puru's willingness to obey his father also reflects the filial duty and sacrifice valued in ancient Indian culture. This act deepens the complexity of their bond—showing both exploitation and unconditional love.

Question 20:
In the chapter Yayati, Devayani curses Yayati after discovering his betrayal. Analyze:

1. How does Devayani's reaction reflect the societal expectations of women in that era?
2. What moral lesson does Yayati's downfall due to his actions teach the readers?
Answer:

1. Devayani's curse reflects the limited agency women had in ancient society, where their honor was tied to marital fidelity. Her outburst shows how women were expected to react strongly to betrayal, as their social status depended on it. The curse also symbolizes the power of speech as one of the few tools available to women for justice.


2. Yayati's downfall teaches that unethical desires and deceit ultimately lead to suffering. His inability to control his impulses results in losing both his youth and kingdom, emphasizing the importance of moral integrity. The story serves as a warning against greed and the exploitation of others for personal gain.

Question 21:
Read the following excerpt from the chapter Yayati:

'Yayati, despite his old age, was obsessed with youth and pleasure. He asked his son Puru to exchange his youth with him.'

Based on this, answer:

1. What does Yayati's desire for youth reveal about his character?
2. How does this reflect the theme of human desires in the story?
Answer:

1. Yayati's desire for youth reveals his selfishness and inability to accept the natural cycle of life. Despite being a king, he is driven by materialistic pleasures and fails to understand the value of wisdom that comes with age. His actions highlight his lack of contentment and disregard for his son's well-being.


2. This reflects the theme of human desires as it shows how unchecked cravings can lead to suffering. Yayati's obsession with youth symbolizes how desires can blind individuals to reality. The story teaches that true happiness comes from within, not external pleasures, a lesson Yayati learns only after his downfall.

Question 22:
In the chapter Yayati, Puru agrees to exchange his youth with his father. Later, Yayati realizes his mistake and returns Puru's youth.

Based on this, answer:

1. What does Puru's obedience signify in the context of Indian cultural values?
2. How does Yayati's realization contribute to the moral of the story?
Answer:

1. Puru's obedience signifies the Indian cultural value of filial piety—respect and duty towards parents. Despite the unfairness, Puru prioritizes his father's wishes, reflecting the importance of family loyalty and sacrifice in Indian traditions.


2. Yayati's realization contributes to the moral by showing that material desires are temporary. His eventual understanding that youth does not bring happiness reinforces the lesson that contentment and self-awareness are key to a meaningful life. The story emphasizes the consequences of greed and the importance of wisdom.

Question 23:
Read the following excerpt from the chapter Yayati:

'Yayati, despite his old age, was unwilling to give up his desires. He asked his sons to exchange their youth with him.'

Based on this, answer:
Why did Yayati ask his sons to exchange their youth with him? What does this reveal about his character?
Answer:

Yayati asked his sons to exchange their youth with him because he was unwilling to let go of his desires and pleasures even in old age. He believed that youth would allow him to continue indulging in worldly enjoyments. This reveals key aspects of his character:

  • Attachment to desires: Yayati was deeply attached to sensory pleasures, showing his inability to detach from materialism.
  • Selfishness: He prioritized his own happiness over his sons' well-being, highlighting his self-centered nature.
  • Lack of wisdom: Despite being a king, he failed to understand the transient nature of life and the importance of spiritual growth.

This episode serves as a moral lesson on the consequences of uncontrolled desires and the importance of accepting life's natural phases.

Question 24:
In the chapter Yayati, Puru agrees to exchange his youth with his father. Analyze how Puru's action reflects the values of duty and sacrifice in Indian culture.
Answer:

Puru's decision to exchange his youth with Yayati reflects deep-rooted Indian cultural values:

  • Filial Duty (Pitru Bhakti): Puru honored his father's wish, showcasing respect for elders, a cornerstone of Indian traditions.
  • Self-sacrifice: He willingly gave up his youth, demonstrating that family obligations supersede personal comfort.
  • Dharma: Puru upheld his dharma as a son, believing it was his moral responsibility to obey his father.

This act also symbolizes the Indian philosophical idea that true happiness comes from fulfilling one's duties rather than chasing desires. Puru's sacrifice was later rewarded when Yayati realized the futility of desires and blessed him, proving that selfless actions lead to greater good.

Question 25:
Read the following excerpt from the chapter Yayati:

'Yayati, despite his old age, was unwilling to let go of his youth. He asked his son to exchange his youth with him, promising to return it later.'

Based on this, answer:
a) Why did Yayati want to exchange his old age with his son's youth?
b) What does this reveal about human desires?
Answer:

a) Yayati wanted to exchange his old age with his son's youth because he was unwilling to accept the natural process of aging. He was obsessed with worldly pleasures and believed that youth would allow him to indulge in them further. His insatiable desire for enjoyment blinded him to the consequences of his actions.

b) This reveals that human desires are often limitless and selfish. Yayati's actions highlight how people may prioritize personal gratification over ethical or familial bonds. The story serves as a lesson on the dangers of unchecked desires and the importance of contentment.

Question 26:
In the chapter Yayati, Yayati's son Puru agrees to exchange his youth with his father. Later, Yayati realizes his mistake and returns Puru's youth.

a) What does Puru's obedience signify in the context of Indian cultural values?
b) How does Yayati's realization reflect the theme of redemption?
Answer:

a) Puru's obedience signifies the Indian cultural value of filial piety, where children respect and fulfill their parents' wishes unconditionally. His selflessness contrasts with Yayati's selfishness, emphasizing the importance of duty (dharma) over personal desires.

b) Yayati's realization reflects redemption as he acknowledges his moral failing and corrects his mistake. His decision to return Puru's youth shows growth and wisdom, reinforcing the idea that true happiness comes from self-awareness and ethical living, not material pleasures.

Question 27:
Read the following excerpt from the chapter Yayati:

'Yayati, despite his indulgence in worldly pleasures, realizes the futility of his actions too late. His story serves as a moral lesson on the consequences of uncontrolled desires.'

Based on this, explain how Yayati's character reflects the theme of karma and redemption in the story. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The story of Yayati strongly highlights the themes of karma and redemption. Yayati's excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures represents his attachment to worldly desires, which ultimately leads to his downfall. His karma is evident when he is cursed by his father-in-law, Shukracharya, for his deceitful actions. This curse forces him to lose his youth prematurely, symbolizing the consequences of his misdeeds.


However, the theme of redemption emerges when Yayati realizes his mistakes and seeks forgiveness. He accepts his fate and later transfers his curse to his son, Puru, who willingly bears it out of love and duty. This act of selflessness from Puru allows Yayati to attain redemption and spiritual enlightenment. The story teaches that while karma brings consequences, sincere repentance and selfless actions can pave the way for redemption.

Question 28:
In the chapter Yayati, the relationship between Yayati and his sons plays a crucial role in the narrative. Compare and contrast the attitudes of Yadu and Puru towards their father's request to exchange youth. How do their responses reflect their personalities and values?
Answer:

The responses of Yadu and Puru to Yayati's request for exchanging youth reveal stark differences in their personalities and values. Yadu, the elder son, refuses his father's plea, prioritizing his own youth and desires. His refusal reflects his selfish nature and lack of respect for his father's suffering. Yadu's defiance highlights his attachment to worldly pleasures, much like Yayati himself.


In contrast, Puru, the younger son, selflessly agrees to take on his father's curse. His willingness to sacrifice his youth demonstrates his deep sense of duty, love, and devotion. Puru's actions embody the values of humility and selflessness, which ultimately lead to his father's redemption and his own rise as a noble king. The comparison between Yadu and Puru underscores the moral lesson that true greatness lies in sacrifice and righteousness, not in selfish pursuits.

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