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Geography - Resources – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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Geography - Resources

Study Materials

8th

8th - Social Studies

Geography - Resources

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Overview of the Chapter: Geography - Resources

This chapter introduces students to the concept of resources, their types, and their significance in human life. It covers natural resources, human-made resources, and human resources, along with their sustainable utilization. The chapter also discusses the importance of resource conservation and equitable distribution.

Resource: Anything that can be used to satisfy human needs and has utility is considered a resource.

Types of Resources

Resources can be classified into three main categories:

  • Natural Resources: Derived from nature, such as air, water, soil, minerals, and forests.
  • Human-Made Resources: Created by humans using natural resources, such as buildings, machinery, and roads.
  • Human Resources: The skills, knowledge, and labor provided by people to utilize other resources effectively.

Natural Resource: Materials or substances occurring in nature that can be exploited for economic gain.

Conservation of Resources

Resource conservation is essential to ensure their availability for future generations. Methods of conservation include:

  • Reducing wastage through efficient use.
  • Recycling materials like paper, plastic, and metals.
  • Using renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves:

  • Balancing economic growth with environmental protection.
  • Promoting equitable distribution of resources.
  • Encouraging community participation in resource management.

Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Conclusion

Understanding resources and their sustainable use is crucial for the well-being of society and the environment. This chapter emphasizes the need for responsible resource management to ensure a balanced and prosperous future.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Define resources.
Answer:

Anything that satisfies human needs is a resource.

Question 2:
Name two types of natural resources.
Answer:
  • Renewable
  • Non-renewable
Question 3:
Give an example of human-made resource.
Answer:

Buildings or machinery.

Question 4:
What is sustainable development?
Answer:

Using resources without harming future needs.

Question 5:
Name one renewable resource.
Answer:

Solar energy.

Question 6:
Which resource is called 'black gold'?
Answer:

Petroleum.

Question 7:
What is the main use of coal?
Answer:

Electricity generation.

Question 8:
Name a non-renewable resource.
Answer:

Natural gas.

Question 9:
What is conservation of resources?
Answer:

Using resources wisely for future.

Question 10:
Give an example of biotic resource.
Answer:

Forests.

Question 11:
Name a mineral resource.
Answer:

Iron ore.

Question 12:
What is soil erosion?
Answer:

Removal of topsoil by wind/water.

Question 13:
Name one method of water conservation.
Answer:

Rainwater harvesting.

Question 14:
What is the importance of forests?
Answer:

They maintain ecological balance.

Question 15:
Define resources in the context of geography.
Answer:

Resources are substances or materials found in the environment that are useful to humans and can be utilized to satisfy their needs. They include natural (like water, minerals) and human-made resources (like buildings, machinery).

Question 16:
What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?
Answer:

Renewable resources can be replenished naturally (e.g., solar energy, wind), while non-renewable resources are finite and take millions of years to form (e.g., coal, petroleum).

Question 17:
Name two biotic and two abiotic resources.
Answer:

Biotic: Forests, Fish
Abiotic: Minerals, Water

Question 18:
Why is sustainable development important in resource management?
Answer:

It ensures resources are used wisely to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, preventing depletion and environmental harm.

Question 19:
What is the role of technology in resource utilization?
Answer:

Technology helps in efficient extraction, processing, and conservation of resources, reducing waste and improving accessibility.

Question 20:
Give an example of a human resource and explain its significance.
Answer:

Human resource refers to people's skills and labor (e.g., doctors). They drive economic growth by providing essential services.

Question 21:
How does soil qualify as a resource?
Answer:

Soil supports agriculture, provides nutrients for plants, and is vital for food production, making it a critical natural resource.

Question 22:
What are ubiquitous resources? Provide an example.
Answer:

Resources found everywhere (e.g., air, sunlight). They are not limited by location.

Question 23:
Explain the term conservation of resources.
Answer:

It refers to the careful and sustainable use of resources to prevent exhaustion and ensure their availability for future generations.

Question 24:
Why are minerals considered non-renewable resources?
Answer:

They take millions of years to form and cannot be replenished once extracted, making them finite.

Question 25:
How can individuals contribute to resource conservation?
Answer:
  • Reduce water/electricity waste
  • Recycle materials
  • Use public transport
Question 26:
What is the impact of overuse of resources?
Answer:

Leads to depletion, environmental degradation (e.g., deforestation), and threatens biodiversity.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Define natural resources with examples.
Answer:

Natural resources are materials or substances found in nature that are useful to humans. Examples include water, air, minerals, forests, and soil. These can be renewable (like sunlight) or non-renewable (like coal).

Question 2:
Name two methods of soil conservation.
Answer:
  • Afforestation: Planting trees to prevent soil erosion.
  • Terrace farming: Creating steps on slopes to reduce water runoff.
Question 3:
Why is water considered a vital resource?
Answer:

Water is essential for survival, agriculture, industries, and ecosystems. It supports life, helps in food production, and maintains environmental balance.

Question 4:
Explain the term sustainable development.
Answer:

Sustainable development means using resources wisely to meet present needs without compromising future generations. It balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.

Question 5:
List two human-made resources.
Answer:
  • Buildings
  • Machinery
Question 6:
How does deforestation affect the environment?
Answer:

Deforestation leads to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and climate change by reducing oxygen production and increasing carbon dioxide levels.

Question 7:
What is the importance of minerals in daily life?
Answer:

Minerals are used in construction (e.g., iron), electronics (e.g., silicon), and healthcare (e.g., calcium). They are essential for infrastructure and technology.

Question 8:
Give two examples of biotic resources.
Answer:
  • Forests
  • Livestock
Question 9:
Why should we conserve fossil fuels?
Answer:

Fossil fuels are limited and cause pollution. Conserving them reduces environmental harm and ensures availability for future needs.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Define resources and explain their significance in human life.
Answer:

Resources are substances or materials found in the environment that are useful to humans and can be utilized to meet their needs. They include natural elements like water, minerals, and forests, as well as human-made resources like buildings and machinery.

Their significance lies in:

  • Supporting basic needs (food, shelter, clothing)
  • Enabling economic development (industries, infrastructure)
  • Improving quality of life (technology, healthcare)

Without resources, human survival and progress would be impossible.

Question 2:
Explain the concept of sustainable development in resource management.
Answer:

Sustainable development means using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Key principles include:

  • Balancing economic growth with environmental protection
  • Promoting recycling and renewable energy
  • Ensuring equitable distribution of resources

For example, afforestation and water conservation practices ensure long-term resource availability.

Question 3:
How does soil qualify as a resource? Mention its types found in India.
Answer:

Soil is a vital natural resource as it supports agriculture, forests, and ecosystems. It provides nutrients for plant growth and is the foundation of food chains.

Major soil types in India:

  • Alluvial (fertile, found in plains)
  • Black (rich in minerals, ideal for cotton)
  • Red (iron-rich, less fertile)
  • Laterite (high acidity, low nutrients)

Proper soil management prevents erosion and maintains productivity.

Question 4:
Describe the role of technology in transforming substances into resources.
Answer:

Technology converts raw materials into usable resources through innovation and processes. For example:

  • Crude oil refined into petrol/diesel
  • Silica processed into computer chips
  • Bauxite transformed into aluminum

Advanced technology also helps discover new resources (e.g., deep-sea mining) and improves efficiency (solar panels). Without technology, many materials would remain unexploited.

Question 5:
Why is water conservation essential? Suggest two practical methods for it.
Answer:

Water conservation is crucial because:

  • Freshwater is limited (only 2.5% of Earth's water)
  • Growing population increases demand
  • Prevents water scarcity and ecosystem damage

Practical methods:

  • Rainwater harvesting (collecting rooftop rainwater)
  • Drip irrigation (reduces agricultural wastage)

Conservation ensures sustainable water availability for all.

Question 6:
Explain how human resources contribute to a nation's development.
Answer:

Human resources refer to the skills, knowledge, and labor of people.
Contributions:

  • Drive innovation and technology.
  • Enhance productivity in agriculture, industries, and services.
  • Improve education and healthcare systems.

A skilled workforce is crucial for a country's economic growth and progress.

Question 7:
Describe the importance of sustainable development in resource management.
Answer:

Sustainable development ensures resources are used responsibly to meet present needs without compromising future generations.
Importance:

  • Prevents resource depletion.
  • Reduces environmental damage (e.g., deforestation).
  • Promotes equitable distribution of resources.

It balances economic growth with ecological conservation.

Question 8:
What are ubiquitous resources? Give two examples.
Answer:

Ubiquitous resources are those found everywhere, like air and sunlight.
Examples:

  • Air (available globally for breathing).
  • Sunlight (used for solar energy worldwide).

These resources are not limited by geography or availability.

Question 9:
How does soil qualify as a resource? Explain its uses.
Answer:

Soil is a vital natural resource as it supports plant growth and ecosystems.
Uses:

  • Agriculture (food production).
  • Forestry (timber and habitat).
  • Construction (clay for bricks).

Healthy soil is essential for food security and environmental balance.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Describe how human activities degrade land resources with three case studies.
Answer:
Historical Context

Deforestation for agriculture began in British India. Our textbook mentions soil erosion in Himalayas.

Key Developments
  • Mining in Jharkhand destroys forests
  • Overgrazing in Rajasthan causes desertification
  • Urban sprawl in Bengaluru reduces farmland
Current Relevance

Government schemes like Soil Health Cards promote conservation. Chennai floods show results of unchecked construction.

Question 2:
Analyze the role of technology in transforming natural resources into usable goods.
Answer:
Basic Applications

We learned how iron ore becomes steel through smelting. NCERT shows Rourkela Steel Plant as example.

Key Developments
  • Drip irrigation in Maharashtra saves water
  • AI in Punjab predicts crop yields
  • GIS mapping tracks forest cover
Socio-economic Impact

Tech creates jobs but needs skilled workers. Amul’s dairy tech made India top milk producer.

Question 3:
Discuss water scarcity causes and solutions with examples from different Indian states.
Answer:
Historical Context

Traditional stepwells like Rajasthan’s showed water management. Our textbook warns about groundwater depletion.

Key Developments
  • Chennai’s 2019 drought due to poor planning
  • Maharashtra’s sugarcane farming wastes water
  • Meghalaya’s rain harvesting success
Current Relevance

Mission Kakatiya in Telangana revives tanks. PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana promotes micro-irrigation.

Question 4:
Explain the importance of sustainable development in resource management with examples from India.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied how overuse of resources like forests led to scarcity. Our textbook shows the Chipko Movement as an early example of conservation.

Key Developments
  • India’s National Forest Policy (1988) promotes sustainability
  • Solar energy projects in Rajasthan reduce coal dependence
  • Water harvesting in Tamil Nadu revives groundwater
Current Relevance

Projects like Swachh Bharat Mission show how waste can become resources. Sustainable farming in Sikkim proves eco-friendly methods work.

Question 5:
Compare renewable and non-renewable resources using examples from NCERT.
Answer:
Basic Applications

Our textbook classifies sunlight (renewable) and coal (non-renewable). Renewable resources regenerate, while non-renewable take millions of years.

Key Developments
  • Wind farms in Gujarat (renewable)
  • Petroleum in Mumbai High (non-renewable)
  • Biogas plants in villages (renewable)
Socio-economic Impact

Renewables create long-term jobs, while non-renewables cause pollution. Kerala’s hydel projects balance both needs.

Question 6:
Compare renewable and non-renewable resources using three Indian case studies.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook mentions coal mining in Jharia (Jharkhand) since British era versus new wind farms.

Key Developments
  • Renewable: Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan)
  • Non-renewable: Reliance on Assam oil fields
  • Mixed: Sardar Sarovar Dam (hydro + displacement)
Socio-economic Impact

While solar energy created jobs in Gujarat, coal mines caused health issues in Chhattisgarh.

Current Relevance

India targets 500GW renewable energy by 2030, reducing import dependence.

Question 7:
Analyze how soil degradation affects agriculture with examples from different Indian states.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned how Green Revolution's excessive fertilizers degraded Punjab's soil.

Key Developments
  • Haryana: Waterlogging from canal irrigation
  • Karnataka: Laterite soil erosion in Malnad
  • Uttarakhand: Landslides due to deforestation
Socio-economic Impact

Farmers in Vidarbha face crop failures, leading to debt crises.

Current Relevance

Government's Soil Health Card Scheme educates farmers about sustainable practices.

Question 8:
Describe the distribution of mineral resources in India with a focus on regional disparities.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook maps show mineral-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau since colonial times.

Key Developments
  • Jharkhand: 40% of India's minerals
  • Odisha: High-grade iron ore in Keonjhar
  • Goa: Bauxite mining controversies
Socio-economic Impact

While mines create revenue, tribal displacement occurs in Niyamgiri hills.

Current Relevance

New lithium reserves in Jammu & Kashmir may reduce imports for EV batteries.

Question 9:
Evaluate the role of community participation in forest conservation with Indian examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

Chipko movement (1973) showed people-power in Uttarakhand's forest protection.

Key Developments
  • Joint Forest Management in West Bengal
  • Sacred groves of Meghalaya
  • Van Panchayats in Kumaon
Socio-economic Impact

Villagers in Aravalis (Rajasthan) earn via honey collection while protecting biodiversity.

Current Relevance

Under Green India Mission, 10,000+ eco-clubs involve students in conservation.

Question 10:
Compare renewable and non-renewable resources using three examples of each from India.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook explains how coal fueled British industries while windmills were traditional renewable sources.

Key Developments
RenewableNon-renewable
Solar (Gujarat parks)Coal (Jharia mines)
Wind (Tamil Nadu farms)Petroleum (Mumbai High)
Biomass (Punjab plants)Natural gas (KG Basin)
Socio-economic Impact

Renewables create lasting jobs while non-renewables cause boom-bust cycles in mining towns.

Current Relevance

India's renewable capacity recently crossed 100GW, showing policy shifts toward sustainability.

Question 11:
Describe how water scarcity affects different regions of India with case studies.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned about traditional stepwells in Rajasthan showing ancient water management needs.

Key Developments
  • Chennai floods (2015) despite shortage
  • Punjab groundwater depletion
  • Mumbai water rationing
Socio-economic Impact

Farmers in Marathwada migrate due to crop failures, while urban slums face daily shortages.

Current Relevance

The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide tap water to all rural homes by 2024, addressing this crisis.

Question 12:
Analyze the distribution of mineral resources in India with examples from three states.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook maps show how mineral belts shaped industrial growth since colonial times.

Key Developments
  • Iron ore in Odisha (Joda mines)
  • Bauxite in Jharkhand (Lohardaga)
  • Mica in Andhra (Nellore)
Socio-economic Impact

Mining creates jobs but causes displacement, like the POSCO protests in Odisha over land rights.

Current Relevance

The new mining reforms aim to boost production while addressing environmental concerns through sustainable practices.

Question 13:
Explain how human activities lead to resource depletion with three geographical examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied how the Green Revolution initially boosted yields but degraded soils over time.

Key Developments
  • Deforestation in Western Ghats
  • Overfishing in Kerala coasts
  • Air pollution in Delhi NCR
Socio-economic Impact

Farmers now face lower productivity, fishermen catch smaller fish, and health costs rise in cities.

Current Relevance

The National Clean Air Programme and EV policies show attempts to reverse these trends through technology.

Question 14:
Explain the classification of natural resources based on their availability and renewability. Provide examples for each type and discuss their significance in sustainable development.
Answer:

Natural resources are classified into two main categories based on their availability and renewability: renewable and non-renewable resources.

1. Renewable Resources: These are resources that can be replenished naturally over time. Examples include:

  • Solar energy – Harnessed from sunlight, it is inexhaustible and eco-friendly.
  • Wind energy – Generated from wind turbines, it is a clean energy source.
  • Forests – Can be regrown through afforestation and sustainable practices.
Renewable resources are crucial for sustainable development as they reduce environmental degradation and ensure long-term availability.

2. Non-Renewable Resources: These are finite and take millions of years to form. Examples include:

  • Coal – Used for electricity generation but causes pollution.
  • Petroleum – Essential for fuel but depletes rapidly.
  • Minerals – Like iron and gold, used in industries but limited in supply.
Overuse of non-renewable resources leads to scarcity and environmental harm, emphasizing the need for conservation and alternative energy sources.

Sustainable development involves balancing resource use with conservation to meet present needs without compromising future generations.

Question 15:
Describe the role of human resources in the development of a nation. How can education and health improve the quality of human resources? Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

Human resources refer to the people who contribute to a nation's economy through their skills, knowledge, and labor. They play a vital role in development by:

  • Innovation: Skilled individuals drive technological advancements, like engineers developing infrastructure.
  • Productivity: Educated workers enhance efficiency, such as IT professionals boosting the digital economy.
  • Governance: Trained leaders and administrators ensure effective policies and growth.

Education and health are key to improving human resources:

  • Education: Equips people with skills and critical thinking. For example, Japan's focus on education led to rapid industrialization.
  • Health: A healthy workforce is more productive. Vaccination programs in India reduced diseases, improving labor output.
Investing in education and healthcare creates a skilled, efficient workforce, driving economic growth and societal progress.

For instance, Kerala's high literacy and healthcare standards have resulted in better living conditions and lower poverty rates compared to other states.

Question 16:
Explain the classification of natural resources based on their availability and renewability. Provide examples for each type and discuss their importance in sustainable development.
Answer:

Natural resources are classified into two main categories based on their availability and renewability: renewable and non-renewable resources.

1. Renewable Resources: These are resources that can be replenished naturally over time. Examples include:

  • Solar energy: Harnessed from sunlight, it is inexhaustible and eco-friendly.
  • Wind energy: Generated from wind, it is clean and sustainable.
  • Forests: Provide timber, oxygen, and habitats; they regrow if managed properly.
Renewable resources are crucial for sustainable development as they reduce environmental degradation and ensure long-term availability.

2. Non-Renewable Resources: These are finite and take millions of years to form. Examples include:

  • Coal: Used for energy but causes pollution and is depleting fast.
  • Petroleum: Essential for fuel but limited in supply.
  • Minerals: Like iron and gold, used in industries but non-replenishable.
Overuse of non-renewable resources threatens future availability, highlighting the need for conservation and alternative energy sources.

Sustainable development balances resource use with preservation, ensuring resources for future generations while minimizing environmental harm.

Question 17:
Describe the role of human resources in the development of a nation. How can education and healthcare improve the quality of human resources? Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

Human resources refer to the people who contribute to a nation's economy through their skills, knowledge, and labor. They play a vital role in development by:

  • Enhancing productivity through innovation and expertise.
  • Driving economic growth in sectors like agriculture, industry, and services.
  • Improving governance and societal well-being through educated participation.

Education improves human resources by:

  • Equipping individuals with skills for better employment (e.g., IT professionals boosting the tech industry).
  • Promoting critical thinking and problem-solving (e.g., scientists developing sustainable technologies).

Healthcare enhances human resources by:

  • Ensuring a healthy workforce, reducing absenteeism (e.g., vaccination programs increasing productivity).
  • Increasing life expectancy, allowing longer contributions to the economy (e.g., Japan's aging but skilled population).

For example, countries like South Korea invested heavily in education and healthcare, transforming into a high-tech economy. Thus, nurturing human resources through education and healthcare is key to national progress.

Question 18:
Describe the role of human resources in the development of a nation. How can education and health improve the quality of human resources? Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

Human resources refer to the people who contribute to a nation's economy through their skills, knowledge, and labor. They play a pivotal role in development by:

  • Driving innovation: Skilled workers create new technologies and solutions, like IT professionals developing software.
  • Enhancing productivity: Educated farmers use modern techniques to increase crop yields.
  • Supporting industries: Engineers and doctors provide essential services that boost growth.

Education and health are key to improving human resources:

  • Education: Equips people with skills for better jobs. For example, Japan's focus on education made it a tech leader.
  • Health: Healthy workers are more productive. Vaccination programs in India reduced absenteeism in schools and workplaces.
Investing in these areas ensures a skilled, efficient workforce, driving economic progress and improving living standards.

Thus, nurturing human resources through education and healthcare is vital for a nation's sustainable development.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Case: In Rajasthan, farmers rely on traditional water harvesting methods like khadins. Analyze how this helps in sustainable resource management.
Answer:
Case Context

In Rajasthan, khadins are small check dams built to store rainwater for irrigation.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook shows khadins prevent water runoff.
  • They recharge groundwater, like in Jaisalmer.
  • Used since ancient times by Paliwal Brahmins.
Current Relevance

Today, these methods reduce dependence on tube wells, saving electricity and preserving soil fertility.

Question 2:
Case: Solar energy projects in Gujarat are replacing thermal power plants. Explain two benefits with NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Gujarat’s Charanka Solar Park is Asia’s largest solar project.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • We studied it reduces air pollution (like in Surat).
  • Our textbook mentions it saves water used in thermal plants.
Current Relevance

It provides clean energy to 100,000 homes, aligning with India’s 2030 renewable targets.

Question 3:
Case: Mining in Jharkhand causes land degradation. Suggest two conservation measures with examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Jharkhand’s coal mines damage forests and soil.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook shows afforestation (like in Bokaro).
  • Using mine waste for bricks, as done in Dhanbad.
Current Relevance

These measures restore habitats and create jobs, balancing development and ecology.

Question 4:
Case: Kerala’s backwaters face pollution from tourism. Propose solutions using resource planning principles.
Answer:
Case Context

Houseboats in Alleppey release waste into backwaters.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • We studied sewage treatment plants (like in Kumarakom).
  • Our textbook mentions eco-tourism guidelines from 2018.
Current Relevance

These steps protect fish breeding grounds and support local livelihoods sustainably.

Question 5:
Case: A village in Rajasthan faces water scarcity due to erratic rainfall.
Case Context: The village relies on traditional water harvesting methods.
Q1. How can the villagers adopt sustainable practices to conserve water? Provide examples from our textbook.
Answer:
Case Context: Rajasthan's arid climate makes water conservation crucial.
Historical/Geographical Analysis: We studied johads (small dams) and khadins (farm embankments) as traditional methods.
Current Relevance: Modern techniques like drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting can help. Examples:
  • Johads in Alwar (textbook example)
  • Israel's drip irrigation
  • Chennai's rainwater storage

Combining old and new methods ensures sustainability.

Question 6:
Case: Deforestation in the Amazon threatens biodiversity.
Case Context: Local tribes depend on forests for livelihood.
Q2. Explain how deforestation impacts resources and suggest solutions from NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context: Amazon forests are called 'lungs of the Earth'.
Historical/Geographical Analysis: We learned tribal communities like Yanomami use forests sustainably.
Current Relevance: Deforestation causes:
  • Loss of medicinal plants (textbook)
  • Soil erosion (Western Ghats example)
  • Climate change (global impact)

Solutions: Afforestation (Van Mahotsav) and stricter laws.

Question 7:
Case: A factory in Punjab pollutes groundwater with chemical waste.
Case Context: Farmers report declining soil fertility.
Q3. Analyze the resource depletion caused and cite NCERT cases of industrial pollution.
Answer:
Case Context: Industrial waste harms non-renewable resources.
Historical/Geographical Analysis: Our textbook shows:
  • Yamuna pollution by Delhi factories
  • Minamata disease (Japan’s mercury case)
  • Bengaluru’s lake pollution
Current Relevance:

Solutions include effluent treatment plants (Chennai example) and organic farming to restore soil.

Question 8:
Case: Solar energy adoption in Gujarat reduces fossil fuel use.
Case Context: The state has high renewable energy potential.
Q4. Compare conventional and non-conventional resources using textbook examples.
Answer:
Case Context: Gujarat leads in solar power (Charanka Park).
Historical/Geographical Analysis: We studied:
  • Coal in Jharkhand (conventional)
  • Wind farms in Tamil Nadu (non-conventional)
  • Biogas in rural India (textbook)
Current Relevance:

Non-conventional resources are cleaner, like Bhutan’s hydroelectricity.

Question 9:
Case: In Rajasthan, farmers use traditional water harvesting methods like khadins. Analyze how this helps in sustainable resource management.
Answer:
Case Context

In Rajasthan, khadins are small check dams built to store rainwater. Our textbook shows they prevent water runoff and recharge groundwater.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Used since ancient times by Paliwal Brahmins.
  • Reduces dependence on monsoon.
  • Prevents soil erosion.
Current Relevance

Today, these methods are eco-friendly alternatives to tube wells, conserving water in drought-prone areas like Jaisalmer.

Question 10:
Case: Coal mining in Jharkhand has caused land degradation. Suggest measures to restore these lands using resource conservation principles.
Answer:
Case Context

Jharkhand's coal mines leave barren lands. Our textbook mentions how mining destroys forests and soil.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Afforestation with native species like sal.
  • Creating water bodies in abandoned pits.
  • Promoting sustainable mining practices.
Current Relevance

Companies now use these methods in Dhanbad, improving air quality and livelihoods.

Question 11:
Case: Solar energy projects in Gujarat are increasing. Explain how this aligns with renewable resource utilization.
Answer:
Case Context

Gujarat has Asia's largest solar park in Charanka. We studied how solar power reduces fossil fuel use.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Abundant sunlight in Rann of Kutch.
  • Government subsidies since 2010.
  • Creates jobs in installation sector.
Current Relevance

It powers 1000+ villages, cutting CO2 emissions by 8 million tons annually.

Question 12:
Case: Overfishing in Kerala's backwaters threatens marine life. Propose solutions using resource planning strategies.
Answer:
Case Context

Kerala's Vembanad Lake faces fish depletion. Our textbook shows how nets catch juvenile fish.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Traditional 'padal fishing' had seasonal bans.
  • Promoting aquaculture like pearl farming.
  • Enforcing mesh size regulations.
Current Relevance

Fisheries Department now issues licenses and monitors catches during breeding seasons.

Question 13:

Rahul's village is facing severe water scarcity due to over-extraction of groundwater for agriculture. The villagers rely on tube wells, but the water table is depleting rapidly. Based on this case:

  • Identify the type of resource groundwater is and explain why it is classified as such.
  • Suggest two sustainable practices the villagers can adopt to conserve water.
Answer:

Groundwater is classified as a renewable resource because it can be replenished naturally through the water cycle. However, over-extraction can make it non-renewable in the short term.

Two sustainable practices the villagers can adopt are:

  • Rainwater harvesting: Collecting rainwater in tanks or recharging pits to replenish groundwater.
  • Drip irrigation: Using this method reduces water wastage in agriculture by delivering water directly to plant roots.

These practices ensure long-term water availability and prevent further depletion.

Question 14:

In a forest region, the local community depends on timber for fuel and construction. However, deforestation has led to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity. Based on this case:

  • Explain how deforestation affects soil resources.
  • Propose two ways to balance the community's needs with forest conservation.
Answer:

Deforestation affects soil resources by removing tree roots that hold soil together, leading to soil erosion. Without trees, rainwater washes away fertile topsoil, reducing land productivity.

Two ways to balance community needs with conservation are:

  • Afforestation: Planting new trees to replace those cut down, ensuring a sustainable supply of timber.
  • Alternative energy sources: Promoting biogas or solar energy reduces dependence on wood for fuel.

These measures protect the forest while meeting the community's needs.

Question 15:
Read the case below and answer the question that follows:

Rahul's village is located near a forest. The villagers depend on the forest for firewood, medicinal plants, and fruits. However, deforestation has increased due to illegal logging and urban expansion. The village panchayat is now planning a meeting to discuss sustainable resource management.

Q. Explain how the villagers can practice sustainable development while using forest resources. Suggest two measures the panchayat can take to conserve the forest.
Answer:

The villagers can practice sustainable development by ensuring that forest resources are used responsibly without harming the environment for future generations. Here are two measures the panchayat can take:

  • Afforestation Programs: The panchayat can organize tree-planting drives to replace the trees cut down, maintaining the ecological balance.
  • Community Awareness: Educating villagers about the importance of forests and promoting alternative energy sources like biogas to reduce dependence on firewood.

Additionally, the panchayat can enforce strict rules against illegal logging and involve the community in monitoring forest activities to ensure long-term conservation.

Question 16:
Study the given case and answer the question:

In a coastal town, fishermen rely on the sea for their livelihood. However, overfishing and pollution have reduced fish populations. The local government is introducing new policies to protect marine resources.

Q. How does overfishing affect marine resources? Suggest two ways the government can help fishermen adopt sustainable fishing practices.
Answer:

Overfishing depletes fish populations faster than they can reproduce, disrupting marine ecosystems and threatening the livelihood of fishing communities. Here are two ways the government can promote sustainable fishing:

  • Fishing Quotas: Implementing limits on the amount of fish that can be caught ensures fish populations have time to recover.
  • Promoting Aquaculture: Encouraging fish farming reduces pressure on wild fish stocks and provides an alternative income source for fishermen.

The government can also conduct awareness programs on responsible fishing techniques and enforce laws against illegal fishing methods like trawling.

Question 17:

Rahul's village is facing a severe water shortage due to over-extraction of groundwater for agriculture. The villagers rely on tube wells and canals, but the water table is depleting rapidly. Based on this case, answer the following:

  • Identify the type of resource groundwater is and explain why it is being overused.
  • Suggest two sustainable methods to conserve water in Rahul's village.
Answer:

Groundwater is a renewable resource, but its overuse makes it depletable. It is being overused because:

  • Excessive reliance on tube wells for irrigation in agriculture.
  • Lack of proper water management and awareness about conservation.

Two sustainable methods to conserve water are:

  • Rainwater harvesting: Collecting rainwater in tanks or recharging groundwater to replenish the water table.
  • Drip irrigation: Using pipes to deliver water directly to plant roots, reducing wastage.

These methods ensure long-term water availability and prevent further depletion.

Question 18:

In a forest region, the local community depends on timber, medicinal plants, and honey for their livelihood. However, illegal logging and excessive harvesting are threatening the forest's biodiversity. Based on this case, answer:

  • Classify the resources mentioned (timber, medicinal plants, honey) and explain their significance.
  • Propose two measures to balance resource use and forest conservation.
Answer:

The resources mentioned are:

  • Timber: A natural and renewable resource used for construction and fuel.
  • Medicinal plants: Biotic and renewable resources crucial for healthcare and traditional medicine.
  • Honey: A forest produce and renewable resource providing nutrition and income.

Two measures to balance use and conservation are:

  • Afforestation: Planting new trees to replace those cut down, ensuring sustainability.
  • Regulated harvesting: Setting limits on how much can be collected to prevent overexploitation.

These steps help protect biodiversity while supporting livelihoods.

Question 19:

Rahul's village is facing a severe water shortage due to over-extraction of groundwater. The villagers rely on agriculture, and the water table has dropped significantly. Based on this case:

  • Identify the type of resource groundwater is and explain why it is being overused.
  • Suggest two sustainable practices the villagers can adopt to conserve water.
Answer:

Groundwater is an exhaustible and renewable resource, but its overuse makes it behave like a non-renewable resource. It is being overused because:

  • Excessive irrigation in agriculture depletes groundwater faster than it can recharge.
  • Lack of awareness about sustainable water management leads to wasteful practices.

Two sustainable practices the villagers can adopt are:

  • Rainwater harvesting: Collecting rainwater to recharge groundwater and reduce dependency on wells.
  • Drip irrigation: Using this method minimizes water wastage by delivering water directly to plant roots.
Question 20:

In a coastal town, fishermen are struggling due to declining fish populations caused by overfishing and pollution. The local government wants to implement measures to protect marine resources.

  • Explain why marine resources like fish are considered renewable but still need conservation.
  • Propose two steps the government can take to ensure sustainable fishing practices.
Answer:

Marine resources like fish are renewable because they can reproduce and replenish naturally. However, they need conservation because:

  • Overfishing disrupts the balance, preventing fish populations from recovering.
  • Pollution (plastic waste, oil spills) destroys marine habitats, reducing biodiversity.

Two steps the government can take are:

  • Fishing quotas: Setting limits on how much fish can be caught ensures species do not become endangered.
  • Marine protected areas: Creating zones where fishing is restricted allows ecosystems to recover.
Question 21:
Rahul's village has fertile soil and abundant water resources, but farmers face challenges in growing crops due to unpredictable weather. Suggest two sustainable practices they can adopt to conserve soil and water resources, along with their benefits.
Answer:

The farmers in Rahul's village can adopt the following sustainable practices:

  • Mulching: Covering the soil with organic materials like straw or leaves helps retain moisture, prevents soil erosion, and improves fertility by adding nutrients as it decomposes.
  • Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater in ponds or tanks ensures a steady water supply during dry spells and reduces dependency on unpredictable rainfall.

These practices not only conserve resources but also enhance agricultural productivity in the long run.

Question 22:
A town near a coal mine is experiencing air and water pollution, affecting residents' health. Identify two types of resources being exploited here and explain how switching to renewable energy can help address these issues.
Answer:

The town is exploiting non-renewable resources like coal (mineral resource) and water (natural resource), leading to pollution. Switching to renewable energy can help in the following ways:

  • Solar/Wind Energy: Replacing coal with clean energy sources reduces air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, improving respiratory health.
  • Hydropower/Biogas: Using these alternatives minimizes water contamination from mining activities, ensuring safer drinking water.

Renewable energy is sustainable and reduces environmental degradation, benefiting both people and the planet.

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