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Geography - Mineral and Power Resources – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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Geography - Mineral and Power Resources

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8th

8th - Social Studies

Geography - Mineral and Power Resources

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Overview of the Chapter: Mineral and Power Resources

This chapter introduces students to the importance of minerals and power resources in our daily lives and their role in economic development. It covers the classification of minerals, their distribution, and the significance of conserving these resources. Additionally, it explores various conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

Mineral: A naturally occurring substance with a definite chemical composition and physical properties.

Types of Minerals

Minerals are classified into three main categories:

  • Metallic Minerals: These contain metals (e.g., iron ore, bauxite).
  • Non-Metallic Minerals: These do not contain metals (e.g., limestone, mica).
  • Energy Minerals: Used for generating power (e.g., coal, petroleum).

Distribution of Minerals

Minerals are unevenly distributed across the world. Some key regions include:

  • Asia: Rich in iron, tin, and bauxite.
  • Africa: Abundant in gold, diamonds, and copper.
  • North America: Major reserves of coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Power Resources: Sources of energy used to generate electricity and fuel for various activities.

Conventional Sources of Energy

These are traditional and widely used energy sources:

  • Coal: Used in thermal power plants.
  • Petroleum: Essential for transportation and industries.
  • Natural Gas: Cleaner than coal and petroleum.
  • Hydropower: Generated from flowing water.

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

These are renewable and environmentally friendly:

  • Solar Energy: Harnessed from sunlight using solar panels.
  • Wind Energy: Generated through wind turbines.
  • Biogas: Produced from organic waste.
  • Tidal Energy: Obtained from ocean tides.

Conservation of Minerals and Power Resources

Due to their limited availability, conservation is crucial. Some methods include:

  • Recycling metals and minerals.
  • Using energy-efficient appliances.
  • Promoting renewable energy sources.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Name the mineral used in making electrical wires.
Answer:

Copper

Question 2:
Which energy resource is formed from dead plants and animals?
Answer:

Fossil fuels

Question 3:
Identify the mineral used in making cement.
Answer:

Limestone

Question 4:
Name the non-renewable resource found in coal mines.
Answer:

Coal

Question 5:
Which power resource is harnessed from sunlight?
Answer:

Solar energy

Question 6:
Name the mineral used in making jewellery.
Answer:

Gold

Question 7:
Which energy resource is generated from flowing water?
Answer:

Hydropower

Question 8:
Identify the mineral used in making steel.
Answer:

Iron ore

Question 9:
Name the renewable resource obtained from wind.
Answer:

Wind energy

Question 10:
Which mineral is used in making aluminium?
Answer:

Bauxite

Question 11:
Name the power resource generated from Earth's heat.
Answer:

Geothermal energy

Question 12:
Identify the mineral used in making glass.
Answer:

Silica

Question 13:
Which energy resource is derived from tides?
Answer:

Tidal energy

Question 14:
Name the mineral used in making fertilizers.
Answer:

Potash

Question 15:
Define minerals in simple terms.
Answer:

Minerals are naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical composition and physical properties. They are found in rocks and are extracted for various uses.

Question 16:
Name two ferrous minerals.
Answer:

Two ferrous minerals are iron ore and manganese.

Question 17:
What is the main use of bauxite?
Answer:

The main use of bauxite is to produce aluminium, which is used in making aircraft, utensils, and electrical wires.

Question 18:
Why are minerals considered non-renewable resources?
Answer:

Minerals are non-renewable because they take millions of years to form and cannot be replenished quickly once extracted.

Question 19:
Give one example of a conventional source of energy.
Answer:

An example of a conventional source of energy is coal.

Question 20:
What is the primary source of hydel power?
Answer:

The primary source of hydel power is flowing or falling water, used to generate electricity in dams.

Question 21:
Name one state in India known for its coal reserves.
Answer:

Jharkhand is a state in India known for its rich coal reserves.

Question 22:
What is the environmental impact of mining?
Answer:

Mining can cause deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution, harming ecosystems and human health.

Question 23:
Why is solar energy considered a sustainable resource?
Answer:

Solar energy is sustainable because it is renewable, abundant, and does not produce harmful emissions.

Question 24:
What are placer deposits?
Answer:

Placer deposits are minerals found in alluvial soil, like sand or gravel, often containing gold or diamonds.

Question 25:
Name one nuclear power plant in India.
Answer:

The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu is a major nuclear power plant in India.

Question 26:
How does geothermal energy work?
Answer:

Geothermal energy is generated by harnessing heat from the Earth's interior, used to produce electricity or for heating.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Define minerals and give two examples.
Answer:

Minerals are naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical composition and physical properties.
Examples: Iron ore, Bauxite.

Question 2:
What are metallic minerals? Provide one example.
Answer:

Metallic minerals contain metals in raw form and can be extracted for industrial use.
Example: Copper.

Question 3:
Name two states in India rich in coal reserves.
Answer:

States rich in coal reserves: Jharkhand and Odisha.

Question 4:
What is the significance of solar energy as a power resource?
Answer:

Solar energy is renewable, pollution-free, and abundant in tropical regions like India.
It reduces dependence on fossil fuels and is cost-effective in the long run.

Question 5:
Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional power resources.
Answer:
  • Conventional: Limited (e.g., coal, petroleum).
  • Non-conventional: Renewable (e.g., solar, wind).
Question 6:
Why is conservation of minerals important?
Answer:

Minerals are non-renewable and take millions of years to form.
Conservation ensures sustainable development and reduces environmental degradation.

Question 7:
Name one nuclear power plant in India and its location.
Answer:

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, located in Tamil Nadu.

Question 8:
What are ferrous minerals? Give an example.
Answer:

Ferrous minerals contain iron and are magnetic.
Example: Magnetite.

Question 9:
How does hydel power contribute to India's energy needs?
Answer:

Hydel power is clean, renewable, and harnesses river water.
Major projects like Bhakra Nangal support electricity generation.

Question 10:
List two environmental impacts of mining.
Answer:
  • Deforestation and habitat loss.
  • Soil erosion and water pollution.
Question 11:
Why is natural gas considered a cleaner fuel?
Answer:

Natural gas emits less CO2 than coal or petroleum.
It is efficient and reduces air pollution.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the difference between metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples.
Answer:

Metallic minerals contain metals in raw form and are usually hard, shiny, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Examples include iron ore, bauxite, and gold.

Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and are generally dull and poor conductors. Examples include limestone, mica, and gypsum.

Question 2:
Why is coal referred to as a fossil fuel?
Answer:

Coal is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of ancient plants and trees that got buried under the Earth's crust millions of years ago. Over time, heat and pressure transformed these remains into coal, making it a non-renewable resource.

Question 3:
Describe the importance of solar energy as a power resource.
Answer:

Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of power derived from sunlight. Its importance includes:

  • Reduces dependence on fossil fuels
  • Causes no pollution
  • Inexhaustible and sustainable
  • Can be harnessed in remote areas

Question 4:
What are the environmental impacts of mining activities?
Answer:

Mining activities can harm the environment in several ways:

  • Deforestation and loss of biodiversity
  • Soil erosion and land degradation
  • Water pollution due to chemical runoff
  • Air pollution from dust and toxic gases

Proper regulations and sustainable practices are needed to minimize these effects.

Question 5:
How does hydropower contribute to electricity generation?
Answer:

Hydropower generates electricity by using the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water. Dams are built to store water, which is then released to turn turbines connected to generators. It is a renewable and eco-friendly energy source.

Question 6:
Name three states in India rich in mineral resources and mention one key mineral found in each.
Answer:

Three mineral-rich states in India are:

  • Jharkhand - Iron ore
  • Odisha - Bauxite
  • Rajasthan - Copper

Question 7:
What are mineral resources? Explain their importance with examples.
Answer:

Mineral resources are naturally occurring substances found in the Earth's crust that have economic value. They are essential for industrial development and daily life. Examples include iron ore (used in steel production), bauxite (source of aluminum), and coal (a major energy resource).

Importance:

  • Used in construction (e.g., limestone for cement).
  • Provide raw materials for industries (e.g., copper for electrical wires).
  • Generate employment and revenue for countries.

Question 8:
Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples.
Answer:

Metallic minerals contain metals in raw form and are usually hard, shiny, and malleable. Examples: iron ore, gold, bauxite.

Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and are generally dull and brittle. Examples: limestone, mica, salt.

Key difference: Metallic minerals can be melted to form new products, while non-metallic minerals are used as they are.

Question 9:
Why is conservation of minerals important? Suggest two methods to conserve them.
Answer:

Importance: Minerals are non-renewable and take millions of years to form. Over-exploitation leads to depletion, harming future generations.

Methods:

  • Recycling: Reusing metals like aluminum reduces mining needs.
  • Using alternatives: Solar energy can replace coal for power generation.

Conservation ensures sustainable development and reduces environmental damage.

Question 10:
Explain how solar energy is a sustainable power resource.
Answer:

Solar energy is derived from the sun and is renewable, unlike fossil fuels.

Why sustainable?

  • It does not deplete natural resources.
  • Produces no pollution (clean energy).
  • Available abundantly in tropical countries like India.

Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, making it a long-term solution for energy needs.

Question 11:
Describe the distribution of coal in India. Name two major coal-producing states.
Answer:

Coal is unevenly distributed in India, primarily found in sedimentary rock formations.

Major states:

  • Jharkhand (largest reserves in Jharia).
  • Odisha (Talcher coalfields).

Other regions include Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. Coal is vital for thermal power plants and industries.

Question 12:
What are the environmental impacts of mining? Suggest one way to reduce them.
Answer:

Impacts:

  • Deforestation and habitat destruction.
  • Soil erosion and water pollution from chemicals.
  • Air pollution due to dust and emissions.

Solution: Adopting sustainable mining practices like proper waste disposal and land reclamation can minimize harm. Planting trees post-mining helps restore ecosystems.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the distribution of mineral resources in India with examples. How does this impact regional development?
Answer:
Historical Context

India is rich in mineral resources like coal, iron, and bauxite. Our textbook shows that these are unevenly distributed due to geological factors.

Key Developments
  • Coal: Found in Jharkhand (Jharia), Odisha (Talcher).
  • Iron: Karnataka (Kudremukh), Chhattisgarh (Bailadila).
  • Bauxite: Odisha (Koraput), Gujarat (Jamnagar).
Socio-economic Impact

Mining creates jobs but also causes environmental damage. Regions like Jharkhand face land degradation.

Current Relevance

Government policies now focus on sustainable mining to balance growth and ecology.

Question 2:
Describe the types of power resources with examples. Why is there a need to shift to renewable energy?
Answer:
Historical Context

Power resources include conventional (coal, petroleum) and non-conventional (solar, wind). Our textbook highlights their importance for development.

Key Developments
  • Conventional: Coal in Singrauli, Petroleum in Mumbai High.
  • Non-conventional: Solar in Rajasthan, Wind in Tamil Nadu.
Socio-economic Impact

Fossil fuels cause pollution, while renewables are cleaner but costlier.

Current Relevance

India aims for 500 GW renewable energy by 2030 to reduce carbon emissions.

Question 3:
Compare metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples. How are they used in daily life?
Answer:
Historical Context

Minerals are classified as metallic (iron, copper) and non-metallic (limestone, mica). Our textbook explains their uses.

Key Developments
  • Metallic: Iron for construction, copper for wires.
  • Non-metallic: Limestone for cement, mica for electronics.
Socio-economic Impact

These minerals support industries but over-mining harms the environment.

Current Relevance

Recycling metals and using alternatives like bamboo can reduce dependency.

Question 4:
Discuss the conservation of minerals. Why is it important for sustainable development?
Answer:
Historical Context

Minerals are non-renewable, so conservation is vital. Our textbook shows methods like recycling and efficient use.

Key Developments
  • Recycling metals like aluminum saves energy.
  • Using public transport reduces petroleum consumption.
Socio-economic Impact

Conservation ensures future availability and reduces environmental damage.

Current Relevance

India’s National Mineral Policy promotes sustainable mining practices.

Question 5:
Explain the role of solar energy in India. Give examples of solar power projects.
Answer:
Historical Context

Solar energy is a key renewable resource. Our textbook mentions its potential in sunny regions like Rajasthan.

Key Developments
  • Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan): World’s largest solar farm.
  • Kamuthi Solar Project (Tamil Nadu): 648 MW capacity.
Socio-economic Impact

Solar energy reduces electricity costs and pollution.

Current Relevance

India’s Solar Mission aims to achieve 100 GW solar power by 2025.

Question 6:
Compare conventional and non-conventional power resources. Give examples of each from India.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that conventional resources like coal are limited, while non-conventional ones like solar energy are renewable.

Key Developments
  • Conventional: Coal in Singrauli, Hydel power in Bhakra Nangal.
  • Non-conventional: Solar parks in Rajasthan, Wind farms in Tamil Nadu.
Socio-economic Impact

Coal causes pollution, but solar energy is cleaner. Villages in Gujarat use solar power for electricity.

Current Relevance

India aims for 500 GW renewable energy by 2030, reducing dependence on coal.

Question 7:
Describe the environmental challenges caused by mining. How can they be mitigated?
Answer:
Historical Context

Mining activities, like in Jharia coal fields, have caused deforestation and land degradation.

Key Developments
  • Soil erosion in Chhattisgarh due to iron ore mining.
  • Water pollution in Goa from bauxite mining.
  • Air pollution near Singrauli thermal plants.
Socio-economic Impact

Affected communities face health issues. Our textbook shows tribal displacement in Odisha.

Current Relevance

Laws like Sustainable Mining Initiative promote afforestation and pollution control.

Question 8:
Why is conservation of minerals important? Suggest three methods to achieve it.
Answer:
Historical Context

Minerals like coal and petroleum are non-renewable. Our textbook highlights their rapid depletion.

Key Developments
  • Recycling scrap metal reduces iron ore demand.
  • Using public transport cuts petroleum use.
  • Solar energy replaces coal in industries.
Socio-economic Impact

Conservation ensures future availability. For example, Japan recycles 98% of its metals.

Current Relevance

India’s National Mineral Policy focuses on efficient mining and recycling.

Question 9:
Analyze the role of nuclear energy in India’s power sector. Mention its advantages and risks.
Answer:
Historical Context

Nuclear energy contributes 3% of India’s power. Our textbook shows plants like Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu.

Key Developments
  • Advantages: Low carbon emissions, high energy output.
  • Risks: Radioactive waste, accidents like Fukushima.
Socio-economic Impact

It powers cities but raises safety concerns. Farmers near Rawatbhata plant protested against radiation.

Current Relevance

India plans new reactors but also invests in solar to balance risks.

Question 10:
Explain the distribution of iron ore in India and its economic significance.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that India has abundant iron ore reserves, mainly in Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh. Our textbook shows these regions contribute to 95% of total production.

Key Developments
  • Odisha’s Badampahar mines are rich in hematite.
  • Jharkhand’s Singhbhum belt is a major producer.
  • Chhattisgarh’s Bailadila range exports high-grade ore.
Socio-economic Impact

Iron ore supports steel industries, creating jobs and boosting infrastructure. For example, Bhilai Steel Plant relies on these reserves.

Current Relevance

India is the 4th largest exporter, strengthening our economy.

Question 11:
Describe the types of coal found in India and their uses.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook mentions India ranks 3rd in coal production. We studied four types: anthracite, bituminous, lignite, and peat.

Key Developments
  • Anthracite (rare) is used in metallurgy.
  • Bituminous (Jharia mines) fuels thermal plants.
  • Lignite (Tamil Nadu) generates electricity.
Socio-economic Impact

Coal powers 70% of India’s electricity. For example, Neyveli Lignite Corporation supplies energy to industries.

Current Relevance

Despite environmental concerns, coal remains vital for energy security.

Question 12:
How do mineral resources contribute to industrial growth? Give examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned that minerals like bauxite, mica, and copper drive industries. Our textbook highlights their role since the Industrial Revolution.

Key Developments
  • Bauxite (Odisha) feeds aluminum plants.
  • Mica (Jharkhand) is used in electronics.
  • Copper (Rajasthan) aids electrical wiring.
Socio-economic Impact

Industries like Hindalco rely on these, creating jobs and exports.

Current Relevance

With ‘Make in India’, mineral-based industries are growing rapidly.

Question 13:
Compare conventional and non-conventional power resources with examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that conventional resources (coal, oil) dominated, but now non-conventional (solar, wind) are rising.

Key Developments
  • Coal (Jharia) is exhaustible.
  • Solar (Rajasthan plants) is renewable.
  • Wind (Tamil Nadu farms) reduces pollution.
Socio-economic Impact

Non-conventional energy creates sustainable jobs. For example, Bhadla Solar Park powers lakhs of homes.

Current Relevance

India aims for 500 GW renewable energy by 2030, reducing carbon emissions.

Question 14:
Explain the conservation of minerals and why it is important.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook shows minerals are non-renewable. We studied how reckless mining depletes reserves.

Key Developments
  • Recycling metals like aluminum saves resources.
  • Using alternatives (solar for coal) reduces pressure.
  • Strict laws (MMDR Act) regulate mining.
Socio-economic Impact

Conservation ensures future supply. For example, Steel Recycling saves 75% energy.

Current Relevance

With climate change, sustainable mining is now a global priority.

Question 15:
Explain the importance of mineral resources in our daily life with suitable examples. Also, discuss the need for their conservation.
Answer:

Mineral resources play a crucial role in our daily lives as they are used in various industries and products. For example, iron ore is used to make steel, which is essential for constructing buildings, bridges, and vehicles. Bauxite is used to produce aluminum, which is used in packaging, aircraft, and electrical wiring. Coal and petroleum are vital for generating electricity and fueling transportation.

The need for conservation arises because minerals are non-renewable resources and take millions of years to form. Over-exploitation can lead to their depletion, causing economic and environmental challenges. Conservation measures include:

  • Recycling metals like aluminum and copper to reduce mining.
  • Using alternative energy sources like solar and wind to reduce dependence on coal and petroleum.
  • Adopting sustainable mining practices to minimize environmental damage.

By conserving minerals, we ensure their availability for future generations and reduce environmental harm.

Question 16:
Compare and contrast conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Provide examples and explain why shifting to non-conventional sources is beneficial.
Answer:

Conventional sources of energy include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are finite and cause pollution. These have been used for centuries and are reliable but contribute to environmental degradation and climate change. On the other hand, non-conventional sources like solar energy, wind energy, and biogas are renewable and environmentally friendly.

The benefits of shifting to non-conventional sources are:

  • Sustainability: They are inexhaustible and can be replenished naturally.
  • Pollution-free: They produce little to no greenhouse gases, reducing global warming.
  • Cost-effective: Once installed, they require minimal maintenance and reduce dependence on imported fuels.

For example, solar panels harness sunlight to generate electricity, while wind turbines use wind energy. These sources are crucial for a sustainable future and energy security.

Question 17:
Explain the importance of mineral resources in our daily life with suitable examples. Also, discuss the need for their conservation.
Answer:

Mineral resources play a crucial role in our daily lives as they are used in various industries and household items. For example, iron ore is used to make steel, which is essential for constructing buildings, bridges, and vehicles. Copper is used in electrical wiring due to its excellent conductivity, while aluminum is used in packaging and aircraft manufacturing. Additionally, minerals like limestone and gypsum are used in cement production, which is vital for infrastructure development.

The need for conservation of mineral resources arises because they are non-renewable and take millions of years to form. Over-exploitation can lead to their depletion, causing economic and environmental challenges. Conservation measures include:

  • Recycling metals like aluminum and copper to reduce mining pressure.
  • Using alternative materials where possible, such as bamboo instead of steel in construction.
  • Implementing strict mining regulations to prevent wastage.
  • Promoting awareness about sustainable usage among industries and individuals.

By conserving minerals, we ensure their availability for future generations and reduce environmental degradation caused by excessive mining.

Question 18:
Compare and contrast conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Highlight the advantages of using non-conventional energy sources in India.
Answer:

Conventional sources of energy include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are finite and cause pollution. In contrast, non-conventional sources like solar, wind, and hydropower are renewable and environmentally friendly.

  • Availability: Conventional sources are limited, while non-conventional sources are abundant and inexhaustible.
  • Pollution: Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, whereas renewable energy produces minimal pollution.
  • Cost: Non-conventional energy requires high initial investment but has low maintenance costs compared to conventional sources.

The advantages of using non-conventional energy sources in India are:

  • Energy Security: Reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels.
  • Environmental Benefits: Lowers carbon emissions and mitigates climate change.
  • Rural Development: Solar and wind energy projects create jobs in rural areas.
  • Sustainable Growth: Ensures long-term energy supply without depleting resources.

India has vast potential for solar and wind energy due to its geographical location, making non-conventional sources a viable solution for future energy needs.

Question 19:
Explain the importance of mineral resources in the development of a country. Discuss the measures to conserve them with examples.
Answer:

Mineral resources play a crucial role in the economic and industrial development of a country. They are the backbone of industries such as steel, cement, and electronics, providing raw materials for manufacturing and infrastructure. For example, iron ore is essential for steel production, which is used in construction and machinery.

To conserve these finite resources, the following measures can be adopted:

  • Recycling and reuse: Metals like aluminum and copper can be recycled to reduce the need for fresh mining.
  • Using alternative materials: Substituting scarce minerals with abundant ones, like using solar energy instead of coal.
  • Sustainable mining practices: Minimizing environmental damage by adopting eco-friendly techniques.

For instance, India promotes the use of solar energy to reduce dependence on coal, conserving it for future generations.

Question 20:
Compare and contrast conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Highlight the advantages of non-conventional sources with examples.
Answer:

Conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas are finite and cause pollution. In contrast, non-conventional energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower are renewable and environmentally friendly.

The advantages of non-conventional sources include:

  • Renewability: They are inexhaustible, unlike coal or oil.
  • Low pollution: Solar and wind energy produce minimal greenhouse gases.
  • Cost-effective: Once installed, they require less maintenance and fuel costs.

For example, solar panels harness sunlight to generate electricity without depleting resources or harming the environment. Similarly, wind farms use wind energy, which is abundant and clean.

Switching to non-conventional sources ensures sustainable development and reduces the carbon footprint, making them ideal for the future.

Question 21:
Explain the importance of mineral resources in the development of a country. Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

Mineral resources play a crucial role in the economic and industrial development of a country. They are the backbone of industries and infrastructure. Here’s why they are important:

  • Industrial Growth: Minerals like iron ore, coal, and bauxite are essential for industries such as steel, aluminum, and cement. For example, iron ore is used to produce steel, which is vital for construction and manufacturing.
  • Energy Production: Coal and uranium are key for thermal and nuclear power plants, respectively. India relies heavily on coal for electricity generation.
  • Employment: Mining and processing of minerals create jobs, boosting the economy. For instance, the coal mining sector employs millions in India.
  • Foreign Exchange: Exporting minerals like mica and limestone earns foreign currency. India is a leading exporter of mica.
  • Infrastructure Development: Minerals are used in building roads, bridges, and houses. For example, limestone is used in cement production, which is essential for construction.

Thus, minerals are indispensable for a country's progress and self-reliance.

Question 22:
Compare and contrast conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Provide examples and explain their significance in India.
Answer:

Conventional and non-conventional energy sources differ in availability, usage, and environmental impact. Here’s a comparison:

  • Conventional Sources: These are traditional and exhaustible, like coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They cause pollution and are limited in supply. For example, coal is widely used in India for electricity but contributes to air pollution.
  • Non-Conventional Sources: These are renewable and eco-friendly, like solar, wind, and hydropower. They are abundant and sustainable. For instance, solar energy is harnessed in Rajasthan due to abundant sunlight.

Significance in India:

  • Conventional sources meet most energy demands but are depleting fast. India imports petroleum, affecting its economy.
  • Non-conventional sources reduce dependence on imports and pollution. The government promotes solar parks and wind farms to achieve energy security.

Shifting to non-conventional energy is crucial for India's sustainable future.

Question 23:
Explain the importance of mineral resources in our daily lives and the economy. Discuss how their sustainable use can be ensured.
Answer:

Mineral resources play a crucial role in our daily lives and the economy. They are used in various industries such as construction, manufacturing, and technology. For example, iron ore is essential for making steel, which is used in buildings and vehicles, while bauxite is used to produce aluminum for packaging and electronics.

In the economy, minerals contribute significantly to a country's GDP and provide employment opportunities. However, overexploitation can lead to depletion and environmental damage. To ensure sustainable use, we can:

  • Promote recycling of metals to reduce dependency on mining.
  • Implement strict government regulations to control mining activities.
  • Encourage the use of alternative materials to conserve non-renewable resources.
  • Raise public awareness about the importance of conserving minerals.

By adopting these measures, we can balance economic growth with environmental protection.

Question 24:
Compare and contrast conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Highlight their advantages and disadvantages with examples.
Answer:

Conventional sources of energy include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which have been used for centuries. These are non-renewable and cause pollution. For example, burning coal releases harmful gases like carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming.

On the other hand, non-conventional sources like solar energy, wind energy, and biogas are renewable and environmentally friendly. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity without emitting pollutants.

  • Advantages of conventional sources: High energy output, well-established infrastructure.
  • Disadvantages: Limited availability, environmental degradation.
  • Advantages of non-conventional sources: Sustainable, low pollution, abundant.
  • Disadvantages: High initial costs, dependency on weather conditions.

Transitioning to non-conventional energy is essential for a sustainable future.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Case: India has large reserves of coal but imports it.
Case Context: Jharkhand’s coal mines face environmental challenges.
Q1: Why does India import coal despite having reserves? Give two reasons. How can sustainable mining help?
Answer:

India imports coal because:

  • Our coal has high ash content, reducing efficiency.
  • Demand exceeds supply due to rapid industrialization.

Historical/Geographical Analysis: Jharkhand’s mines, like Jharia, face land degradation. Current Relevance: Sustainable mining (e.g., afforestation, waste recycling) can reduce harm, as seen in Australia’s rehab projects.

Question 2:
Case: Solar energy adoption in Rajasthan.
Case Context: Bhadla Solar Park is Asia’s largest.
Q2: Why is Rajasthan ideal for solar power? List two geographical factors. How does this align with India’s renewable energy goals?
Answer:

Rajasthan is ideal because:

  • It has vast arid land with minimal cloud cover.
  • High solar insolation (sunlight intensity).

Historical/Geographical Analysis: Thar Desert’s empty spaces suit solar farms. Current Relevance: Bhadla Park supports India’s renewable energy target of 500 GW by 2030, reducing fossil fuel use.

Question 3:
Case: Kudankulam Nuclear Plant protests.
Case Context: Locals fear radiation risks.
Q3: Name two advantages of nuclear power. How can public concerns about nuclear waste be addressed?
Answer:

Advantages:

  • High energy output with minimal fuel.
  • Low greenhouse gas emissions.

Historical/Geographical Analysis: Japan’s Fukushima incident raised safety fears. Current Relevance: Nuclear waste can be managed via secure storage (e.g., Finland’s Onkalo facility) and public awareness campaigns.

Question 4:
Case: Aluminum industry in Odisha.
Case Context: NALCO uses local bauxite.
Q4: Why is bauxite mining concentrated in Odisha? Give two reasons. How does this boost economic development?
Answer:

Odisha has:

  • Rich bauxite deposits in Panchpatmali hills.
  • Proximity to ports for export.

Historical/Geographical Analysis: NALCO’s refinery creates jobs. Current Relevance: Economic development includes infrastructure growth, like Angul’s industrial corridor, inspired by UAE’s diversification.

Question 5:
Case: India is rich in mineral resources but faces challenges in their sustainable use.
Case Context: Our textbook shows how minerals like coal and iron ore are unevenly distributed.
Q: Explain why sustainable mining is important with examples from India.
Answer:

Sustainable mining ensures resources last for future generations. Historical/Geographical Analysis: In Jharkhand, excessive coal mining damaged forests and tribal lands. Current Relevance: Odisha’s iron ore mines now follow stricter rules to reduce pollution. Examples:

  • Rat-hole mining in Meghalaya caused ecological harm.
  • Solar energy adoption reduces coal dependency.
  • Recycling metals like aluminum saves resources.
Question 6:
Case: Power resources like coal and solar have different impacts.
Case Context: We studied how thermal plants cause air pollution.
Q: Compare coal and solar power using three geographical examples.
Answer:

Coal is non-renewable and polluting, while solar is clean. Historical/Geographical Analysis: Singrauli (UP) faces health issues due to coal plants. Current Relevance: Rajasthan’s Bhadla Solar Park powers millions sustainably. Examples:

  • Jharia mines (Jharkhand) show coal’s environmental damage.
  • Tamil Nadu’s wind-solar hybrid projects.
  • Delhi’s smog linked to coal-based power.
Question 7:
Case: Mineral conservation is vital for development.
Case Context: Our textbook mentions recycling metals.
Q: How can India reduce mineral waste? Give three real-life strategies.
Answer:

Recycling and technology can cut waste. Historical/Geographical Analysis: Aluminum recycling in Punjab saves 95% energy. Current Relevance: E-waste rules enforce proper disposal. Examples:

  • Steel scrap reuse in Gujarat’s industries.
  • Biomining in Kerala extracts metals from waste.
  • Public awareness campaigns in schools.
Question 8:
Case: Non-conventional energy is growing in India.
Case Context: We studied solar and wind energy.
Q: Why is Gujarat a leader in renewable energy? Support with three examples.
Answer:

Gujarat has ideal conditions and policies. Historical/Geographical Analysis: Its long coastline supports wind farms. Current Relevance: Dholera Solar Park is Asia’s largest. Examples:

  • Charanka Solar Park powers villages.
  • Kutch’s wind energy supplies industries.
  • Government subsidies for rooftop solar.
Question 9:
Case: India has abundant mineral resources but faces challenges in their sustainable use.
Case Context: Our textbook shows how minerals like coal and iron ore are unevenly distributed.
Q1. Explain why sustainable mining is important with examples from India.
Answer:
Case Context: We studied how minerals like coal (Jharkhand) and iron ore (Odisha) are mined unsustainably.
Historical/Geographical Analysis:
  • Over-mining causes land degradation (e.g., Bellary in Karnataka).
  • Water pollution from mining affects rivers (e.g., Damodar River near coal mines).
Current Relevance:

Solar energy adoption (e.g., Bhadla Solar Park) reduces coal dependency. Recycling metals like aluminum (e.g., Tata Steel initiatives) conserves resources.

Question 10:
Case: Non-conventional energy is vital for India’s future.
Case Context: Our textbook mentions solar and wind energy.
Q2. Compare solar and wind energy using examples from Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
Case Context: We studied Gujarat’s solar parks (e.g., Charanka) and Tamil Nadu’s wind farms (e.g., Muppandal).
Historical/Geographical Analysis:
  • Solar energy needs sunlight (Gujarat has 300 sunny days/year).
  • Wind energy requires consistent winds (Tamil Nadu’s coastal winds).
Current Relevance:

Both reduce CO2 emissions. Solar is cheaper for homes, while wind powers industries (e.g., Suzlon turbines).

Question 11:
Case: Conservation of minerals is crucial.
Case Context: Our textbook highlights recycling and alternative materials.
Q3. Suggest three ways to conserve minerals with real-life examples.
Answer:
Case Context: We learned about recycling bauxite and using solar panels.
Historical/Geographical Analysis:
  • Recycling aluminum (e.g., Vedanta’s recycling plants).
  • Using bamboo instead of steel (e.g., Assam’s bamboo bridges).
  • Promoting public transport to reduce fuel use (e.g., Delhi Metro).
Current Relevance:

These methods reduce mining pressure and pollution.

Question 12:
Case: Power resources vary by region.
Case Context: Our textbook compares thermal and hydroelectric power.
Q4. Why does Maharashtra rely on thermal power while Himachal uses hydropower?
Answer:
Case Context: We studied Maharashtra’s coal reserves and Himachal’s rivers.
Historical/Geographical Analysis:
  • Maharashtra has coal mines (e.g., Chandrapur) but scarce rivers.
  • Himachal’s steep slopes (e.g., Bhakra Dam) suit hydropower.
Current Relevance:

Thermal plants cause pollution, while hydropower is cleaner. Both states now explore solar energy too.

Question 13:

Rahul visited a coal mine in Jharkhand and observed that mining activities were causing environmental degradation. Based on your understanding of mineral resources, answer the following:

  • Explain two environmental impacts of mining.
  • Suggest two sustainable practices to reduce these impacts.
Answer:

Environmental impacts of mining:

  • Deforestation: Mining clears large forest areas, leading to loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems.
  • Soil erosion: Removal of topsoil during mining makes the land barren and increases the risk of landslides.

Sustainable practices:

  • Afforestation: Planting trees in mined areas helps restore the ecological balance.
  • Proper waste disposal: Recycling mining waste and using advanced technology can minimize pollution.

Adopting these practices ensures sustainable development while conserving mineral resources for future generations.

Question 14:

Meena read about India's growing dependence on non-renewable energy sources like coal and petroleum. Answer the following:

  • Why is it important to shift to renewable energy sources?
  • Name two renewable energy sources and explain one advantage of each.
Answer:

Importance of shifting to renewable energy:
Non-renewable sources like coal and petroleum are limited and cause pollution. Shifting to renewable energy ensures sustainability and reduces environmental harm.

Renewable energy sources and advantages:

  • Solar energy: It is abundant and reduces electricity bills while being eco-friendly.
  • Wind energy: It is cost-effective and does not produce greenhouse gases.

Using these sources helps in achieving energy security and protecting the environment.

Question 15:

Rahul's family lives in a village where most people depend on agriculture. Recently, the government installed solar panels in their area to provide electricity. However, some villagers are hesitant to use them, preferring traditional methods like kerosene lamps.

Question: Explain two advantages of using solar energy over kerosene lamps in rural areas. Also, suggest one way the government can encourage villagers to adopt solar energy.

Answer:

Advantages of Solar Energy:

  • Renewable and Eco-friendly: Solar energy is a sustainable resource that does not deplete like kerosene. It reduces air pollution as it does not emit harmful gases like kerosene lamps.
  • Cost-effective in the Long Run: While initial setup costs may be high, solar energy is free once installed, unlike kerosene, which requires continuous purchases.

Suggestion for Adoption: The government can conduct awareness campaigns or provide subsidies to reduce the initial cost of solar panels, making them more accessible to villagers.

Question 16:

In a geography class, students were discussing the distribution of minerals in India. The teacher showed them a map highlighting regions rich in iron ore and bauxite.

Question: Identify two states in India known for large reserves of iron ore and bauxite, respectively. Also, explain why mining activities in these regions need to be regulated.

Answer:

States with Mineral Reserves:

  • Iron Ore: Odisha and Jharkhand are major producers of iron ore in India.
  • Bauxite: Odisha and Gujarat have significant deposits of bauxite.

Need for Regulation: Mining activities must be regulated to prevent environmental degradation, such as deforestation and soil erosion. Over-mining can also lead to the depletion of these non-renewable resources, affecting future availability.

Question 17:

Rahul's family lives in a village where most people depend on agriculture. Recently, the government installed solar panels in their area to provide electricity. However, some villagers are hesitant to use them, preferring traditional methods like kerosene lamps.

a) Identify two advantages of using solar energy over kerosene lamps.
b) How can the government encourage villagers to adopt solar energy? Suggest two ways.

Answer:

a) Advantages of solar energy over kerosene lamps:

  • Renewable & Eco-friendly: Solar energy is a sustainable resource that does not pollute the air, unlike kerosene, which releases harmful gases like carbon monoxide.
  • Cost-effective: After initial setup, solar energy is free, whereas kerosene requires continuous spending on fuel.

b) Ways to encourage adoption:

  • Awareness campaigns: Educate villagers about the long-term benefits and safety of solar energy through workshops.
  • Subsidies: Provide financial support or discounts to make solar panels affordable for low-income families.
Question 18:

In a class discussion, Priya argued that mining for minerals harms the environment, while Rohan claimed it is essential for development.

a) Give two environmental impacts of mining.
b) Suggest two sustainable practices to reduce these impacts.

Answer:

a) Environmental impacts of mining:

  • Deforestation: Clearing forests for mines destroys habitats and reduces biodiversity.
  • Soil & Water Pollution: Chemicals from mining (like mercury) contaminate nearby rivers and farmland.

b) Sustainable practices:

  • Afforestation: Planting trees in mined areas to restore ecosystems.
  • Recycling minerals: Reusing metals like aluminum reduces the need for new mining.
Question 19:
Rahul's family lives in a village where most people depend on agriculture. Recently, the government installed solar panels in their area to provide electricity. Explain how this change benefits the villagers and the environment, referring to mineral and power resources.
Answer:

The installation of solar panels in Rahul's village brings multiple benefits:

  • Environmental Benefits: Solar energy is a renewable resource, unlike coal or petroleum, which are non-renewable. It reduces air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, helping combat climate change.
  • Economic Benefits: Villagers save money as solar energy is cheaper in the long run compared to traditional fuels. It also reduces dependence on expensive diesel generators.
  • Agricultural Benefits: Farmers can use solar-powered pumps for irrigation, improving crop yields.
  • Social Benefits: Reliable electricity improves education (study hours), healthcare (refrigeration for medicines), and overall quality of life.

This shift promotes sustainable development by conserving mineral resources like coal and reducing environmental degradation.

Question 20:
A news report highlights the over-extraction of minerals in a forest region, leading to soil erosion and loss of wildlife. Suggest two sustainable measures to balance mineral extraction and environmental conservation.
Answer:

To balance mineral extraction and environmental conservation, the following measures can be adopted:

  • Afforestation and Reclamation: After mining, the land should be replanted with trees to restore the ecosystem. This prevents soil erosion and provides habitats for wildlife.
  • Use of Advanced Technology: Implementing eco-friendly mining techniques like hydraulic mining or biomining reduces environmental damage. Proper waste management and recycling of minerals can also minimize extraction needs.

Additionally, enforcing strict government regulations on mining activities and promoting sustainable practices among companies can protect forests and wildlife while meeting mineral demands.

Question 21:
Rahul visited a coal mine in Jharkhand and observed that mining activities were causing deforestation and soil erosion. Based on this case, explain the environmental impacts of mining and suggest two sustainable practices to minimize these effects.
Answer:

Mining activities, like those observed by Rahul in Jharkhand, have significant environmental impacts:

  • Deforestation: Large areas of forests are cleared for mining, leading to loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems.
  • Soil erosion: Removal of vegetation exposes soil to wind and water, causing erosion and loss of fertile topsoil.
  • Water pollution: Mining releases harmful chemicals into nearby water bodies, affecting aquatic life and local communities.

To minimize these effects, sustainable practices include:

  • Afforestation: Planting trees in mined areas to restore vegetation and prevent soil erosion.
  • Proper waste management: Treating mining waste before disposal to reduce water and soil pollution.

Adopting these practices ensures responsible use of mineral resources while protecting the environment.

Question 22:
In a remote village, people rely on firewood for cooking and kerosene lamps for lighting, leading to health issues and environmental degradation. Propose two alternative power resources suitable for the village and explain their benefits.
Answer:

The village can adopt the following alternative power resources to improve living conditions:

  • Solar energy: Installing solar panels can provide clean electricity for lighting and cooking.
    Benefits: Reduces dependence on firewood and kerosene, lowers air pollution, and is renewable.
  • Biogas: Using organic waste to produce biogas for cooking.
    Benefits: Improves sanitation by utilizing waste, provides a smokeless fuel, and is cost-effective.

These alternatives align with sustainable development by promoting clean energy and improving health and environmental conditions in the village.

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