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History - The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947 – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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History - The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947

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8th

8th - Social Studies

History - The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947

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Overview of the Chapter

This chapter explores the emergence and growth of the Indian national movement from the 1870s to 1947. It highlights key events, leaders, and ideologies that shaped the struggle for independence against British colonial rule. The chapter also examines the role of mass movements, political organizations, and the eventual achievement of freedom.

The National Movement refers to the organized efforts by Indians to end British colonial rule and establish an independent nation.

Early Political Associations

In the late 19th century, various political associations emerged, such as the Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885. Early leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale emphasized moderate demands for reforms within the British system.

The Rise of Militant Nationalism

By the early 20th century, leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai advocated for more assertive methods, including Swadeshi and Boycott movements. The partition of Bengal in 1905 intensified nationalist sentiments.

Swadeshi Movement encouraged Indians to use locally made goods and boycott British products as a form of protest.

Gandhian Era and Mass Movements

Mahatma Gandhi introduced non-violent resistance (Satyagraha) and led major campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), and Quit India Movement (1942). These movements mobilized millions of Indians across different social groups.

Role of Revolutionary Activities

Alongside non-violent protests, revolutionary leaders like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Subhas Chandra Bose advocated armed struggle against British rule. The Indian National Army (INA) under Bose played a significant role during World War II.

Towards Independence

Post-World War II, mounting pressure from nationalist movements led to negotiations between the British, the INC, and the Muslim League. Finally, on August 15, 1947, India gained independence, though it was accompanied by the partition into India and Pakistan.

Partition refers to the division of British India into two separate nations—India and Pakistan—based on religious lines.

Conclusion

The national movement was a collective struggle involving diverse ideologies, leaders, and mass participation. It not only ended colonial rule but also laid the foundation for democratic governance in independent India.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
What was the main aim of the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:

To boycott British goods

Question 2:
Who led the Dandi March?
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi

Question 3:
Which event marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:

Dandi March

Question 4:
Who gave the slogan 'Do or Die' during Quit India Movement?
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi

Question 5:
When was the Quit India Movement launched?
Answer:

1942

Question 6:
Name the first woman president of the Indian National Congress.
Answer:

Annie Besant

Question 7:
Who was known as the 'Lion of Punjab'?
Answer:

Lala Lajpat Rai

Question 8:
Which movement followed the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?
Answer:

Non-Cooperation Movement

Question 9:
Who founded the Home Rule League?
Answer:

Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 10:
What was the Khilafat Movement about?
Answer:

To support the Ottoman Caliph

Question 11:
Who was the first Prime Minister of independent India?
Answer:

Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 12:
What was the main objective of the Indian National Congress when it was formed in 1885?
Answer:

The main objective of the Indian National Congress was to provide a platform for political dialogue between educated Indians and the British government. It aimed to voice the demands of Indians and seek reforms through constitutional methods.

Question 13:
Name the two groups formed after the Surat Split of 1907 in the Congress.
Answer:

After the Surat Split, the Congress divided into two groups:
1. Moderates (led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale)
2. Extremists (led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak)

Question 14:
What was the significance of the Rowlatt Act (1919)?
Answer:

The Rowlatt Act allowed the British to imprison Indians without trial, leading to widespread protests. It sparked the Non-Cooperation Movement and deepened resentment against British rule.

Question 15:
Who founded the Home Rule League in 1916, and what was its demand?
Answer:

Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak founded the Home Rule League. It demanded self-government for India within the British Empire.

Question 16:
What was the Khilafat Movement, and why did Gandhi support it?
Answer:

The Khilafat Movement was a protest by Indian Muslims against the British dismantling the Ottoman Caliphate. Gandhi supported it to unite Hindus and Muslims in the freedom struggle.

Question 17:
Name the slogan given by Mahatma Gandhi during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:

Gandhi's slogan was 'Swaraj in one year', urging Indians to boycott British institutions and goods.

Question 18:
What was the Simon Commission, and why was it boycotted?
Answer:

The Simon Commission (1928) was a British committee to review constitutional reforms in India. It was boycotted because it had no Indian members, showing British disregard for Indian opinions.

Question 19:
What was the Dandi March, and when did it take place?
Answer:

The Dandi March (1930) was Gandhi's 240-mile walk to produce salt illegally, defying the British salt tax. It marked the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 20:
Who was known as the Frontier Gandhi, and why?
Answer:

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was called the Frontier Gandhi for leading the Khudai Khidmatgar (non-violent movement) in the Northwest Frontier Province.

Question 21:
What was the Quit India Movement, and when was it launched?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement (1942) was Gandhi's call for the British to leave India immediately. It became a mass uprising with the slogan 'Do or Die'.

Question 22:
Name the two leaders who represented India in the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946).
Answer:

The leaders were Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The plan proposed a united India with limited autonomy for provinces.

Question 23:
What was the significance of August 15, 1947, in Indian history?
Answer:

On August 15, 1947, India gained independence from British rule, ending nearly 200 years of colonial domination. It also marked the partition into India and Pakistan.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Name two leaders associated with the Moderate Phase of the Indian National Movement.
Answer:

Two leaders associated with the Moderate Phase were Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. They believed in constitutional methods like petitions and dialogues to achieve reforms.

Question 2:
What was the significance of the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
Answer:

The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was a British strategy to divide Hindus and Muslims, but it instead united Indians against colonial rule. It led to widespread protests and the Swadeshi Movement, promoting Indian goods and nationalism.

Question 3:
Who founded the Home Rule League and what was its purpose?
Answer:

The Home Rule League was founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant. Its purpose was to demand self-government for India within the British Empire through peaceful protests and public awareness.

Question 4:
What role did Mahatma Gandhi play in the Champaran Satyagraha?
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi led the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917 to support indigo farmers against oppressive British planters. It was his first successful non-violent protest in India, establishing him as a mass leader.

Question 5:
Why was the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre a turning point in India's freedom struggle?
Answer:

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) shocked Indians due to the brutal killing of unarmed civilians by General Dyer. It exposed British cruelty, leading to widespread anger and strengthening the demand for complete independence.

Question 6:
What was the Non-Cooperation Movement and why was it called off?
Answer:

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) urged Indians to boycott British institutions and goods. It was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident, where violence broke out, contradicting Gandhi's principle of non-violence.

Question 7:
Name two women leaders who contributed to the Salt Satyagraha.
Answer:

Two women leaders in the Salt Satyagraha were Sarojini Naidu and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. They led marches and protests, breaking salt laws and inspiring mass participation.

Question 8:
What was the Quit India Movement and when was it launched?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement was launched in 1942, demanding an end to British rule. Gandhi gave the slogan 'Do or Die', leading to widespread protests and arrests, marking a decisive phase in the freedom struggle.

Question 9:
How did the Azad Hind Fauj contribute to India's independence?
Answer:

The Azad Hind Fauj, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, fought alongside Japan against the British in WWII. Though militarily unsuccessful, it boosted nationalist morale and showed Indians' readiness to fight for freedom.

Question 10:
What was the significance of the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946?
Answer:

The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed a united India with limited autonomy for provinces. Though rejected, it paved the way for Partition and independence in 1947 by highlighting the growing divide between Congress and the Muslim League.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
How did the Partition of Bengal (1905) fuel the national movement?
Answer:

The Partition of Bengal was seen as a British strategy to divide and rule by creating religious divisions.
It led to massive protests, Swadeshi Movement, and boycott of British goods.
This event united Indians across regions and intensified the demand for self-governance.

Question 2:
Why was the Dandi March (1930) a turning point in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:

The Dandi March symbolised defiance against the British salt tax, a monopoly affecting all Indians.
Gandhi’s 24-day march to make salt inspired mass participation, including women and peasants.
It showcased non-violent resistance and globalised India’s freedom struggle.

Question 3:
Describe the impact of World War II on India's national movement.
Answer:

World War II exposed British weaknesses, making Indians demand independence more forcefully.
The Cripps Mission (1942) failed, leading to the Quit India Movement.
Post-war, international pressure and rising nationalism forced Britain to consider leaving India.

Question 4:
What were the key differences between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League in the 1940s?
Answer:

  • Congress advocated a unified India, while the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, demanded a separate Pakistan.
  • Congress represented broader nationalist goals, whereas the League focused on Muslim interests.
  • This divide eventually led to the Partition of India (1947).

Question 5:
Explain the role of moderate leaders in the early phase of the Indian National Movement.
Answer:

The moderate leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Surendranath Banerjee played a crucial role in the early phase of the Indian National Movement. They believed in constitutional methods like petitions, prayers, and protests to demand reforms from the British.

Their demands included:

  • Greater Indian representation in government
  • Reduction in land revenue
  • Civil rights and equality
They also raised awareness about economic drain theory, highlighting how British policies exploited India. Their efforts laid the foundation for future mass movements.

Question 6:
How did the Partition of Bengal (1905) contribute to the growth of nationalism in India?
Answer:

The Partition of Bengal (1905) was a British strategy to divide Hindus and Muslims, but it backfired and united Indians against colonial rule.

Key impacts:

  • It led to massive protests, Swadeshi Movement, and boycott of British goods.
  • Nationalists like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal mobilized people, promoting self-reliance.
  • It exposed British divide-and-rule policy, strengthening national unity.
The movement eventually forced the British to reverse the partition in 1911, marking a victory for Indian nationalism.

Question 7:
Describe the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) in India's freedom struggle.
Answer:

The Non-Cooperation Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a turning point in India's freedom struggle.

Its significance includes:

  • Mass participation: Students, farmers, and workers joined, making it a nationwide movement.
  • Boycott of British institutions: Schools, courts, and goods were rejected, hurting British economy.
  • Promotion of Swadeshi: Indians started using khadi and local products.
Though suspended after the Chauri Chaura incident, it showed the power of peaceful resistance and united Indians against colonial rule.

Question 8:
How did Mahatma Gandhi transform the Indian National Movement into a mass movement?
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi transformed the freedom struggle by involving common people through:

  • Satyagraha: Non-violent resistance like Champaran and Kheda movements empowered farmers.
  • Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience: Mass boycotts and protests (e.g., Salt March) mobilized millions.
  • Simple lifestyle: His use of khadi and focus on rural issues connected with the poor.
His leadership made the movement inclusive, uniting peasants, workers, and women, turning it into a true mass struggle.

Question 9:
Why was the Quit India Movement (1942) considered a decisive phase in India's freedom struggle?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement marked a decisive shift because:

  • It demanded complete independence (Purna Swaraj) with the slogan 'Do or Die'.
  • Mass protests, strikes, and underground activities paralyzed British administration.
  • Despite harsh repression, it showed Indians' determination to end colonial rule.
Though suppressed, it weakened British control and paved the way for India's independence in 1947.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the role of Gandhiji's Non-Cooperation Movement in the Indian freedom struggle.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied how Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 to oppose British rule through peaceful means.

Key Developments
  • Boycott of schools, courts, and foreign goods.
  • Mass participation, including peasants and students.
  • Chauri Chaura incident led to its withdrawal.
Socio-economic Impact

It united Indians across regions and classes, fostering national unity.

Current Relevance

Today, peaceful protests inspire movements globally, showing Gandhiji's lasting influence.

Question 2:
How did the Partition of Bengal (1905) and its reversal impact the national movement?
Answer:
Historical Context

The British divided Bengal in 1905, claiming administrative ease, but it was a 'divide and rule' tactic.

Key Developments
  • Mass protests led by leaders like Surendranath Banerjee.
  • Swadeshi Movement promoted Indian goods.
  • Reversed in 1911 due to public pressure.
Socio-economic Impact

It strengthened nationalist feelings and self-reliance.

Current Relevance

Even today, unity against divisive policies remains crucial.

Question 3:
Describe the significance of the Dandi March (1930) in India's freedom struggle.
Answer:
Historical Context

Gandhiji led the Dandi March in 1930 to protest the salt tax, a symbol of British oppression.

Key Developments
  • Covered 240 miles with 78 followers.
  • Made salt illegally, defying British laws.
  • Inspired nationwide civil disobedience.
Socio-economic Impact

It mobilized masses, including women and farmers.

Current Relevance

Peaceful resistance remains a powerful tool in modern protests.

Question 4:
Analyze the contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to India's independence movement.
Answer:
Historical Context

Subhash Chandra Bose advocated aggressive resistance against British rule, differing from Gandhiji's methods.

Key Developments
  • Formed the Indian National Army (INA) with Japanese support.
  • Gave the slogan 'Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom'.
  • Inspired soldiers and youth to join the struggle.
Socio-economic Impact

His actions intensified pressure on the British.

Current Relevance

His patriotism is celebrated in India today.

Question 5:
How did the Quit India Movement (1942) accelerate India's independence?
Answer:
Historical Context

Launched in 1942, the Quit India Movement demanded immediate British withdrawal from India.

Key Developments
  • Gandhiji gave the 'Do or Die' call.
  • Mass protests, strikes, and underground activities.
  • Severe British repression followed.
Socio-economic Impact

It united Indians and weakened British control.

Current Relevance

The movement's spirit influences democratic protests today.

Question 6:
Explain the role of Gandhiji in the Non-Cooperation Movement and its impact on India's freedom struggle.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied how Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 to oppose British rule through peaceful means.

Key Developments
  • Gandhiji urged Indians to boycott British goods, schools, and courts.
  • He promoted Swadeshi and Khadi to revive Indian industries.
  • Mass protests like the Chauri Chaura incident forced Gandhiji to withdraw the movement.
Socio-economic Impact

The movement united Indians across regions and communities, strengthening nationalism.

Current Relevance

Gandhiji's methods inspire global movements for justice and equality today.

Question 7:
Describe the significance of the Salt March in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook shows how the Salt March in 1930 was a bold protest against British salt taxes.

Key Developments
  • Gandhiji walked 240 miles to Dandi to make salt illegally.
  • Thousands joined, defying British laws peacefully.
  • It led to nationwide strikes and boycotts.
Socio-economic Impact

The march exposed British exploitation and mobilized masses, including women and peasants.

Current Relevance

It remains a symbol of peaceful resistance, like recent farmers' protests.

Question 8:
How did the Quit India Movement accelerate India's independence?
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned the Quit India Movement began in 1942, demanding immediate British withdrawal.

Key Developments
  • Gandhiji gave the Do or Die call, inspiring mass participation.
  • Students, workers, and farmers protested nationwide.
  • British responded with arrests and violence.
Socio-economic Impact

The movement weakened British control and united Indians for a final push toward freedom.

Current Relevance

Its spirit echoes in movements for democracy worldwide.

Question 9:
Analyze the contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to the freedom struggle.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook highlights Bose's radical approach to freeing India from British rule.

Key Developments
  • He formed the Indian National Army (INA) with Japanese support.
  • His slogan Give me blood, and I will give you freedom motivated many.
  • The INA's battles in Burma inspired post-war rebellions.
Socio-economic Impact

Bose's actions pressured the British, complementing Gandhiji's peaceful methods.

Current Relevance

His legacy is celebrated in India's armed forces and patriotism.

Question 10:
Discuss the importance of the Partition of Bengal (1905) in the national movement.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied how the British divided Bengal to weaken nationalism.

Key Developments
  • The partition sparked Swadeshi protests and boycotts.
  • Leaders like Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal opposed it fiercely.
  • It united Hindus and Muslims temporarily against British policies.
Socio-economic Impact

The protests revived Indian industries and cultural pride.

Current Relevance

It reminds us of the dangers of divisive policies today.

Question 11:
Explain the role of Gandhiji in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922). How did his methods differ from earlier leaders of the national movement?
Answer:

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was a significant phase in India's freedom struggle, led by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji introduced the idea of non-violent resistance (Ahimsa) and civil disobedience as tools to oppose British rule. His methods differed from earlier leaders in several ways:

  • Mass Participation: Earlier leaders like Moderates and Extremists focused on petitions or limited protests, while Gandhiji mobilized farmers, workers, and students, making it a mass movement.
  • Non-Violence: Unlike the Revolutionaries who believed in armed struggle, Gandhiji stressed peaceful protests, such as boycotting British goods, schools, and courts.
  • Constructive Programs: He promoted Swadeshi (use of Indian-made goods) and Charkha (spinning wheel) to strengthen self-reliance.

Gandhiji's leadership united Indians across regions and communities, making the movement a turning point in the freedom struggle.

Question 12:
Describe the significance of the Quit India Movement (1942) in India's struggle for independence. What were its immediate and long-term impacts?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement (1942) was a decisive mass uprising demanding an end to British rule. Launched by Mahatma Gandhi with the slogan 'Do or Die', it marked a turning point in India's freedom struggle.

Immediate impacts:

  • Widespread protests, strikes, and underground activities disrupted British administration.
  • Harsh repression by the British, including mass arrests and violence.

Long-term impacts:

  • It intensified anti-British sentiment, making it clear that India would not accept anything less than complete independence.
  • Post-WWII, Britain realized it could no longer hold India, leading to negotiations for transfer of power.

The movement showcased the unity and determination of Indians across regions and communities, paving the way for independence in 1947.

Question 13:
Describe the significance of the Quit India Movement (1942) in India's struggle for independence. What were its immediate and long-term impacts?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement, launched in August 1942, was a decisive campaign demanding an end to British rule. Its significance lies in:

  • Immediate Impact: The British responded with harsh repression, arresting leaders like Gandhiji and suppressing protests. However, it showcased Indians' determination for Purna Swaraj (complete independence).
  • Mass Mobilization: Unlike earlier movements, it saw widespread participation from students, farmers, and even local leaders, cutting across caste and religion.
  • Long-Term Impact: It weakened British control, forcing them to realize that ruling India was no longer sustainable. Post-WWII, it accelerated the process of decolonization, leading to independence in 1947.

The movement's slogan 'Do or Die' inspired future generations and cemented the idea of a unified Indian identity against colonial rule.

Question 14:
Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian National Movement from 1919 to 1947. Highlight his key contributions and their impact on the freedom struggle.
Answer:

The role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian National Movement was pivotal in shaping India's struggle for independence. His unique methods of non-violence and civil disobedience mobilized millions of Indians against British rule.

Key Contributions:

  • Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22): Gandhi urged Indians to boycott British institutions, goods, and titles, promoting self-reliance (Swadeshi) and unity.
  • Salt March (1930): A symbolic protest against the salt tax, this 240-mile march inspired mass participation and global attention.
  • Quit India Movement (1942): Gandhi's call for 'Do or Die' intensified demands for immediate British withdrawal, uniting Indians across regions.

Impact: Gandhi's leadership transformed the freedom struggle into a mass movement, fostering national unity and moral strength. His principles of Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satyagraha (truth force) became the foundation of India's independence in 1947.

Question 15:
Describe the significance of the Partition of Bengal (1905) and its role in the growth of nationalism in India. How did it influence the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:

The Partition of Bengal (1905) was a British strategy to divide the province along religious lines, but it inadvertently strengthened Indian nationalism and fueled the Swadeshi Movement.

Significance:

  • It exposed British 'Divide and Rule' policy, uniting Hindus and Muslims in protest.
  • It sparked widespread agitation, leading to the first mass-based nationalist movement in India.

Role in Nationalism: The partition became a rallying point for Indians, fostering a sense of collective identity and resistance. Leaders like Surendranath Banerjee and Rabindranath Tagore mobilized public opinion against British policies.

Influence on Swadeshi Movement: The movement promoted boycott of British goods and revival of Indian industries. Key features:

  • Public bonfires of foreign goods.
  • Promotion of indigenous products like khadi.
  • Cultural resurgence through songs, art, and literature.

The partition and Swadeshi Movement marked a shift from moderate to assertive nationalism, laying the groundwork for future struggles.

Question 16:
Explain the role of Gandhiji in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and how it shaped the Indian National Movement.
Answer:

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's freedom struggle, led by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji advocated non-violent resistance against British rule, urging Indians to boycott British institutions, goods, and titles. His leadership united people across caste, religion, and class, making it a mass movement.

Key contributions of Gandhiji included:

  • Promoting Swadeshi goods and reviving Indian handicrafts to weaken British economic dominance.
  • Encouraging students to leave government schools and lawyers to boycott courts, undermining British authority.
  • Mobilizing peasants, workers, and tribals, expanding the movement's reach beyond urban elites.

Though the movement was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident, it instilled confidence among Indians and demonstrated the power of non-violent protest. It laid the foundation for future movements like the Civil Disobedience Movement and strengthened the demand for Purna Swaraj (complete independence).

Question 17:
Describe the significance of the Quit India Movement (1942) in India's freedom struggle. How did it differ from earlier movements?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement, launched in 1942, was a decisive phase in India's freedom struggle. Gandhiji gave the slogan 'Do or Die', urging Indians to demand complete independence from British rule.

Its significance includes:

  • It was a mass uprising with widespread participation, including students, farmers, and workers.
  • The British responded with harsh repression, arresting leaders, which further fueled public anger.
  • It showcased unity among Indians, cutting across regional and religious lines.

Differences from earlier movements:

  • Unlike the Non-Cooperation Movement, it was more aggressive, with sporadic violence due to public frustration.
  • It lacked structured leadership (as most leaders were jailed), making it a spontaneous people's movement.
  • The British realized India's independence was inevitable post-World War II, accelerating the process.

Question 18:
Describe the significance of the Quit India Movement (1942) in India's struggle for independence. How did it differ from earlier movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement (1942) was a decisive mass uprising demanding an end to British rule. Unlike earlier movements, it was more aggressive and widespread, with the slogan 'Do or Die' given by Gandhiji.

Key aspects of its significance:

  • It marked a shift from non-violent protests to open rebellion, with widespread strikes, protests, and underground activities.
  • The British responded with harsh repression, arresting leaders like Gandhiji, which further fueled public anger.
  • It demonstrated unity among Indians, cutting across caste, religion, and region.

Differences from the Non-Cooperation Movement:

  • The Non-Cooperation Movement relied on peaceful methods like boycotts, while the Quit India Movement included acts of sabotage and defiance.
  • The latter had broader participation, including students, workers, and peasants, unlike the earlier movement which was more controlled.

This movement accelerated the British decision to leave India, leading to independence in 1947.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Analyze how the partition of Bengal (1905) and its reversal (1911) impacted the national movement. Use examples from our textbook.
Answer:
Case Context

The British divided Bengal in 1905, claiming administrative ease, but it was seen as a divide-and-rule tactic.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • It sparked Swadeshi Movement—boycotting British goods.
  • Protests forced reversal in 1911, uniting Indians.
  • Our textbook shows how this strengthened nationalist leaders like Tilak.
Current Relevance

Similar divisions today, like state reorganizations, remind us of unity's importance.

Question 2:
Explain the role of Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) in uniting diverse groups. Provide NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Gandhiji launched Non-Cooperation to oppose British rule peacefully.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Students left schools, lawyers boycotted courts (NCERT example).
  • Farmers (Awadh Kisan) and tribals (Gudem Hills) joined.
  • Unity shown in Khadi adoption nationwide.
Current Relevance

Today’s protests, like farmers' movements, reflect similar unity.

Question 3:
Compare the Moderates and Extremists in the early national movement using textbook examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Early leaders had different approaches—Moderates (petitions) vs. Extremists (direct action).

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Moderates: Dadabhai Naoroji’s Drain Theory.
  • Extremists: Tilak’s Ganesh Chaturthi rallies.
  • Textbook shows how both shaped later movements.
Current Relevance

Modern activists also debate peaceful vs. aggressive methods.

Question 4:
How did Quit India Movement (1942) accelerate independence? Cite 3 NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Gandhiji’s ‘Do or Die’ call in 1942 demanded immediate British exit.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Mass protests: Students, workers struck (NCERT).
  • Underground networks: Aruna Asaf Ali’s leadership.
  • Post-war British weakness led to 1947 independence.
Current Relevance

Movements like Farmers' Protest show similar mass mobilization.

Question 5:
Explain the role of Gandhiji's Salt March (1930) in strengthening civil disobedience. Connect it to modern protests.
Answer:
Case Context

Gandhiji led a 240-mile march to break the salt law, symbolizing defiance.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Mass participation: Thousands joined.
  • Global attention: Press coverage exposed British cruelty.
  • Dandi village: Became a protest landmark.
Current Relevance

Similar peaceful marches inspire movements like farmers' protests today.

Question 6:
Compare the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) and Quit India Movement (1942). How did their strategies differ?
Answer:
Case Context

Both movements aimed to end British rule but used different approaches.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Non-Cooperation: Boycott schools, courts.
  • Quit India: 'Do or Die' mass protests.
  • Leaders: Gandhiji led both, but 1942 was more intense.
Current Relevance

Modern protests like 'India Against Corruption' blend both strategies.

Question 7:
How did Jallianwala Bagh (1919) and Chauri Chaura (1922) influence the freedom struggle? Give NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Both were violent events that changed nationalist tactics.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Jallianwala Bagh: Massacre exposed British brutality.
  • Chauri Chaura: Gandhiji withdrew Non-Cooperation after police station burning.
  • Result: Shift to peaceful protests.
Current Relevance

Today, movements avoid violence to gain public support.

Question 8:
Case: The Partition of Bengal (1905) was a major event in the national movement. How did it unite Indians against British rule?
Answer:
Case Context

The British divided Bengal in 1905, claiming administrative efficiency. Indians saw it as a tactic to weaken nationalism.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Protests included Swadeshi Movement (boycotting British goods).
  • Leaders like Surendranath Banerjee organized rallies.
  • Hindus and Muslims united, chanting 'Vande Mataram'.
Current Relevance

Today, unity against divisive policies reflects similar solidarity, like farmers' protests.

Question 9:
Case: The Rowlatt Act (1919) sparked nationwide anger. Explain its impact using Gandhiji's Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh.
Answer:
Case Context

The Act allowed arrests without trial. Gandhiji launched Non-Cooperation against it.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Peaceful protests turned violent after Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
  • Textbook mentions hartals and strikes across cities.
  • Gandhiji withdrew movement due to violence.
Current Relevance

Laws like CAA show how protests emerge against unfair laws today.

Question 10:
Case: The Salt March (1930) was a symbol of defiance. How did it challenge British authority economically and morally?
Answer:
Case Context

Gandhiji marched 240 miles to make salt, breaking the British monopoly.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Thousands joined, making salt at Dandi and other coasts.
  • Global media highlighted British brutality.
  • NCERT shows how it inspired Civil Disobedience.
Current Relevance

Movements like farmers' protests use similar symbolic acts.

Question 11:
Case: The Quit India Movement (1942) demanded immediate independence. Analyze its role in uniting students, farmers, and workers.
Answer:
Case Context

Gandhiji gave the 'Do or Die' call, urging mass participation.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Students left colleges to join protests.
  • Farmers refused taxes in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
  • Workers in Bombay went on strike.
Current Relevance

Today, youth-led movements like climate strikes show similar unity.

Question 12:

Read the following excerpt and answer the question:

'The early nationalists believed in peaceful and constitutional methods to achieve their goals. They focused on creating public awareness and presenting demands through petitions.'

Based on the excerpt, explain why the early nationalists preferred constitutional methods over violent means during the national movement. Also, mention one key leader who followed this approach.

Answer:

The early nationalists preferred constitutional methods because they believed in gradual reform and working within the framework of British laws to achieve self-governance. They aimed to create a unified national identity and gain rights through persuasion rather than confrontation.

Petitions, public meetings, and writings in newspapers were used to spread awareness and demand reforms like civil rights and representation in governance.

One key leader who followed this approach was Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the 'Grand Old Man of India,' who emphasized economic critique of British rule through his 'Drain of Wealth' theory and worked within the British political system.

Question 13:

Study the image of the Dandi March (1930) and answer the question:

How did the Salt Satyagraha become a turning point in India's freedom struggle? Explain its impact on the participation of common people in the national movement.

Answer:

The Salt Satyagraha was a turning point because it challenged the British monopoly on salt production, a basic necessity, making the movement relatable to common people.

Gandhiji's 240-mile march to Dandi and the act of making salt illegally inspired mass civil disobedience across India. This included:

  • Boycott of foreign goods
  • Refusal to pay taxes
  • Widespread protests

The movement saw unprecedented participation from farmers, women, and students, breaking barriers of caste and class. It demonstrated the power of non-violent resistance and united Indians against colonial rule, strengthening the demand for Purna Swaraj (complete independence).

Question 14:

Read the following excerpt from a speech by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1886:

"The drain of wealth from India is the main cause of poverty in the country. The British rule has led to the exploitation of Indian resources for the benefit of England."

Based on the statement, answer the following:

  • What is meant by the 'drain of wealth' theory proposed by Dadabhai Naoroji?
  • How did this theory contribute to the growth of the national movement in India?
Answer:

The 'drain of wealth' theory, proposed by Dadabhai Naoroji, refers to the systematic transfer of India's resources and wealth to Britain during colonial rule. This happened through:

  • High salaries and pensions for British officials paid from Indian revenues.
  • Export of raw materials at cheap rates and import of finished goods at high prices.
  • Profits from trade and industries being sent to Britain instead of being reinvested in India.

This theory contributed to the national movement by:

  • Making Indians aware of economic exploitation, uniting them against British rule.
  • Inspiring leaders to demand self-rule (Swaraj) and economic reforms.
  • Strengthening the argument that India could prosper only under self-governance.

Thus, Naoroji's analysis became a foundation for future nationalist demands.

Question 15:

Study the image of the Dandi March (1930) where Gandhi is shown leading a group of people to make salt.

Answer the following:

  • Why did Gandhi choose salt as a symbol of protest against the British?
  • How did the Civil Disobedience Movement gain momentum after this event?
Answer:

Gandhi chose salt as a symbol of protest because:

  • Salt was a basic necessity used by all Indians, rich or poor, making the protest inclusive.
  • The British monopoly on salt production and high taxes on it affected everyone, highlighting unjust colonial policies.
  • Breaking the salt law was a simple yet powerful way to defy British authority.

The Civil Disobedience Movement gained momentum after the Dandi March because:

  • It inspired millions to join the movement by boycotting British goods, refusing taxes, and participating in protests.
  • It showed the power of non-violent resistance, attracting global attention.
  • Local leaders organized similar marches across India, spreading the movement nationwide.

This event marked a turning point in India's struggle for independence.

Question 16:
Read the following case study: During the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), Gandhiji urged Indians to boycott British institutions, including schools, courts, and foreign goods. Many students left government schools, and lawyers like Motilal Nehru gave up their practices. Based on this, answer: How did the Non-Cooperation Movement impact the Indian society and the freedom struggle?
Answer:

The Non-Cooperation Movement had a profound impact on Indian society and the freedom struggle:

  • Mass Participation: It brought people from all sections—students, lawyers, farmers—into the freedom movement, making it a mass movement.
  • Economic Impact: Boycott of foreign goods boosted Swadeshi industries, promoting self-reliance.
  • Political Awakening: The movement united Indians against British rule, strengthening nationalist sentiments.
  • Cultural Shift: People embraced Indian traditions, rejecting British systems like courts and schools.

Though suspended after Chauri Chaura, it laid the foundation for future movements like Civil Disobedience.

Question 17:
Analyze the given excerpt: In 1942, the Quit India Movement was launched with the slogan 'Do or Die'. Gandhiji called for a non-violent struggle, but the British responded with mass arrests and violence. Explain the significance of the Quit India Movement in India's freedom struggle.
Answer:

The Quit India Movement was a turning point in India's freedom struggle:

  • Unified Resistance: It brought together leaders and common people under a single goal—immediate British withdrawal.
  • Mass Mobilization: Despite repression, protests spread nationwide, showing the British that Indians were united.
  • Global Attention: The movement drew international criticism against British colonial rule.
  • Post-War Impact: It weakened British morale, making independence inevitable after World War II.

Though suppressed, the movement accelerated the process of India's freedom in 1947.

Question 18:
Read the following excerpt from a speech by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1886: 'The drain of wealth from India is the root cause of poverty in our country.' Analyze how this statement reflects the economic exploitation under British rule and its impact on the Indian National Movement.
Answer:

The statement by Dadabhai Naoroji highlights the economic drain theory, which was a key critique of British colonial policies. The British systematically extracted India's wealth through:

  • High taxes on Indian farmers and traders, leading to widespread poverty.
  • Export of raw materials at low prices, while finished goods were imported at high costs, crippling local industries.
  • Salaries and pensions of British officials, which were paid from Indian revenues but spent in Britain.

This exploitation fueled resentment among Indians, uniting them against colonial rule. Leaders like Naoroji used this argument to demand self-governance (Swaraj), making economic justice a central goal of the National Movement.

Question 19:
A newspaper report from 1919 describes the Jallianwala Bagh massacre as a 'turning point in India's freedom struggle.' Explain why this event intensified the demand for independence and how it changed public perception of British rule.
Answer:

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April 13, 1919) marked a shift in India's freedom struggle because:

  • Brutal violence: General Dyer ordered troops to fire on unarmed civilians, killing hundreds, which exposed the cruelty of British rule.
  • Loss of trust: Earlier, some Indians believed in British fairness, but this event shattered that faith, uniting people across regions and religions.
  • Growth of mass movements: Leaders like Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), urging Indians to boycott British institutions.

The massacre became a symbol of colonial oppression, strengthening the resolve for Purna Swaraj (complete independence).

Question 20:
Read the following excerpt from a speech by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1886: 'The drain of wealth from India is the root cause of poverty in the country.' Based on this statement and your understanding of the economic impact of British rule, answer the following:

a) What did Dadabhai Naoroji mean by 'drain of wealth'?

b) How did this 'drain' affect the Indian economy during the national movement?

Answer:

a) Drain of wealth refers to the systematic transfer of India's resources and wealth to Britain during colonial rule. Dadabhai Naoroji highlighted that India's raw materials, taxes, and revenues were exploited by the British without adequate compensation, leading to economic impoverishment.

b) Effects on the Indian economy:

  • India's wealth was siphoned off to fund British industries and administration, crippling local economies.
  • High taxes and land revenue policies left farmers and artisans in extreme poverty.
  • The decline of traditional handicrafts and industries due to British policies increased unemployment.
  • This economic exploitation became a rallying point for the national movement, as leaders like Naoroji used it to demand self-governance (Swaraj) and economic reforms.
Question 21:
A historian writes: 'The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) marked a turning point in India's freedom struggle.' Analyze this statement by answering:

a) What were the two main methods of protest used during this movement?

b) Why is it considered a 'turning point' in the national movement?

Answer:

a) Methods of protest:

  • Non-cooperation: Indians boycotted British institutions like schools, courts, and councils to reject colonial authority.
  • Civil disobedience: People refused to pay taxes and surrendered titles awarded by the British, symbolizing resistance.

b) Turning point because:

  • It was the first mass-based movement involving peasants, workers, and students, making the struggle more inclusive.
  • Gandhiji's leadership introduced non-violent resistance (Satyagraha) as a powerful tool against British rule.
  • The movement united Hindus and Muslims under the Khilafat issue, strengthening national unity.
  • Though suspended after Chauri Chaura, it inspired future movements like Civil Disobedience and Quit India.
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