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Civics - Why Do We Need a Parliament? – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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Civics - Why Do We Need a Parliament?

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8th

8th - Social Studies

Civics - Why Do We Need a Parliament?

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Overview of the Chapter

This chapter explains the importance of Parliament in a democratic country like India. It discusses how Parliament represents the people, makes laws, and ensures accountability of the government. The chapter also covers the structure of the Indian Parliament, its functions, and the role of elected representatives.

Parliament: The supreme legislative body of India, consisting of the President, the Lok Sabha (House of the People), and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

Why Do We Need a Parliament?

Parliament is essential in a democracy because it represents the will of the people. It allows citizens to participate in decision-making through their elected representatives. The key reasons for needing a Parliament are:

  • To make laws for the country.
  • To ensure the government functions according to the Constitution.
  • To hold the government accountable for its actions.
  • To discuss and debate important national issues.

Functions of Parliament

The Indian Parliament performs several crucial functions:

  • Legislative Function: Enacts laws on subjects in the Union and Concurrent Lists.
  • Financial Function: Approves the budget and controls government spending.
  • Oversight Function: Monitors the executive through questions, debates, and committees.
  • Representative Function: Acts as a platform for public opinion and grievances.

Structure of the Indian Parliament

The Indian Parliament consists of two houses:

  • Lok Sabha (House of the People): Members are directly elected by the people for a term of five years.
  • Rajya Sabha (Council of States): Members are elected by state legislatures and serve six-year terms, with one-third retiring every two years.

The President of India is also an integral part of Parliament.

Lok Sabha: The lower house of Parliament, representing the people directly through elections.

Rajya Sabha: The upper house of Parliament, representing the states and ensuring federal balance.

Role of Members of Parliament (MPs)

Elected representatives in Parliament have significant responsibilities:

  • Participate in law-making and policy discussions.
  • Raise public issues and concerns in Parliament.
  • Ensure government accountability through debates and questions.
  • Represent the interests of their constituencies.

Conclusion

Parliament is the cornerstone of Indian democracy, ensuring people's participation in governance. It upholds the principles of accountability, representation, and law-making, making it indispensable for a functioning democracy.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
What is the primary role of Parliament in India?
Answer:

To make laws for the country.

Question 2:
Why do we need a Parliament in a democracy?
Answer:

To represent people's voices in governance.

Question 3:
Name the two houses of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Question 4:
What is the term duration of Lok Sabha?
Answer:

Five years.

Question 5:
How does Parliament control the executive?
Answer:

By questioning and debating policies.

Question 6:
What is the significance of Question Hour?
Answer:

To hold government accountable.

Question 7:
Who presides over the Lok Sabha?
Answer:

The Speaker.

Question 8:
Why is representation important in Parliament?
Answer:

To ensure diverse voices are heard.

Question 9:
What is the minimum age to become an MP?
Answer:

25 years for Lok Sabha.

Question 10:
How does Parliament approve the budget?
Answer:

Through discussion and voting.

Question 11:
What role does Parliament play in amending the Constitution?
Answer:

It passes amendment bills.

Question 12:
Why is debate essential in Parliament?
Answer:

To discuss policies thoroughly.

Question 13:
What is the role of the Opposition in Parliament?
Answer:

To critique government policies.

Question 14:
How does Parliament ensure transparency?
Answer:

Through open discussions and records.

Question 15:
What is the primary function of the Parliament in India?
Answer:

The primary function of the Parliament is to make laws for the country. It also oversees the functioning of the government and ensures accountability.

Question 16:
Name the two houses of the Indian Parliament.
Answer:

The two houses of the Indian Parliament are the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

Question 17:
Why is the Parliament considered the supreme legislative body in India?
Answer:

The Parliament is considered supreme because it represents the will of the people and has the authority to make, amend, or repeal laws on any subject.

Question 18:
What role does the President play in the functioning of the Parliament?
Answer:

The President is an integral part of the Parliament and gives assent to bills passed by both houses, making them laws. The President also addresses the Parliament at the beginning of the first session each year.

Question 19:
How does the Parliament ensure the government remains accountable?
Answer:

The Parliament ensures accountability through question hours, debates, and committees that scrutinize the government's work and policies.

Question 20:
What is the significance of the Question Hour in Parliament?
Answer:

The Question Hour allows members to question ministers about government policies and actions, ensuring transparency and accountability.

Question 21:
Explain the term No-Confidence Motion in the context of the Parliament.
Answer:

A No-Confidence Motion is a tool used by the Parliament to test the majority support for the ruling government. If passed, the government must resign.

Question 22:
What is the role of the Speaker in the Lok Sabha?
Answer:

The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha, maintains order and decorum, and ensures smooth functioning of debates and discussions.

Question 23:
How are members of the Rajya Sabha elected?
Answer:

Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of State Legislative Assemblies through a system of proportional representation.

Question 24:
Why is the Parliament essential in a democracy like India?
Answer:

The Parliament is essential as it represents the diverse voices of the people, makes laws, and ensures the government functions as per the Constitution.

Question 25:
What is the difference between a Money Bill and an Ordinary Bill?
Answer:

A Money Bill deals with financial matters like taxes and government spending and can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, while an Ordinary Bill can be introduced in either house and covers general subjects.

Question 26:
How does the Parliament reflect the principle of separation of powers?
Answer:

The Parliament reflects the separation of powers by making laws (legislative), while the executive implements them, and the judiciary interprets them, ensuring a balance of power.

Question 27:
Who presides over the Lok Sabha?
Answer:

The Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha and ensures orderly conduct of proceedings.

Question 28:
What is the term duration of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:

The Lok Sabha has a term of five years, unless dissolved earlier.

Question 29:
What is a bill in the context of the Parliament?
Answer:

A bill is a proposal for a new law or an amendment to an existing law, which is debated and passed by the Parliament.

Question 30:
Why is the Parliament essential in a democracy?
Answer:

The Parliament is essential as it represents the voice of the people, ensures law-making, and keeps the government in check.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
What role does the Opposition play in the Parliament?
Answer:

The Opposition critiques government policies, ensures transparency, and provides alternative viewpoints to maintain a healthy democracy.

Question 2:
How does the Parliament ensure the principle of checks and balances?
Answer:

The Parliament ensures checks and balances by reviewing executive actions, approving budgets, and questioning ministers to prevent misuse of power.

Question 3:
Explain the term coalition government in the context of the Parliament.
Answer:

A coalition government is formed when multiple political parties join hands to achieve a majority in the Parliament, often due to no single party winning enough seats.

Question 4:
How does the Parliament reflect the democratic nature of India?
Answer:

The Parliament reflects democracy by representing diverse voices, making laws through discussions, and ensuring people's participation in governance.

Question 5:
Why is the Rajya Sabha called a permanent house?
Answer:

The Rajya Sabha is permanent because it never dissolves—one-third of its members retire every two years, ensuring continuity.

Question 6:
What is the importance of parliamentary committees?
Answer:

Parliamentary committees examine bills in detail, scrutinize government policies, and provide expert recommendations for better decision-making.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the role of the Parliament in a democratic country like India.
Answer:

The Parliament plays a crucial role in a democracy like India.

1. Law-making: It is responsible for creating, amending, and repealing laws for the country.
2. Representation: Members of Parliament (MPs) represent the people's voices and concerns.
3. Financial Control: It approves the government's budget and ensures proper use of public funds.
4. Oversight: It keeps a check on the executive (government) through debates and questions.

Question 2:
Why is the Lok Sabha considered more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in certain matters?
Answer:

The Lok Sabha has more power than the Rajya Sabha in some areas because:

1. Money Bills: Only the Lok Sabha can introduce and pass money bills.
2. No-Confidence Motion: The Council of Ministers is accountable only to the Lok Sabha.
3. Strength: It has more members (543 elected) compared to the Rajya Sabha (250 members).
4. Direct Representation: Lok Sabha members are directly elected by the people, making it more representative.

Question 3:
How does the Parliament ensure that the government functions in a transparent manner?
Answer:

The Parliament ensures transparency in governance through:

1. Question Hour: MPs ask questions to ministers about government policies.
2. Debates: Discussions on important issues keep the public informed.
3. Committees: Parliamentary committees examine policies in detail.
4. Budget Scrutiny: It reviews and approves government spending to prevent misuse of funds.

Question 4:
What is the significance of the Question Hour in the functioning of the Parliament?
Answer:

The Question Hour is important because:

1. Accountability: Ministers must answer questions about their departments.
2. Transparency: It helps citizens understand government actions.
3. Public Interest: MPs raise issues affecting people, ensuring quick responses.
4. Debate: It encourages discussions on policies and their impact.

Question 5:
Describe how the Parliament represents the diversity of India.
Answer:

The Parliament represents India's diversity in multiple ways:

1. Geographical: MPs come from different states and union territories.
2. Social: Reserved seats ensure representation for SCs, STs, and OBCs.
3. Cultural: Members belong to various religions, languages, and traditions.
4. Gender: Though limited, women MPs contribute to decision-making.

Question 6:
Why is it important for citizens to participate in the election of MPs?
Answer:

Citizen participation in electing MPs is crucial because:

1. Democratic Right: Voting ensures people have a say in governance.
2. Accountability: Elected MPs must address public concerns.
3. Policy Influence: People's votes shape laws and development plans.
4. Representation: It ensures diverse voices are heard in Parliament.

Question 7:
Explain the role of the Parliament in the law-making process in India.
Answer:

The Parliament plays a crucial role in making laws for the country.
1. Any proposed law, called a bill, is introduced in either house (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha).
2. The bill is discussed, debated, and voted upon by the members.
3. If both houses approve, it is sent to the President for final approval.
4. Once signed, it becomes a law.
This ensures laws are made democratically, reflecting the people's will.

Question 8:
Describe how the Parliament ensures the government remains accountable to the people.
Answer:

The Parliament ensures accountability through:
1. Question Hour: Ministers answer questions raised by MPs.
2. Debates: Discussions on policies expose strengths/weaknesses.
3. No-Confidence Motion: If passed, the government must resign.
4. Budget Approval: Ensures public money is spent wisely.
These mechanisms keep the government transparent and answerable to citizens.

Question 9:
What is the significance of the Lok Sabha in the Indian Parliament?
Answer:

The Lok Sabha is significant because:
1. It represents the direct will of the people, as members are elected by voters.
2. It has more power in money bills, which can only originate here.
3. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha.
4. It can be dissolved, unlike the Rajya Sabha, making it more dynamic.
Thus, it is the backbone of India's democratic system.

Question 10:
How does the Parliament represent the diversity of India?
Answer:

The Parliament reflects India's diversity through:
1. Reserved Seats: For SCs, STs, and women to ensure marginalized voices are heard.
2. Regional Representation: MPs from all states/UTs bring local issues to national attention.
3. Multi-Party System: Various political parties represent different ideologies and communities.
4. Languages: Members can speak in any scheduled language.
This inclusivity strengthens national unity.

Question 11:
Explain the difference between a political executive and a permanent executive in the context of the Parliament.
Answer:

Political Executive:
1. Elected leaders (e.g., PM, Ministers) who make policies.
2. They are accountable to the Parliament and can be replaced.
Permanent Executive:
1. Civil servants (e.g., IAS officers) who implement policies.
2. They are appointed, not elected, and provide continuity in governance.
While the former is temporary and answerable, the latter ensures stability and expertise.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the role of Parliament in a democratic country like India. Highlight its law-making and oversight functions.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that Parliament represents the people's will, as seen in India's freedom struggle where leaders demanded self-governance.

Key Developments
  • Law-making: Parliament passes bills like the Right to Education Act (2009).
  • Oversight: It monitors the executive through questions and debates, e.g., discussions on COVID-19 management.
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows Parliament ensures accountability, like recent debates on farm laws. It reflects democratic values by including diverse voices.

Question 2:
How does the Parliament ensure representation of all sections of society? Discuss with examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our Constitution reserves seats for SCs/STs, inspired by Dr. Ambedkar's efforts to include marginalized groups.

Key Developments
  • Reserved constituencies: 84 seats for SCs and 47 for STs in Lok Sabha.
  • Women's representation: Bills like the Women's Reservation Bill aim for 33% seats.
Current Relevance

Recent elections saw more OBC and minority MPs. NCERT highlights how Parliament debates issues like Dalit rights, ensuring inclusivity.

Question 3:
Describe the budgetary control function of Parliament. Why is it crucial for democracy?
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned that the British taxed Indians without approval, leading to demands for financial accountability post-independence.

Key Developments
  • Budget approval: Parliament debates and passes the Union Budget annually.
  • Scrutiny: Committees like PAC audit government spending, e.g., on Aadhaar.
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows how Parliament rejected cuts in MGNREGA funds in 2022, protecting public welfare.

Question 4:
Analyze how Parliament reflects federalism in India. Provide examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

India's federal structure was debated in the Constituent Assembly to balance state and central power.

Key Developments
  • Rajya Sabha: Represents states, e.g., opposing GST clauses in 2017.
  • State bills: Parliament approves state reorganisation, like Telangana in 2014.
Current Relevance

NCERT mentions how Parliament resolves inter-state disputes, like the Cauvery water issue, upholding federal unity.

Question 5:
Why is public participation essential in Parliament's functioning? Illustrate with instances.
Answer:
Historical Context

Gandhiji emphasized 'Swaraj' through public involvement, shaping India's participatory democracy.

Key Developments
  • Public hearings: Committees invite feedback on bills, e.g., the Land Acquisition Act.
  • Protests: Farmers' agitation (2020-21) led to repeal of farm laws.
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows how RTI petitions and social media campaigns influence parliamentary debates, like the Nirbhaya Act.

Question 6:
Explain the role of Parliament in a democracy like India. How does it ensure people's participation?
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that Parliament represents the people's will, inspired by colonial struggles. Our textbook shows how British rule denied Indians representation.

Key Developments
  • Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha make laws for the nation
  • MPs debate issues like education, health
  • PM Question Hour holds leaders accountable
Current Relevance

Recently, Parliament passed the Farm Laws after debates. It also discusses global issues like climate change, showing its dynamic role.

Question 7:
How does the Parliament control the Executive? Give examples from recent sessions.
Answer:
Basic Applications

Our textbook explains no-confidence motions and budget approvals as tools. For example, MPs can reject policies.

Key Developments
  • Question Hour forces ministers to explain decisions
  • Committees like PAC scrutinize spending
  • Debates on bills like Data Protection Act
Socio-economic Impact

During COVID, Parliament monitored vaccine distribution. This ensured transparency in health crises.

Question 8:
Describe the law-making process in Parliament with a NCERT example.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned laws originate as bills, like the Right to Education Act in NCERT.

Key Developments
  1. First Reading: Bill introduced
  2. Standing Committee reviews
  3. Voting in both Houses
Current Relevance

The New Criminal Laws (2023) followed this process. Public feedback was included, showing participatory democracy.

Question 9:
Why is representation of marginalized groups important in Parliament? Use constitutional provisions.
Answer:
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook mentions reserved seats for SC/STs under Article 330. This ensures their voices are heard.

Key Developments
  • Women MPs discuss gender budgets
  • OBC representation increased since 1990s
  • Recent Nari Shakti Vandan Act for women
Current Relevance

In 2023, Parliament had record 78 women MPs, improving diversity in decisions.

Question 10:
Compare the functions of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha with current examples.
Answer:
Basic Applications

We studied Lok Sabha is directly elected while Rajya Sabha represents states, like in NCERT.

Key Developments
Lok SabhaRajya Sabha
Approves money bills (e.g., 2023 Budget)Reviews non-money bills (e.g., GST reforms)
Current Relevance

Recently, Lok Sabha debated Digital India while Rajya Sabha focused on state education policies.

Question 11:
Explain the role of the Parliament in a democratic country like India. How does it ensure the participation of citizens in governance?
Answer:

The Parliament is the supreme legislative body in India and plays a crucial role in a democracy. Its primary functions include:

  • Law-making: Parliament makes laws on important national issues, ensuring they reflect the will of the people.
  • Representation: Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected by citizens, representing their interests and concerns in decision-making.
  • Oversight: Parliament monitors the executive (government) through debates, questions, and committees to ensure accountability.
  • Financial control: It approves the budget and taxes, ensuring public money is used responsibly.

To ensure citizen participation, Parliament provides mechanisms like:

  • Elections: Citizens vote for MPs, giving them a direct say in governance.
  • Public discussions: Parliamentary debates are open, allowing citizens to understand and engage with key issues.
  • Petitions: People can raise concerns through their MPs, ensuring their voices are heard.

Thus, Parliament acts as a bridge between the government and citizens, upholding democratic values.

Question 12:
Describe the significance of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in the Indian Parliament. How do they work together to strengthen democracy?
Answer:

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States) are the two houses of the Indian Parliament, each with distinct roles that strengthen democracy.

  • Lok Sabha: It is directly elected by the people and represents the will of the citizens. It has greater power in financial matters and can pass a vote of no-confidence against the government.
  • Rajya Sabha: It represents the states and ensures federal balance. Members are elected by state legislatures, and it acts as a revising chamber for laws.

Both houses work together by debating and passing bills, ensuring checks and balances. While the Lok Sabha reflects popular opinion, the Rajya Sabha provides stability and expertise. This collaboration ensures that laws are well-considered and inclusive, strengthening democratic governance.

Question 13:
Describe the significance of the Question Hour in the functioning of the Indian Parliament. How does it promote transparency?
Answer:

The Question Hour is a vital part of parliamentary proceedings where Members of Parliament (MPs) ask questions to ministers about government policies and actions. It usually takes place during the first hour of a parliamentary session.

Its significance includes:

  • Accountability: Ministers must provide answers, ensuring the government remains answerable to the people.
  • Transparency: Questions expose inefficiencies or irregularities in administration.
  • Public Awareness: Discussions during Question Hour are publicly recorded, helping citizens understand government functioning.

Question Hour promotes transparency by:

  • Allowing MPs to seek clarifications on public issues.
  • Ensuring ministers are prepared with factual responses.
  • Encouraging open debates on governance matters.

This process strengthens democracy by keeping the government responsive and responsible to the people.

Question 14:
Describe the significance of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in the Indian Parliament. How do they differ in their functions and composition?
Answer:

The Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States) are the two houses of the Indian Parliament, each with distinct roles:

  • Lok Sabha: It is the lower house, directly elected by citizens. Its key functions include:
    • Passing laws, especially on financial matters (Money Bills must originate here).
    • Forming the government, as the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers are accountable to it.
    • Representing the people's will, as members are elected for 5 years.
  • Rajya Sabha: It is the upper house, representing states. Its features include:
    • Indirect election by state legislatures, with members serving 6-year terms.
    • Reviewing and suggesting changes to laws passed by Lok Sabha.
    • Protecting state interests and ensuring federal balance.

Differences between them:

  • Composition: Lok Sabha has 543 elected members, while Rajya Sabha has 245 members (12 nominated by the President).
  • Term: Lok Sabha is temporary (5 years), while Rajya Sabha is permanent (1/3 members retire every 2 years).
  • Powers: Lok Sabha has more authority in financial matters and no-confidence motions.

Together, they ensure balanced and thorough law-making.

Question 15:
Explain the role of the Parliament in a democratic country like India. Why is it considered the supreme legislative body?
Answer:

The Parliament plays a crucial role in a democratic country like India as it represents the will of the people. It is responsible for making laws, discussing important national issues, and ensuring the government functions properly. The Parliament consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

It is considered the supreme legislative body because:

  • It has the power to create, amend, or repeal laws that govern the country.
  • It holds the executive (government) accountable through debates, questions, and no-confidence motions.
  • It approves the national budget and ensures public money is spent wisely.
  • It represents the diversity of India by including elected members from different states and communities.
Without the Parliament, democracy would not function as there would be no system to represent people's voices or control the government.

Question 16:
Describe how the Parliament ensures the principle of checks and balances in the Indian political system. Provide examples to support your answer.
Answer:

The Parliament ensures checks and balances by keeping a watch on the actions of the government and other branches to prevent misuse of power. This principle is essential in a democracy to maintain fairness and accountability.

Examples of how the Parliament enforces checks and balances:

  • Legislative Control: The Parliament can reject or amend bills proposed by the government, ensuring laws are made in public interest.
  • Financial Control: The government cannot spend money without approval from the Parliament, as seen during the budget session.
  • Executive Accountability: Ministers must answer questions raised by MPs, and the Parliament can pass a no-confidence motion to remove the government.
  • Judicial Oversight: The Parliament can impeach judges if they act against the Constitution, ensuring judicial accountability.
These mechanisms ensure no single branch becomes too powerful, protecting democracy.

Question 17:
Explain the role of the Parliament in ensuring accountability of the government. How does this strengthen democracy in India?
Answer:

The Parliament plays a crucial role in ensuring the accountability of the government through various mechanisms.

1. Question Hour: Members of Parliament (MPs) can ask questions to ministers about government policies and actions, forcing them to explain their decisions.
2. Debates and Discussions: Parliament debates important issues, allowing MPs to criticize or support government actions, ensuring transparency.
3. No-Confidence Motion: If the government loses majority support, it must resign, ensuring it remains answerable to the people's representatives.

This strengthens democracy by preventing misuse of power, promoting transparency, and ensuring the government works for public welfare. Without accountability, democracy would weaken, as leaders might act arbitrarily.

Question 18:
Describe how the Parliament represents the diversity of India. Why is this representation important for a country like India?
Answer:

The Parliament represents India's diversity in multiple ways:

1. Geographical Representation: MPs are elected from different states and union territories, ensuring regional voices are heard.
2. Social Diversity: Reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) ensure marginalized groups have a say.
3. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: MPs come from various cultural and linguistic backgrounds, reflecting India's pluralism.

This representation is crucial because:
- It ensures all communities participate in decision-making.
- It promotes national unity by giving every group a voice.
- It prevents domination by any single group, upholding the spirit of democracy. Without such representation, many communities might feel excluded, leading to social unrest.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Parliament plays a crucial role in law-making. Case Context: Imagine a new law is proposed to ban plastic bags.
How does the Parliament ensure this law reflects people's needs? Refer to NCERT examples.
Answer:

Our textbook shows that Parliament debates laws like the plastic ban to include public opinion. Historical/Geographical Analysis:

  • Laws like the Right to Education Act (2009) were discussed in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
  • MPs represent states, ensuring regional concerns are addressed.
Current Relevance:
Recently, the ban on single-use plastics (2022) involved public feedback before approval.
Question 2:
Why is representation vital in Parliament? Case Context: A farmer from Punjab wants fair crop prices.
How does Parliament help? Use NCERT examples.
Answer:

Representation ensures diverse voices are heard. Historical/Geographical Analysis:

  • Farmers' protests led to the repeal of farm laws (2021), showing MPs respond to public demands.
  • NCERT mentions how reserved seats for SC/STs ensure inclusivity.
Current Relevance:
MSP debates in Parliament highlight farmers' issues today.
Question 3:
Explain how Parliament controls the government. Case Context: The PM proposes a budget with high taxes.
How can Parliament intervene? Cite NCERT.
Answer:

Our textbook explains Parliament checks power through debates. Historical/Geographical Analysis:

  • In 2013, the Food Security Bill was revised after Parliamentary discussions.
  • Question Hour holds ministers accountable.
Current Relevance:
Recent debates on GST changes show MPs revising unfair proposals.
Question 4:
How does Parliament reflect India's diversity? Case Context: A tribal community in Odisha needs land rights.
Use NCERT examples to show Parliament's role.
Answer:

Parliament includes voices from all regions. Historical/Geographical Analysis:

  • The Forest Rights Act (2006) was passed for tribal welfare.
  • NCERT shows how Rajya Sabha members represent states.
Current Relevance:
Recent discussions on mining laws address tribal concerns in states like Chhattisgarh.
Question 5:
Riya read about the Rowlatt Act in her history textbook. She wonders how such laws would be handled today. Explain the role of Parliament in preventing unfair laws like the Rowlatt Act, using examples from our textbook.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied how the Rowlatt Act allowed arrests without trial, causing protests. Today, Parliament ensures laws are debated openly.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • British laws ignored public opinion, unlike our Parliament.
  • Our textbook shows how Fundamental Rights in the Constitution protect us.
Current Relevance

For example, recent farm laws were discussed in Parliament before passing, showing democratic checks.

Question 6:
Arjun noticed that his state has fewer Lok Sabha seats than Uttar Pradesh. Analyze how Parliament ensures fair representation for all states, referencing geographical and historical factors.
Answer:
Case Context

We learned Lok Sabha seats are based on population, ensuring fairness.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Smaller states like Sikkim get at least one seat.
  • Our textbook mentions the Delimitation Commission adjusts seats every census.
Current Relevance

For example, southern states like Kerala have fewer seats than UP due to population differences, but all voices are heard in Parliament.

Question 7:
After studying the Indian National Movement, Priya asks why Parliament is called the 'voice of the people'. Explain with 3 examples of how Parliament represents citizens, as per NCERT.
Answer:
Case Context

Our textbook shows Parliament makes laws for people’s welfare, like during freedom struggle demands.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Gandhi’s Dandi March protested unfair salt laws—now Parliament debates such issues.
  • MPs raise local problems, like water scarcity in Rajasthan.
Current Relevance

For example, Right to Education Act was passed after public demand, showing people’s voice.

Question 8:
Rahul’s grandfather says, "Earlier, only rich men voted." Compare colonial-era voting with today’s Parliamentary democracy, using NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied how colonial-era voting excluded women and poor, unlike today’s universal suffrage.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Before 1950, only 15% could vote; now all adults over 18 vote.
  • Our textbook mentions Dr. Ambedkar ensured equal rights in Constitution.
Current Relevance

For example, 2019 elections had 67% voter turnout, showing Parliament truly represents all.

Question 9:
Case Context
In our textbook, we read about the role of Parliament in law-making. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha debate bills before passing them.

Q: How does Parliament ensure laws reflect people's needs? Give examples from recent bills.
Answer:

Parliament debates bills to include public opinion. Our textbook shows how the Right to Education Act was discussed for months before passing. Recently, the Farm Laws were repealed after protests, showing Parliament listens. Lok Sabha MPs represent constituencies, ensuring local needs are addressed. Examples:

  • GST Bill (2017) unified taxes after debates
  • Triple Talaq Bill (2019) protected women's rights
  • New Education Policy (2020) involved nationwide feedback
Question 10:
Historical/Geographical Analysis
India's Parliament was established after independence, replacing the British Imperial Legislative Council.

Q: Compare how pre-1947 and post-1947 law-making bodies represented Indians. Use 3 differences.
Answer:

Before 1947, the Imperial Council had limited Indian members (like 5% in 1909). Now, Lok Sabha has 100% elected MPs. Key differences:

  • Elections: British chose members earlier; now we vote
  • Power: Viceroy could override laws; President follows Parliament
  • Diversity: Today, SC/ST/women MPs ensure all groups are heard

Our textbook mentions the Government of India Act 1935 as a weak version of today’s system.

Question 11:
Current Relevance
During COVID-19, Parliament passed laws on vaccines and health budgets.

Q: Why is Parliament essential during crises? Link to fundamental rights and executive accountability.
Answer:

Parliament monitors the government during emergencies. We studied how Article 21 (Right to Life) made vaccine access a priority. Examples:

  • 2021 Budget allocated ₹35,000 crore for vaccines
  • PM-CARES Fund was discussed in Rajya Sabha
  • Opposition questioned oxygen shortages

Without Parliament, the executive could misuse power. Our textbook shows how checks and balances protect democracy.

Question 12:
Case Context
State Assemblies mimic Parliament’s structure but handle local issues.

Q: How does federalism divide law-making powers between Parliament and States? Use examples like education or police.
Answer:

Union List (Parliament) and State List (Assemblies) divide subjects. We studied:

  • Education: Parliament made RTE Act, but states run schools
  • Police: States manage, but IPS officers are central
  • GST: Both levels collaborate (example: tax rates)

Our textbook mentions Article 246 defining these lists. This ensures unity while respecting regional needs.

Question 13:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

In a democracy, the Parliament plays a crucial role in representing the people's will. It ensures that the government functions as per the Constitution and addresses public concerns. For instance, during a recent session, Members of Parliament (MPs) debated a bill on education reforms, considering inputs from citizens and experts.

Q. Based on the case, explain two key functions of the Parliament in a democracy and how they uphold people's participation.
Answer:

The Parliament performs two key functions in a democracy:

  • Law-making: It debates and passes laws, like the education reforms bill mentioned, ensuring they reflect public opinion and needs. MPs gather inputs from citizens, making the process participatory.
  • Oversight: It monitors the government's work, ensuring it follows the Constitution and remains accountable. For example, MPs question ministers during sessions, representing public concerns.

These functions uphold people's participation by giving them a voice through elected representatives and ensuring transparency in governance.

Question 14:
Analyze the given scenario and answer:

In a parliamentary session, an MP raised concerns about unequal access to healthcare in rural areas. The Health Minister responded by presenting data and proposed a new policy to improve rural health infrastructure. Other MPs suggested amendments after consulting their constituents.

Q. How does this scenario reflect the Parliament's role as a platform for discussion and decision-making? Support your answer with two points.
Answer:

The scenario reflects the Parliament's role as follows:

  • Discussion: MPs openly debate issues like healthcare inequality, allowing diverse viewpoints (e.g., the Health Minister's data and MPs' amendments) to be heard. This ensures inclusive policymaking.
  • Decision-making: After discussions, the Parliament finalizes decisions (e.g., the new policy) by voting or consensus, balancing public demands (constituent feedback) and expert inputs.

Thus, it acts as a forum where problems are addressed democratically.

Question 15:
In a democracy, the Parliament plays a crucial role in law-making. Imagine a situation where a new bill is introduced to make education free for all children up to the age of 14. Describe the steps the bill goes through before becoming a law, and explain why the Parliament is essential in this process.
Answer:

The process of a bill becoming a law involves several steps to ensure thorough discussion and approval:

  • Introduction: The bill is introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha by a minister or a member.
  • Discussion: The bill is discussed in detail, and suggestions or amendments may be proposed.
  • Voting: After discussions, the bill is put to vote. If passed, it moves to the other house for a similar process.
  • President's Approval: Once both houses pass the bill, it is sent to the President for final assent.

The Parliament is essential because it represents the people's will. It ensures that laws are debated, refined, and approved democratically, reflecting the needs of society. Free education for children up to 14 aligns with the Right to Education Act, showing how Parliament upholds constitutional values.

Question 16:
The Parliament ensures accountability of the government through various mechanisms. Suppose a Member of Parliament (MP) raises concerns about improper use of funds in a welfare scheme. Explain how the Parliament can hold the government accountable in such a scenario, and why this function is vital in a democracy.
Answer:

The Parliament holds the government accountable through the following ways:

  • Question Hour: MPs can question ministers about the misuse of funds during the Question Hour, demanding explanations.
  • Debates and Discussions: The issue can be debated, and the government must justify its actions.
  • Committees: Parliamentary committees may investigate the matter and submit reports for corrective action.
  • No-Confidence Motion: In extreme cases, MPs can move a no-confidence motion against the government.

This function is vital because it prevents misuse of power and ensures transparency. Citizens trust the Parliament to safeguard public resources, reinforcing democratic principles like checks and balances.

Question 17:
In a democratic country like India, the Parliament plays a crucial role. Imagine a scenario where a new bill is introduced to make education free for all children up to the age of 18.

Explain how the Parliament ensures that such a bill reflects the will of the people before it becomes a law.

Answer:

The Parliament ensures that a bill reflects the people's will through a detailed process:

  • First Reading: The bill is introduced in either house (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), and its objectives are discussed.
  • Second Reading: The bill is examined clause by clause, and amendments can be suggested by members.
  • Third Reading: The final version is debated and voted upon. If passed, it goes to the other house for approval.
  • President's Assent: Once both houses approve, the bill is sent to the President for final approval, making it a law.

Since members of Parliament (MPs) are elected by the people, they represent public opinion. Debates and discussions ensure diverse viewpoints are considered, making the law fair and inclusive.

Question 18:
During a classroom discussion, Riya argued that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in the Indian Parliament.

Provide evidence to support Riya's statement by comparing the roles of both houses in the law-making process.

Answer:

Riya's statement is correct because the Lok Sabha has greater authority in the law-making process:

  • Money Bills: Only the Lok Sabha can introduce Money Bills (related to taxes or government spending). The Rajya Sabha can suggest changes but cannot reject them.
  • No-Confidence Motion: The Lok Sabha can dismiss the government by passing a no-confidence motion, while the Rajya Sabha lacks this power.
  • Final Decision: In case of a disagreement between the two houses, a joint session is held where the Lok Sabha usually prevails due to its larger membership.

Though the Rajya Sabha acts as a revising chamber and represents states, the Lok Sabha holds more power as it directly represents the people's mandate.

Question 19:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

In a democratic country like India, the Parliament plays a crucial role in law-making. Suppose a new bill is introduced to make education free for all children up to the age of 18.

Explain the steps involved in passing this bill into a law and the role of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in this process.
Answer:

The process of passing a bill into a law involves several steps where both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha play key roles:

  • First Reading: The bill is introduced in either house (here, assume Lok Sabha first). The minister explains its purpose.
  • Second Reading: Detailed discussions and debates take place. Amendments can be suggested.
  • Third Reading: Final version is voted upon. If passed, it goes to the Rajya Sabha.
  • Rajya Sabha Review: Similar process occurs here. If rejected, a joint session may be called.
  • Presidential Assent: Once both houses approve, the President signs it into law.

The Lok Sabha represents the people directly, while the Rajya Sabha ensures states' interests are considered. Both ensure democratic scrutiny of laws.

Question 20:
Analyze the given scenario and answer:

During a parliamentary session, a heated debate arises between ruling and opposition parties on a bill related to environmental protection. Some members argue that the bill favors industries over ecology.

How does such a debate reflect the importance of a Parliament in a democracy? Highlight two key functions of the Parliament demonstrated here.
Answer:

The debate reflects the Parliament's role as a platform for discussion and decision-making in a democracy:

  • Law-making: The bill’s discussion ensures diverse opinions (like industries vs. ecology) are heard before creating fair laws.
  • Representation: Opposition parties voice concerns, ensuring all citizens' views are represented, not just the majority.

Such debates prevent hasty decisions and uphold transparency. The Parliament also ensures accountability by questioning the government’s actions, as seen in this scenario.

Question 21:
Read the following case study: In a democratic country, the Parliament plays a crucial role in law-making. The citizens elect their representatives who then participate in the functioning of the Parliament. Based on this, answer: Why is the Parliament considered the backbone of democracy?
Answer:

The Parliament is considered the backbone of democracy because it represents the will of the people. Key reasons include:

  • It ensures participation of citizens through elected representatives.
  • It holds the government accountable for its actions.
  • It debates and passes laws that reflect the needs of society.
  • It approves the budget and monitors public spending.

Without a Parliament, decisions would not be transparent or inclusive, weakening democracy.

Question 22:
Analyze the scenario: A new bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha to improve education facilities in rural areas. Describe the steps involved in passing this bill into a law and explain why this process is important in a democracy.
Answer:

Steps to pass a bill into law:
1. First Reading: The bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha for discussion.
2. Second Reading: Detailed debates and amendments take place.
3. Third Reading: Final version is voted upon.
4. Rajya Sabha Approval: The bill goes to the Rajya Sabha for similar steps.
5. Presidential Assent: Once passed by both houses, the President approves it.

Importance: This process ensures transparency, scrutiny, and public interest are prioritized. It prevents hasty decisions and allows for diverse opinions, strengthening democratic values.

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