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Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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12th

12th - Geography

Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition

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Overview of the Chapter

This chapter explores the patterns of population distribution, density, growth, and composition in India. It provides insights into the factors influencing these demographic aspects and their implications for socio-economic development.

Population Distribution

The distribution of population refers to how people are spread across a given area. In India, population distribution is uneven due to variations in physical, historical, and socio-economic factors.

Population distribution is the spatial arrangement of people in a given region.

Population Density

Population density is the number of people per unit area, usually expressed as persons per square kilometer. India has a high population density, with significant regional variations.

Population density = Total Population / Total Land Area

Population Growth

Population growth refers to the change in population over time. It is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration. India has experienced rapid population growth since independence.

Population growth rate = (Birth Rate - Death Rate) + Net Migration

Population Composition

Population composition refers to the structure of the population in terms of age, sex, literacy, occupation, etc. It helps in understanding the demographic characteristics of a region.

Population composition includes age-sex structure, occupational structure, and literacy levels.

Factors Influencing Population Distribution

  • Physical factors: Relief, climate, water availability
  • Historical factors: Colonial past, urban development
  • Socio-economic factors: Employment opportunities, infrastructure

Regional Variations in Population Density

Regions like the Indo-Gangetic plains and coastal areas have high population density due to fertile land and economic opportunities. In contrast, deserts and mountainous regions have low density.

Trends in Population Growth

India's population growth has slowed due to declining birth rates, but the absolute number of people continues to rise. States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have lower growth rates compared to Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

Age-Sex Composition

The age-sex pyramid of India shows a broad base, indicating a large young population. The sex ratio has improved but remains unfavorable in some states.

Occupational Structure

A significant portion of India's workforce is engaged in primary activities like agriculture. The share of secondary and tertiary sectors is increasing gradually.

Implications of Population Characteristics

Uneven distribution and high growth pose challenges for resource allocation, infrastructure development, and employment generation. Understanding these patterns is crucial for planning and policy-making.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Define population density.
Answer:

Number of persons per unit area, usually per square km.

Question 2:
Which state has the highest population density in India (2023)?
Answer:

Bihar (1,102 persons/km²).

Question 3:
List two factors affecting population distribution.
Answer:
  • Relief
  • Climate
Question 4:
What is the sex ratio of India (2011 Census)?
Answer:

943 females per 1,000 males.

Question 5:
Identify the GIS tool used for population mapping.
Answer:

ArcGIS or QGIS.

Question 6:
Compare population growth in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh.
Answer:
FeatureKeralaUttar Pradesh
Growth Rate (2011)4.9%20.2%
Literacy94%70%
Density860/km²828/km²
Urbanization47.7%22.3%
Fertility Rate1.83.1
Question 7:
What does age composition indicate?
Answer:

Proportion of different age groups in a population.

Question 8:
Name two push factors of migration.
Answer:
  • Unemployment
  • Natural disasters
Question 9:
Define demographic dividend.
Answer:

Economic growth potential from working-age population.

Question 10:
List one GIS application in population studies.
Answer:

Mapping migration patterns.

Question 11:
What is the urban population percentage in India (2011)?
Answer:

31.16%.

Question 12:
Compare population density of India and China.
Answer:
FeatureIndiaChina
Density (2023)464/km²153/km²
Population1.4B1.45B
Growth Rate0.99%0.39%
Urbanization35%61%
Median Age28.438.4
Question 13:
What is the formula to calculate population density?
Answer:

The formula is:
Population Density = Total Population / Total Land Area
It is expressed as persons per square kilometer (persons/km²).

Question 14:
Name the state with the highest population density in India as per the 2011 Census.
Answer:

Bihar has the highest population density in India, with 1,106 persons per square kilometer as per the 2011 Census.

Question 15:
What is the main reason for uneven population distribution in India?
Answer:

The main reason is the variation in physical and socio-economic factors like relief, climate, water availability, and economic opportunities.

Question 16:
Differentiate between growth of population and natural growth of population.
Answer:

Growth of population includes both natural increase (births minus deaths) and migration.
Natural growth of population only considers births minus deaths, excluding migration.

Question 17:
What does the term population composition refer to?
Answer:

Population composition refers to the structure of the population in terms of age, sex, literacy, occupation, and other demographic characteristics.

Question 18:
Which age group is considered as the working population in India?
Answer:

In India, the working population typically refers to individuals aged 15 to 59 years, as per standard demographic classifications.

Question 19:
What is the significance of the sex ratio in population studies?
Answer:

The sex ratio indicates the number of females per 1,000 males, reflecting gender balance and socio-cultural conditions affecting women in a region.

Question 20:
Name the union territory with the lowest population density in India.
Answer:

Andaman and Nicobar Islands has the lowest population density (46 persons/km²) among Indian union territories as per the 2011 Census.

Question 21:
What is the demographic dividend?
Answer:

Demographic dividend refers to the economic growth potential arising from a higher proportion of working-age population compared to dependents (children and elderly).

Question 22:
How does literacy rate influence population growth?
Answer:

Higher literacy rate, especially among women, leads to lower fertility rates due to increased awareness about family planning and delayed marriages.

Question 23:
What is the dependency ratio?
Answer:

Dependency ratio measures the proportion of dependents (aged 0-14 and 60+) to the working-age population (15-59 years).
It is calculated as:
Dependency Ratio = (Dependents / Working Population) × 100

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Define population density and state its formula.
Answer:

Population density refers to the number of people living per unit area, usually per square kilometer.
Formula: Population Density = Total Population / Total Land Area

Question 2:
Differentiate between growth rate of population and natural growth rate.
Answer:
  • Growth rate of population: Total change in population due to births, deaths, and migration.
  • Natural growth rate: Change due to births and deaths only (excluding migration).
Question 3:
Why does the northern plains region of India have high population density?
Answer:

The northern plains have fertile soil, abundant water, and flat terrain, making them ideal for agriculture and settlement.

Question 4:
What is the main reason for low population density in the Himalayan region?
Answer:

Harsh climate, rugged terrain, and limited agricultural land make the Himalayan region sparsely populated.

Question 5:
What is the age composition of a population?
Answer:

Age composition refers to the distribution of people in different age groups (children, working-age, elderly), crucial for economic planning.

Question 6:
Name two factors affecting the distribution of population in India.
Answer:
  • Physical factors: Climate, terrain, water availability.
  • Socio-economic factors: Employment, urbanization, infrastructure.
Question 7:
Why is the urban population increasing in India?
Answer:

Migration for jobs, better education, healthcare, and lifestyle opportunities drive the rise in urban population.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Define population density and explain its significance in geographical studies.
Answer:

Population density refers to the number of people living per unit area, usually measured in persons per square kilometer.

It is a crucial indicator in geographical studies as it helps in understanding:

  • The distribution pattern of human settlements.
  • The pressure on resources like land, water, and infrastructure.
  • The planning and development of regions based on their carrying capacity.
High density often indicates urbanization or fertile land, while low density may suggest harsh climatic conditions or limited resources.

Question 2:
Differentiate between population growth and natural growth rate of population.
Answer:

Population growth refers to the total increase in population over a period, including births, deaths, and migration.

On the other hand, natural growth rate is the difference between the birth rate and death rate, excluding migration.

  • Population growth = (Births - Deaths) + (Immigration - Emigration).
  • Natural growth rate = Birth rate - Death rate.
While population growth is influenced by migration, natural growth rate focuses solely on demographic changes.

Question 3:
Explain any three factors influencing the distribution of population in India.
Answer:

The distribution of population in India is influenced by:

  • Physical factors: Fertile plains like the Indo-Gangetic plain attract high population due to agricultural potential, while deserts and mountains have sparse population.
  • Climate: Moderate climates support higher population density compared to extreme regions like the Thar Desert or Himalayas.
  • Economic opportunities: Urban areas with industries and services (e.g., Mumbai, Delhi) attract migrants, leading to dense populations.
These factors create regional disparities in population distribution.

Question 4:
Describe the age composition of India's population and its implications.
Answer:

Age composition refers to the proportion of people in different age groups:

  • Children (0-14 years): High proportion indicates a youthful population, requiring investments in education and health.
  • Working-age (15-59 years): A large share suggests a demographic dividend, offering economic growth potential if employed productively.
  • Elderly (60+ years): Growing due to improved healthcare, necessitating pension schemes and geriatric care.
India's age structure is transitioning, with a declining child population and rising working-age group.

Question 5:
How does literacy rate affect the population composition of a region?
Answer:

Literacy rate significantly impacts population composition by:

  • Empowering women: Educated women tend to have fewer children, lowering fertility rates.
  • Improving health: Literate populations adopt better healthcare practices, reducing mortality rates.
  • Enhancing workforce skills: Higher literacy leads to a skilled labor force, boosting economic productivity.
States like Kerala with high literacy have better human development indicators compared to low-literacy states like Bihar.

Question 6:
Analyze the trend of urbanization in India and its impact on population density.
Answer:

Urbanization in India is increasing due to:

  • Rural-urban migration for employment and education.
  • Expansion of cities and growth of metropolitan areas.
This has led to:
  • High population density in urban centers like Mumbai and Bengaluru, causing overcrowding.
  • Pressure on infrastructure such as housing, transport, and sanitation.
  • Regional disparities as rural areas experience slower growth or decline.
Urbanization is reshaping India's population distribution and density patterns.

Question 7:
Differentiate between arithmetic density and physiological density with examples.
Answer:

Arithmetic density is the total population divided by the total land area (e.g., India's arithmetic density is 382 persons/sq km).

Physiological density is the total population divided by the arable land area (e.g., Egypt's physiological density is high due to limited arable land).

Key difference:
Arithmetic density gives a general idea of crowding,
Physiological density reflects pressure on agricultural land.

Question 8:
Explain the factors influencing population distribution in India.
Answer:

Factors affecting population distribution in India:

  • Physical factors: Relief (plains vs mountains), climate (e.g., Thar Desert), water availability.
  • Economic factors: Employment opportunities in urban/industrial areas.
  • Social factors: Migration due to education or better living standards.
  • Historical factors: Ancient settlements along river valleys.

Example: The Indo-Gangetic plains have high density due to fertile land and water availability.

Question 9:
Describe the trends in population growth in India since 1951.
Answer:

Trends in India's population growth:

  • 1951-1981: Rapid growth due to high birth rates and declining death rates (Green Revolution improved food supply).
  • 1981-2001: Growth rate peaked but started declining due to family planning programs.
  • 2001-2021: Slower growth as fertility rates dropped below replacement level in some states.

Current growth is due to population momentum (large youth population entering reproductive age).

Question 10:
What is age-sex pyramid? How does it help in understanding population composition?
Answer:

An age-sex pyramid is a graphical representation showing the distribution of various age groups (male/female) in a population.

It helps in:

  • Identifying demographic transition stage (broad base = young population).
  • Planning for education, healthcare, and pension systems.
  • Predicting future growth (e.g., narrow base indicates declining fertility).

Example: India's pyramid shows a broad base (youthful population) but is gradually narrowing.

Question 11:
Why do some regions in India have low population density despite fertile land?
Answer:

Reasons for low density in fertile regions:

  • North-East India: Hilly terrain limits agriculture and infrastructure development.
  • Western Ghats: Heavy rainfall leads to soil erosion and flooding.
  • Tribal areas: Cultural preferences for dispersed settlements.

Example: Kerala has fertile land but high density due to better healthcare and education, unlike some North-Eastern states.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Compare the population distribution of India and Brazil using a table. Highlight how physical factors influence their density patterns.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Population distribution refers to how people are spread across a region, influenced by physical and human factors. Our textbook shows Köppen climate types like 'Aw' (tropical savanna) in Brazil and 'Am' (tropical monsoon) in India impact settlement.


Table: 5+ features
FeatureIndiaBrazil
Density (2023)464/km²25/km²
Coastal ConcentrationHigh (e.g., Kerala)Moderate (e.g., Rio)
Amazon vs. GangesDense Gangetic plainsSparse Amazon basin
Urban ClustersMumbai, DelhiSão Paulo, Brasília
Arid RegionsThar Desert (low)NE Sertão (low)

Regional Impact
  • India’s fertile Indo-Gangetic plains support 40% population
  • Brazil’s Amazon has <1% density due to dense forests
Question 2:
Analyze how demographic transition stages vary between Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. Use a table with GIS data indicators.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Demographic transition models (DTM) show population growth phases. Kerala is in Stage 4 (low birth/death rates), while UP is Stage 3 (declining fertility). Our textbook links this to Köppen 'Am' climate enabling Kerala’s health infrastructure.


Table: 5+ features
IndicatorKerala (GIS 2023)UP (GIS 2023)
Birth Rate14/100024/1000
Life Expectancy75 yrs68 yrs
Literacy94%73%
Urbanization47%22%
Infant Mortality10/100038/1000

Climate Change Link
  • Kerala’s coastal DTM stability faces migration risks from sea-level rise
  • UP’s agrarian economy may see higher fertility with climate-induced crop failures
Question 3:
Explain how population composition by age and gender affects economic growth. Compare Japan and Nigeria with a table.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Population composition analyzes age-sex structures. Japan’s aging population (Köppen 'Cfa') contrasts Nigeria’s youth bulge ('Aw'). Our textbook links this to workforce dynamics and dependency ratios.


Table: 5+ features
FeatureJapan (2023)Nigeria (2023)
Median Age48 yrs18 yrs
Dependency Ratio70%88%
% Aged 65+29%3%
Gender Ratio94 men/100 women102 men/100 women
Labor ShortageHigh (automation)Low (informal sector)

Regional Impact
  • Japan’s aged population strains pensions
  • Nigeria’s youth bulge risks unemployment without industrialization
Question 4:
Discuss rural-urban migration trends in India using GIS data. How does this alter density patterns? Include a comparative table.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Rural-urban migration is the movement from villages (often Köppen 'BSh' arid zones) to cities ('Am' monsoon). Our textbook shows GIS data reveals Delhi’s migrant influx from Bihar/UP.


Table: 5+ features
AspectRural (GIS 2023)Urban (GIS 2023)
Density Change-12% since 2011+34% since 2011
Primary Jobs58% agriculture12% agriculture
Age Group40% >50 yrs60% 20-40 yrs
InfrastructureLow healthcareOvercrowded slums
Climate RiskDroughtsHeat islands

Climate Change Link
  • Rural outmigration increases with crop failures
  • Urban density worsens flood risks (e.g., Mumbai 2005)
Question 5:
Compare the population distribution of India and Brazil using a table. Highlight how physiographic factors influence their density patterns.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Population distribution refers to how people are spread across a region, influenced by factors like relief, climate, and resources. Köppen's climate classification (e.g., Aw for Brazil’s tropical savanna) explains settlement patterns.


Table: 5+ features
FeatureIndiaBrazil
Density (2023)464/km²25/km²
Most Populated RegionIndo-Gangetic PlainsSoutheast Coast
Physiographic BarrierHimalayas (sparse)Amazon Rainforest (low)
Urbanization Rate35%87%
Climate TypeAm (Monsoon)Aw (Savanna)

Regional Impact

India’s fertile plains support high density, while Brazil’s coastal trade hubs attract population. Our textbook shows how GIS data reveals Brazil’s empty interior due to dense forests.

Question 6:
Analyze the demographic composition of Japan and Nigeria. How does age structure impact their economic growth?
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Demographic composition includes age, sex, and workforce distribution. Japan’s Cfa (humid subtropical) and Nigeria’s Aw (tropical savanna) climates shape their population dynamics.


Table: 5+ features
FeatureJapanNigeria
Median Age (2023)48.618.1
Dependency Ratio70%88%
Urban Population92%53%
Life Expectancy84.554.7
Major Economic SectorTertiary (75%)Primary (45%)

Regional Impact

Japan’s aging population strains pensions, while Nigeria’s youth bulge offers labor potential. We studied how Nigeria’s youth dividend could boost GDP if education improves.

Question 7:
Explain how migration trends alter population density in the USA and Bangladesh. Include a table contrasting their push-pull factors.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Migration is the movement of people due to push (e.g., floods) or pull factors (e.g., jobs). The USA’s Cfb (marine west coast) and Bangladesh’s Am (monsoon) climates affect migration.


Table: 5+ features
FeatureUSABangladesh
Net Migration Rate3.1/1000-2.9/1000
Primary Pull FactorEconomic OpportunityDisaster Resilience
Primary Push FactorPolitical InstabilityRiverbank Erosion
Major DestinationsCalifornia, TexasDhaka, Chittagong
Climate RiskWildfires (Csa)Cyclones (Am)

Climate Change Link

Bangladesh’s internal migration to cities worsens slums, while the USA attracts skilled labor. Our textbook links sea-level rise to Dhaka’s overcrowding.

Question 8:
Compare population growth rates of China and Ethiopia. How do government policies shape their demographic outcomes?
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Population growth rate measures annual change. China’s Dwa (cold winter) and Ethiopia’s BSh (semi-arid) climates limit arable land, influencing policies.


Table: 5+ features
FeatureChinaEthiopia
Growth Rate (2023)0.3%2.6%
Policy ExampleTwo-Child PolicyHealth Extension Program
Fertility Rate1.74.1
Urbanization ImpactDeclining BirthsRural High Fertility
GIS Data InsightEastern DensityHighland Clusters

Regional Impact

China’s aging workforce challenges manufacturing, while Ethiopia’s youth could aid development. We studied how contraceptive access slowed Ethiopia’s growth.

Question 9:
Explain the factors influencing the distribution of population in India with suitable examples.
Answer:

The distribution of population in India is uneven due to several factors:

  • Physical Factors: Regions with fertile soil, moderate climate, and availability of water attract higher population densities. For example, the Indo-Gangetic Plains support dense populations due to fertile alluvial soil and perennial rivers.
  • Economic Factors: Industrial and urban areas like Mumbai and Bangalore attract migrants due to employment opportunities and better infrastructure.
  • Social and Cultural Factors: Places with historical, religious, or cultural significance, such as Varanasi, have higher population concentrations.
  • Political Factors: Government policies like the development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) influence population distribution by creating job hubs.

These factors collectively shape the uneven population distribution across India.

Question 10:
Analyze the trends of population growth in India from 1951 to 2021. What are the implications of these trends?
Answer:

The population growth in India has shown distinct phases from 1951 to 2021:

  • 1951-1981: High growth rate due to declining death rates (better healthcare) and high birth rates (lack of awareness about family planning).
  • 1981-2001: Gradual decline in growth rate due to increased literacy, urbanization, and family welfare programs.
  • 2001-2021: Further slowdown attributed to women's education, delayed marriages, and effective implementation of policies like the National Population Policy.

Implications:

  • Pressure on resources like land, water, and infrastructure.
  • Demographic dividend potential if youth are skilled and employed.
  • Need for sustainable development to balance growth and resource management.
Question 11:
Discuss the composition of population in India based on age, sex, and occupational structure. How does it reflect socio-economic development?
Answer:

The composition of population in India is analyzed through:

  • Age Structure: A large youth population (15-59 years) indicates potential for demographic dividend, while a high dependency ratio (children + elderly) suggests economic strain.
  • Sex Ratio: Improvements (e.g., 940 females per 1000 males in 2011) reflect better gender equity, though regional disparities persist due to socio-cultural factors.
  • Occupational Structure: A shift from primary (agriculture) to tertiary (services) sectors indicates urbanization and economic diversification.

Socio-economic Reflection:

  • Higher tertiary sector employment correlates with urbanization and GDP growth.
  • Gender-balanced sex ratios signify progressive societal norms.
  • Youthful age structure demands investment in education and healthcare for sustainable development.
Question 12:
Explain the factors influencing the distribution and density of population in India with suitable examples.
Answer:

The distribution and density of population in India are influenced by a combination of physical, economic, and social factors. Below are the key factors:

  • Physical Factors:
    - Relief: Plains like the Indo-Gangetic plains have high population density due to fertile soil and ease of transportation, while mountainous regions like the Himalayas are sparsely populated.
    - Climate: Regions with moderate climate (e.g., Kerala) support higher population density compared to extreme climates (e.g., Thar Desert).
    - Water Availability: River valleys (e.g., Ganga-Brahmaputra) are densely populated due to irrigation and drinking water.
  • Economic Factors:
    - Agriculture: States like Punjab and Haryana have high density due to fertile land and advanced farming.
    - Industrialization: Urban centers like Mumbai and Bangalore attract migrants due to job opportunities.
  • Social Factors:
    - Urbanization: Cities provide better healthcare and education, leading to higher density (e.g., Delhi).
    - Historical Factors: Ancient settlements (e.g., Varanasi) remain densely populated due to cultural significance.

Thus, population distribution is uneven due to varying geographical and socio-economic conditions.

Question 13:
Analyze the trends of population growth in India since independence and discuss its implications.
Answer:

India's population growth has shown distinct trends since independence in 1947:

  • Phase 1 (1951-1981): Rapid growth due to high birth rates and declining death rates (demographic transition). The growth rate peaked at 2.2% annually.
  • Phase 2 (1981-2001): Gradual decline in growth rate due to family planning programs and improved healthcare. The growth rate reduced to 1.93%.
  • Phase 3 (2001-2021): Further decline to around 1.2% due to urbanization, education, and awareness.

Implications:

  • Economic: A large working-age population (demographic dividend) can boost growth if properly utilized.
  • Social: Pressure on resources like education, healthcare, and housing.
  • Environmental: Increased urbanization leads to pollution and resource depletion.

Government policies like the National Population Policy aim to stabilize population growth sustainably.

Question 14:
Describe the composition of India's population in terms of age, sex, and occupational structure. How does it impact the country's development?
Answer:

The composition of India's population is diverse and impacts development in multiple ways:

  • Age Structure: India has a youthful population, with over 50% below 25 years. This offers a demographic dividend if skilled through education and employment opportunities.
  • Sex Ratio: The sex ratio (females per 1000 males) has improved from 933 (2001) to 943 (2011), but regional disparities exist. States like Kerala have higher ratios due to better social indicators.
  • Occupational Structure: Over 50% are engaged in primary activities (agriculture), while secondary (industry) and tertiary (services) sectors are growing. The service sector contributes significantly to GDP.

Impact on Development:

  • A young workforce can drive economic growth if properly trained.
  • Gender imbalances affect social stability and productivity.
  • Dependence on agriculture highlights the need for diversification into industries and services.

Policies like Skill India and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao address these challenges.

Question 15:
Analyze the trends of population growth in India since independence and discuss its implications on resource utilization.
Answer:

India’s population growth has shown distinct phases since independence, with significant implications for resource utilization:

  • Trends:
    - Phase 1 (1951-1981): Rapid growth due to high birth rates and declining death rates (improved healthcare).
    - Phase 2 (1981-2001): Slower growth as birth rates declined (family planning initiatives).
    - Phase 3 (2001-present): Stabilizing growth due to urbanization and education.
  • Implications on Resources:
    - Land: Pressure on agricultural land leads to deforestation and soil degradation.
    - Water: Over-extraction of groundwater (e.g., Punjab) causes depletion.
    - Energy: Rising demand for electricity strains non-renewable resources.
    - Urban Infrastructure: Overcrowding in cities (e.g., Mumbai) results in slums and pollution.

To ensure sustainable development, India must focus on resource management and population control measures like awareness campaigns and equitable distribution.

Question 16:
Explain the factors influencing the distribution and density of population in India. Support your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:

The distribution and density of population in India are influenced by a combination of physical, economic, and social factors.

Physical Factors:
1. Relief: Plains like the Indo-Gangetic plains have high population density due to fertile soil and ease of transportation, while mountainous regions like the Himalayas have low density.
2. Climate: Regions with moderate climate (e.g., Kerala) support higher population compared to extreme climates like Rajasthan's deserts.
3. Water Availability: River valleys (e.g., Ganga-Brahmaputra) are densely populated due to availability of freshwater.

Economic Factors:
1. Agriculture: States like Punjab and Haryana have high density due to productive farming.
2. Industrialization: Urban centers like Mumbai and Bangalore attract migrants due to job opportunities.

Social Factors:
1. Urbanization: Cities offer better healthcare and education, leading to higher density.
2. Historical Factors: Ancient settlements like Varanasi remain densely populated due to cultural significance.

Thus, population distribution is uneven due to varying geographical and socio-economic conditions.

Question 17:
Analyze the trends of population growth in India since 1951. What are the implications of these trends on resource utilization and development?
Answer:

India's population growth has shown distinct phases since 1951:

Phase 1 (1951-1981): High growth rate due to declining death rates (better healthcare) and high birth rates.
Phase 2 (1981-2001): Growth rate began declining due to family planning initiatives and increased awareness.
Phase 3 (2001-2021): Further decline in growth rate due to urbanization, education, and delayed marriages.

Implications on Resource Utilization:
1. Pressure on Land: Increasing population reduces per capita availability of agricultural land.
2. Water Scarcity: Overexploitation of groundwater due to rising demand.
3. Urban Congestion: Cities face housing and infrastructure shortages.

Implications on Development:
1. Economic Burden: High dependency ratio strains resources for education and healthcare.
2. Employment Challenges: Job creation struggles to match population growth.
3. Sustainable Development: Need for policies promoting renewable energy and efficient resource management.

Thus, while population growth is slowing, its impact on resources and development remains a critical challenge.

Question 18:
Explain the factors influencing the distribution and density of population in India. How do these factors vary across different regions? Support your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:

The distribution and density of population in India are influenced by a combination of physical, economic, and social factors. These factors vary significantly across different regions, leading to uneven population distribution.

Physical Factors:

  • Relief: Plains like the Indo-Gangetic plains have high population density due to fertile soil and ease of transportation, while mountainous regions like the Himalayas have low density.
  • Climate: Regions with moderate climate (e.g., Kerala) support higher population density compared to extreme climates (e.g., Thar Desert).
  • Water Availability: River valleys (e.g., Brahmaputra) are densely populated, whereas arid regions (e.g., Rajasthan) are sparsely populated.

Economic Factors:

  • Agriculture: States like Punjab and Haryana have high density due to productive agriculture.
  • Industrialization: Urban centers like Mumbai and Bangalore attract migrants, increasing density.

Social Factors:

  • Urbanization: Cities offer better employment and amenities, leading to high density.
  • Historical Factors: Ancient settlements (e.g., Varanasi) remain densely populated due to cultural significance.

For example, Uttar Pradesh has high density due to fertile plains, while Arunachal Pradesh has low density due to rugged terrain. Coastal regions like Tamil Nadu also show high density due to trade and fishing activities.

Question 19:
Analyze the trends of population growth in India since independence. What are the major challenges posed by rapid population growth, and how can they be addressed?
Answer:

India's population growth since independence has shown distinct phases due to changes in birth rates, death rates, and socio-economic development.

Trends:

  • Phase 1 (1951-1981): High growth due to declining death rates (better healthcare) and high birth rates.
  • Phase 2 (1981-2001): Growth rate began declining due to family planning and awareness.
  • Phase 3 (2001-Present): Slower growth due to urbanization, education, and women's empowerment.

Challenges:

  • Resource Pressure: Overuse of land, water, and energy leads to scarcity.
  • Unemployment: Rapid growth outpaces job creation.
  • Urban Congestion: Cities face overcrowding and poor infrastructure.
  • Environmental Degradation: Deforestation and pollution increase.

Solutions:

  • Education: Promote literacy, especially for women, to reduce fertility rates.
  • Healthcare: Improve access to family planning services.
  • Economic Policies: Create jobs and sustainable development programs.
  • Urban Planning: Develop smart cities to manage population density.

For example, Kerala's high literacy rate has led to lower population growth, while Bihar's high growth rate reflects lower literacy and healthcare access. Addressing these disparities is crucial for balanced growth.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Analyze the population density disparity between Bihar (1,106/km²) and Arunachal Pradesh (17/km²) using GIS data and physiographic factors.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Bihar's high density is due to fertile plains, high agricultural productivity, and urbanization. Arunachal's low density results from rugged terrain and dense forests.

Theoretical Application
  • GIS layers show Bihar's alluvial soil supports 3 crops/year
  • Arunachal's mountainous relief limits settlements to valleys
Critical Evaluation
FactorBiharArunachal
ReliefFlat (0-300m)Himalayan ( 3000m)
ClimateAw (Köppen)Cwb (Köppen)
Road Density142 km/100km²17 km/100km²
Net Sown Area58%5%
Urbanization11%23%
Question 2:
Compare demographic transition stages of Kerala (Stage 4) and Uttar Pradesh (Stage 3) with reference to age-sex pyramids and literacy rates.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Kerala shows declining birth rates (14.2‰) due to high female literacy (94%). UP exhibits higher fertility (2.7 TFR) with 30% illiteracy.

Theoretical Application
  • Kerala's pyramid is constrictive with aged population
  • UP's expansive pyramid shows 35% population below 15
Critical Evaluation
IndicatorKeralaUP
Life Expectancy75 yrs65 yrs
Infant Mortality1038
Literacy (F)94%59%
Urban Health Access92%54%
Old Age Dependency18%7%
Question 3:
Evaluate how migration streams affect workforce composition in Maharashtra (in-migration) and Punjab (out-migration) using census 2011 data.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Maharashtra attracts laborers from UP/Bihar (23% migrants), altering its secondary sector workforce. Punjab loses agricultural workers to Canada (12% decline in 20-35 age group).

Theoretical Application
  • Mumbai's tertiary sector grew by 8% due to skilled migrants
  • Punjab's agricultural labor shortage increased mechanization
Critical Evaluation
ParameterMaharashtraPunjab
% Migrant Workers34%9%
Sex Ratio (Migrants)852923
Main SectorManufacturingAgriculture
RemittancesInflow ₹12,000crOutflow ₹8,500cr
Urban Growth Rate2.3%1.1%
Question 4:
Assess the impact of climate change on population distribution in Sundarbans (BWh climate) using Köppen-Geiger projections and NDVI data.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows Sundarbans lost 12% habitable land since 2000 due to sea-level rise (4.3mm/year). NDVI indicates 28% mangrove degradation.

Theoretical Application
  • Projected shift to BSh climate by 2050
  • GIS layers show 54 villages submerged
Critical Evaluation
Climate ParameterCurrent2050 Projection
Temperature27°C29.5°C
Rainfall1800mm1550mm
Salinity15ppt22ppt
Cyclone Frequency1.2/year2.5/year
Population Density780/km²Projected 420/km²
Question 5:
Examine how tribal composition influences population growth in Chhattisgarh (30% ST) vs Gujarat (15% ST) with NFHS-5 data.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Chhattisgarh's Scheduled Tribes show 2.1% growth rate (vs 1.6% state avg) due to high TFR (3.1). Gujarat's urbanized tribes (Bhils) have lower growth (1.8%).

Theoretical Application
  • Bastar's sex ratio is 1024 (tribal matriliny)
  • Gujarat's tribal literacy jumped 18% after Eklavya schools
Critical Evaluation
IndicatorChhattisgarhGujarat
ST Fertility Rate3.12.4
Female Literacy (ST)52%68%
Forest Dependency73%41%
Urban ST Population7%29%
Health Access38%67%
Question 6:
Analyze the population density patterns of India using GIS data. Compare Kerala and Rajasthan with respect to physical and economic factors influencing their densities.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows Kerala has a high population density (860/km²) due to fertile soils, abundant rainfall (Köppen Am), and high urbanization. Rajasthan, with arid climate (Köppen BWh), records lower density (200/km²).


Theoretical Application
  • Kerala: Coastal economy boosts density
  • Rajasthan: Thar Desert limits agriculture

FeatureKeralaRajasthan
ClimateAm (Tropical Monsoon)BWh (Hot Desert)
Rainfall>3000mm<300mm
Soil TypeAlluvialArid
Primary OccupationServicesPastoralism
Urbanization47%25%
Question 7:
Evaluate how demographic transition theory explains India's population growth phases (1901-2021). Support with census data trends.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

We studied India's transition from Stage 2 (high birth/death rates pre-1921) to Stage 3 (declining fertility post-1971). Census data shows growth rate peaking at 2.22% (1971) before dropping to 1.05% (2021).


Theoretical Application
  • Stage 2: Improved healthcare reduced mortality
  • Stage 3: Female literacy lowered fertility

Critical Evaluation

Exceptions exist like Bihar (TFR 3.0) due to low literacy (62%), contrasting Kerala (TFR 1.8) with 94% literacy. [Diagram: Demographic Transition Curve]

Question 8:
Contrast population composition of Punjab and Odisha using age-sex pyramids. Relate findings to migration and workforce patterns.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Punjab's pyramid shows bulge in 20-35 age group (male-dominated) due to agrarian labor migration. Odisha has broader base (high child population) with female outmigration for domestic work.


Theoretical Application
  • Punjab: 58% working age population
  • Odisha: Dependency ratio 55%

ParameterPunjabOdisha
Sex Ratio895979
Urbanization37%17%
Primary Sector26%53%
Migration Rate+12%-8%
Median Age3124
Question 9:
Assess how Köppen climate types influence population distribution in Brazil vs. Canada. Use GIS heatmaps for validation.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Brazil's Af (Tropical Rainforest) regions have sparse population due to dense vegetation, while Cwa (Humid Subtropical) southeast hosts 43% population. Canada's Dfc (Subarctic) zones are nearly uninhabited.


Theoretical Application
  • Brazil: Coastal clustering in Rio (24°C mean)
  • Canada: 90% within 160km of US border

Climate FactorBrazilCanada
Dominant TypeAw (Savanna)Dfc (Subarctic)
Growing SeasonYear-round<120 days
Population Density25/km²4/km²
Major CitiesSão Paulo (Cfa)Toronto (Dfa)
Agriculture LimitNonePermafrost
Question 10:
Analyze how physiographic factors and economic opportunities influence population distribution in India. Support your answer with GIS data trends.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows that plains like the Indo-Gangetic region have high population density due to fertile land and water availability, while mountainous areas like the Himalayas are sparsely populated. GIS data reveals urban clusters around Mumbai and Delhi due to job opportunities.

Theoretical Application
  • Coastal regions (e.g., Kerala) show moderate density due to trade and fishing.
  • Thar Desert has low density due to arid climate (Köppen BWh).
Critical Evaluation

Economic hubs like Bangalore attract migration, altering density patterns. Contrast this with agrarian states like Bihar, where density is high but growth is stagnant.

Question 11:
Compare population growth trends in Kerala and Uttar Pradesh using demographic transition model stages. Include a table with 5+ indicators.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Kerala is in Stage 4 (low birth/death rates) due to education and healthcare, while Uttar Pradesh is in Stage 3 (declining birth rates).

Theoretical Application
IndicatorKeralaUttar Pradesh
Birth Rate14.226.5
Death Rate6.76.9
Life Expectancy75 yrs65 yrs
Literacy Rate94%71%
Urbanization47%22%
Critical Evaluation

Kerala’s progressive policies contrast with UP’s challenges in infrastructure, affecting growth composition.

Question 12:
Explain how age-sex pyramids reflect the demographic composition of Japan (declining) and Nigeria (expanding) populations.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Japan’s pyramid is inverted (wide top) due to aging population (negative growth), while Nigeria’s is broad-based (high youth %).

Theoretical Application
  • Japan’s median age is 48 yrs (low fertility).
  • Nigeria’s median age is 18 yrs (high fertility, Köppen Aw climate).
Critical Evaluation

Japan faces labor shortages, whereas Nigeria struggles with youth unemployment. [Diagram: Contrasting pyramids]

Question 13:
Assess the impact of migration on population density in Punjab (agrarian) and Maharashtra (industrial) using current census data.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Maharashtra’s density (365/km²) exceeds Punjab’s (551/km²) due to Mumbai’s pull factor, despite Punjab’s fertile land.

Theoretical Application
  • Punjab: Seasonal migration for farming (Köppen Cwg).
  • Maharashtra: In-migration for IT/industries.
Critical Evaluation

Punjab’s density is stable, while Maharashtra’s urban sprawl raises congestion. Census 2021 shows 35% migrants in Mumbai.

Question 14:

Analyze the given data on population distribution in India (2021):

  • Northern Plains: 40% of population
  • Peninsular Plateau: 30% of population
  • Coastal Regions: 20% of population
  • Himalayan Region: 10% of population

Explain the geographical and economic factors responsible for this uneven distribution. Support your answer with two relevant examples.

Answer:

The uneven population distribution in India is influenced by a combination of geographical and economic factors:

  • Geographical Factors: The Northern Plains have fertile alluvial soil, flat terrain, and perennial rivers like the Ganga, making them ideal for agriculture and settlement. In contrast, the Himalayan Region has rugged terrain, harsh climate, and limited arable land, discouraging dense populations.
  • Economic Factors: The Coastal Regions attract populations due to trade, port activities, and fishing industries (e.g., Mumbai, Chennai). The Peninsular Plateau, though less fertile, has mineral resources and industrial hubs (e.g., Bengaluru, Hyderabad), supporting moderate population density.

Examples:
1. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin (Northern Plains) supports high agricultural productivity, leading to dense populations.
2. The Thar Desert (Peninsular Plateau) has sparse populations due to arid conditions and limited economic opportunities.

Question 15:

Study the table below showing population growth trends in India (1951-2021):

YearPopulation (in crores)Growth Rate (%)
195136.11.25
2021121.00.97

Identify the demographic transition phase India is currently in and discuss two reasons for the declining growth rate. How does this impact the age composition of the population?

Answer:

India is currently in the late expanding phase (Stage 3) of the demographic transition model, characterized by declining birth and death rates but still positive population growth.

Reasons for declining growth rate:
1. Improved healthcare: Reduced mortality rates due to better medical facilities and immunization programs, leading to smaller family sizes.
2. Socio-economic changes: Increased literacy, urbanization, and women's empowerment have lowered fertility rates (e.g., Kerala's high literacy correlates with low growth rates).

Impact on age composition:
The declining growth rate results in a bulging working-age population (15-59 years), creating a demographic dividend. However, it also signals an eventual shift toward an aging population, requiring future policies for elderly care and pension systems.

Question 16:

Study the following data on population density (persons per sq. km) of India and answer the questions below:

  • Bihar: 1102
  • West Bengal: 1029
  • Kerala: 859
  • Rajasthan: 200
  • Arunachal Pradesh: 17

Q1. Analyze the factors responsible for the uneven distribution of population density across these states. Provide examples to support your answer.

Answer:

The uneven distribution of population density in India is influenced by several physical, economic, and social factors:

  • Physical Factors: States like Bihar and West Bengal have fertile plains and abundant water resources (e.g., Ganges-Brahmaputra basin), supporting high population density. In contrast, Rajasthan (Thar Desert) and Arunachal Pradesh (rugged terrain) have low density due to harsh climates and limited arable land.
  • Economic Opportunities: Kerala has high density due to better healthcare, education, and employment in services, while Arunachal Pradesh lacks infrastructure, reducing migration.
  • Historical & Social Factors: Ancient settlements in Bihar and West Bengal led to dense populations, whereas tribal-dominated Arunachal Pradesh has sparse settlements.

Thus, the interplay of these factors creates regional disparities in population distribution.

Question 17:

Examine the given demographic data of a region:

  • Birth Rate: 18 per 1000
  • Death Rate: 6 per 1000
  • Net Migration Rate: -2 per 1000

Q2. Calculate the annual growth rate of the region and explain how migration impacts its population composition.

Answer:

Step 1: Calculate Growth Rate
Growth Rate = (Birth Rate - Death Rate) + Net Migration Rate
= (18 - 6) + (-2)
= 12 - 2
= 10 per 1000 or 1% annually.

Step 2: Migration Impact

  • Negative Net Migration (-2) indicates outmigration, reducing working-age population and potentially causing brain drain.
  • This skews the population composition toward older age groups, increasing dependency ratio.
  • Example: Youth migrating for jobs may lead to labor shortages in the region.

Thus, migration significantly alters demographic structure and economic dynamics.

Question 18:
The following table shows the population distribution and density of India in 2021. Analyze the data and explain the factors influencing the uneven distribution of population in India.

Region | Population (in millions) | Density (persons per sq km)
Northern Plains | 450 | 400
Western Ghats | 80 | 120
North-East | 45 | 80
Desert Region | 25 | 15
Answer:

The uneven distribution of population in India is influenced by several physical and socio-economic factors:

  • Northern Plains have high population due to fertile alluvial soils, availability of water from rivers like Ganga, and better agricultural opportunities.
  • Western Ghats have moderate population due to hilly terrain and heavy rainfall, limiting agriculture but supporting biodiversity.
  • North-East has low population density due to rugged topography, dense forests, and limited infrastructure.
  • Desert Region (like Rajasthan) has sparse population due to arid climate, scarcity of water, and limited economic activities.

Other factors include industrial development, urbanization, and transport networks, which attract people to certain regions.

Question 19:
A group of students conducted a survey in their locality to study the age-sex composition of the population. They found a higher proportion of elderly females compared to males. Interpret this observation and explain its implications for society.
Answer:

The higher proportion of elderly females compared to males can be attributed to higher life expectancy among women due to biological and lifestyle factors. This observation has several societal implications:

  • Gender imbalance in older age groups may lead to increased dependency on younger generations, especially in rural areas.
  • Healthcare needs for elderly women may rise, requiring specialized facilities like geriatric care.
  • Social security becomes critical as many elderly women may lack financial independence due to traditional gender roles.

This trend highlights the need for policies focusing on elderly care, pension schemes, and community support systems to ensure their well-being.

Question 20:
The following table shows the population distribution and density of India and Brazil in 2023. Analyze the data and explain the factors influencing the population distribution in both countries.

CountryPopulation (in millions)Area (in sq. km)Density (persons per sq. km)
India1,4253,287,263433
Brazil2158,515,76725
Answer:

The population distribution and density in India and Brazil are influenced by a combination of physical, economic, and historical factors.

India:
India has a high population density due to:

  • Fertile plains like the Indo-Gangetic plain support agriculture, attracting settlements.
  • Industrial and urban centers (e.g., Mumbai, Delhi) offer employment, leading to high density.
  • Historical factors like early civilizations developed in river valleys, sustaining dense populations.

Brazil:
Brazil has a low population density because:

  • Amazon rainforest covers a large area, making it inhospitable for dense settlements.
  • Coastal regions are more developed, while the interior lacks infrastructure, leading to uneven distribution.
  • Economic activities like agriculture and mining are concentrated in specific regions, limiting widespread population growth.

Thus, while India's population is densely distributed due to favorable conditions, Brazil's sparse density results from geographical and economic disparities.

Question 21:
A village in Rajasthan has a population of 2,000 with an area of 50 sq. km, while a village in Kerala has a population of 5,000 in 20 sq. km. Compare the population density of both villages and explain the geographical reasons for the difference.
Answer:

The population density can be calculated as:
Rajasthan village: 2,000 people / 50 sq. km = 40 persons per sq. km.
Kerala village: 5,000 people / 20 sq. km = 250 persons per sq. km.

Reasons for the difference:

  • Climate: Kerala's tropical climate supports agriculture, leading to higher density, while Rajasthan's arid climate limits settlements.
  • Water availability: Kerala's rivers and rainfall ensure water supply, whereas Rajasthan depends on scarce groundwater.
  • Economic opportunities: Kerala's coastal economy and plantations attract more people compared to Rajasthan's pastoral economy.
  • Terrain: Kerala's flat coastal plains are easier to inhabit, while Rajasthan's Thar Desert is harsh for habitation.

Thus, Kerala's favorable geographical conditions result in higher population density compared to Rajasthan.

Question 22:
The table below shows the population density (persons per sq. km) of India and its neighboring countries in 2021. Analyze the data and explain the factors influencing the population density distribution in India compared to Bangladesh and Bhutan.

CountryPopulation Density (persons per sq. km)
India464
Bangladesh1,265
Bhutan20
Answer:

The population density of India, Bangladesh, and Bhutan varies significantly due to a combination of geographical, economic, and social factors.

  • India (464 persons per sq. km): India's moderate population density is influenced by its diverse relief features. Fertile plains like the Indo-Gangetic plains and coastal regions have high densities due to agricultural productivity and urbanization. In contrast, arid regions (e.g., Rajasthan) and mountainous areas (e.g., Himalayas) have sparse populations.
  • Bangladesh (1,265 persons per sq. km): Bangladesh has the highest density due to its small land area, fertile deltaic plains of the Ganges-Brahmaputra, and limited urbanization pushing people into rural areas. High birth rates and limited out-migration also contribute.
  • Bhutan (20 persons per sq. km): Bhutan's low density is due to its rugged mountainous terrain, limited arable land, and low level of industrialization. The country also follows a controlled sustainable development policy.

Thus, relief, climate, economic opportunities, and government policies shape population density distribution.

Question 23:
A group of students conducted a survey in their locality to study the age-sex composition of the population. The pie chart below represents the data collected. Interpret the chart and explain the implications of such a population structure on the economy and society.

(Assume a pie chart with: 0-14 years = 30%, 15-59 years = 60%, 60+ years = 10%)
Answer:

The pie chart indicates a pyramid-shaped age-sex composition with a large working-age population (15-59 years = 60%), which has significant socio-economic implications.

  • Economic Implications: A high proportion of working-age individuals (60%) suggests a demographic dividend, where the economy can grow rapidly if this workforce is skilled and employed. However, it also demands job creation and education infrastructure.
  • Social Implications:
    • The 30% population under 14 years indicates a need for childcare and education investments.
    • The 10% elderly population (60+ years) requires healthcare and pension schemes.

Such a structure is typical of a developing economy, where birth rates are declining but life expectancy is rising. Proper planning is essential to harness the demographic dividend and ensure sustainable development.

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