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Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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12th

12th - Geography

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

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Chapter Overview: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

This chapter explores various environmental and socio-economic issues from a geographical perspective. It examines the causes, consequences, and possible solutions to problems such as pollution, urbanization, and resource depletion, emphasizing their spatial dimensions and impacts on human life.

Environmental Degradation: The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems, and pollution.

Pollution

Pollution is a major environmental issue affecting air, water, and soil. The chapter discusses different types of pollution, their sources, and their impacts on health and ecosystems.

  • Air Pollution: Caused by vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and burning of fossil fuels.
  • Water Pollution: Results from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and domestic waste.
  • Soil Pollution: Occurs due to excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers, and improper waste disposal.

Urbanization: The process of population shift from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities and towns.

Urbanization and Its Challenges

Rapid urbanization leads to problems like overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and increased pollution. The chapter highlights the need for sustainable urban planning.

  • Housing shortages and slum development.
  • Pressure on water supply and sanitation systems.
  • Traffic congestion and air quality deterioration.

Resource Depletion

Overexploitation of natural resources such as forests, minerals, and water is a critical issue. The chapter emphasizes sustainable resource management practices.

  • Deforestation leading to loss of biodiversity.
  • Overuse of groundwater causing depletion of aquifers.
  • Mining activities resulting in land degradation.

Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Solutions and Mitigation Strategies

The chapter suggests various measures to address these issues, including policy interventions, community participation, and technological innovations.

  • Promoting renewable energy sources to reduce air pollution.
  • Implementing waste management and recycling programs.
  • Encouraging afforestation and conservation of water resources.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Define sustainable development.
Answer:

Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations.

Question 2:
List two causes of land degradation.
Answer:
  • Deforestation
  • Overgrazing
Question 3:
What is the primary source of GIS data?
Answer:

Satellite imagery and remote sensing.

Question 4:
Name two water pollution indicators.
Answer:
  • BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
  • pH levels
Question 5:
What is the main cause of urban heat islands?
Answer:

Concrete structures and reduced green cover.

Question 6:
Which Köppen symbol denotes arid climate?
Answer:
Köppen symbol: BWh
Question 7:
List two effects of deforestation.
Answer:
  • Loss of biodiversity
  • Soil erosion
Question 8:
What is the role of GIS in disaster management?
Answer:

Mapping hazard-prone areas and planning relief.

Question 9:
Compare renewable and non-renewable resources.
Answer:
FeatureRenewableNon-renewable
AvailabilityUnlimitedLimited
ExamplesSolar, WindCoal, Oil
PollutionLowHigh
CostHigh initialVariable
SustainabilityYesNo
Question 10:
Name two air pollutants from vehicles.
Answer:
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Nitrogen oxides
Question 11:
What is the primary cause of groundwater depletion?
Answer:

Excessive extraction for agriculture.

Question 12:
List two effects of urban sprawl.
Answer:
  • Loss of agricultural land
  • Increased pollution
Question 13:
Name one major GIS application in disaster management.
Answer:

Flood risk mapping using spatial data.

Question 14:
What is the primary cause of land degradation in India?
Answer:

Deforestation and overgrazing.

Question 15:
Compare tropical and temperate climates using 5 features.
Answer:
FeatureTropicalTemperate
TemperatureHighModerate
RainfallHeavySeasonal
SeasonsWet/DryFour distinct
VegetationRainforestDeciduous
KöppenAfCfb
Question 16:
Identify two renewable energy sources.
Answer:
  • Solar
  • Wind
Question 17:
What is the main objective of watershed management?
Answer:

Conserving water and soil resources.

Question 18:
State one impact of climate change on agriculture.
Answer:

Reduced crop yields due to erratic rainfall.

Question 19:
What does the Köppen symbol BSk represent?
Answer:
Köppen symbol: Cold semi-arid climate.
Question 20:
Name two air pollutants from vehicular emissions.
Answer:
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Nitrogen oxides
Question 21:
What is the primary use of remote sensing in geography?
Answer:

Monitoring Earth's surface changes.

Question 22:
List one method to control soil erosion.
Answer:

Terrace farming on slopes.

Question 23:
Define environmental pollution.
Answer:

Environmental pollution refers to the contamination of the physical and biological components of the Earth's system, adversely affecting life. It includes air, water, soil, and noise pollution caused by human activities.

Question 24:
What is the primary cause of urban smog?
Answer:

The primary cause of urban smog is the emission of pollutants from vehicles, industries, and burning fossil fuels, leading to a thick haze of smoke and fog.

Question 25:
Name two major water pollutants.
Answer:

Two major water pollutants are:
Industrial waste (chemicals, heavy metals)
Domestic sewage (organic waste, pathogens).

Question 26:
How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
Answer:

Deforestation reduces carbon sinks, increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. Trees absorb CO2; their loss accelerates global warming.

Question 27:
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Answer:

The Greenhouse Effect is the trapping of the Sun's heat by greenhouse gases (like CO2 and methane) in the Earth's atmosphere, maintaining global temperatures.

Question 28:
List one impact of soil erosion on agriculture.
Answer:

Soil erosion reduces soil fertility by washing away nutrient-rich topsoil, decreasing crop yields and degrading land quality.

Question 29:
How does industrialization affect air quality?
Answer:

Industrialization releases particulate matter and gases (SO2, NOx) from factories, worsening air quality and causing respiratory diseases.

Question 30:
Name one renewable energy source to reduce pollution.
Answer:

Solar energy is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels, cutting down air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Define environmental pollution and list its two major types.
Answer:

Environmental pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, causing adverse effects.

Two major types are: Air pollution (e.g., smog) and Water pollution (e.g., industrial waste discharge).

Question 2:
What is the primary cause of urban waste disposal problems in India?
Answer:

The primary cause is rapid urbanization coupled with inadequate waste management infrastructure, leading to improper segregation and dumping of solid waste.

Question 3:
Name two diseases caused by water pollution.
Answer:

Two diseases are: Cholera (caused by contaminated water) and Hepatitis A (spread through polluted water).

Question 4:
Explain the term sustainable development in one sentence.
Answer:

Sustainable development means meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, balancing economic growth, environmental care, and social equity.

Question 5:
State two measures to control soil erosion.
Answer:

Two measures: Afforestation (planting trees to hold soil) and Terrace farming (reducing slope runoff in hilly areas).

Question 6:
Give two examples of non-biodegradable waste.
Answer:

Examples: Plastic bags and Electronic waste (e-waste) like discarded mobile phones.

Question 7:
Why is e-waste a growing concern in urban areas?
Answer:

E-waste contains toxic chemicals (e.g., lead) that pollute soil/water, and its improper disposal harms health and ecosystems.

Question 8:
Differentiate between point source and non-point source pollution.
Answer:

Point source pollution comes from a single, identifiable location (e.g., factory pipe).
Non-point source pollution originates from diffuse sources (e.g., agricultural runoff).

Question 9:
How does land degradation affect agricultural productivity?
Answer:

Land degradation reduces soil fertility and water retention, leading to lower crop yields and food insecurity.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the concept of environmental pollution and list its major types with examples.
Answer:

Environmental pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, causing adverse effects. The major types are:

  • Air pollution: Caused by emissions from vehicles (e.g., CO2) and industries (e.g., SO2).
  • Water pollution: Resulting from industrial discharge (e.g., heavy metals) and sewage.
  • Soil pollution: Due to excessive use of pesticides (e.g., DDT) and waste dumping.
  • Noise pollution: Caused by traffic (e.g., honking) and construction activities.

These pollutants disrupt ecosystems and harm human health.

Question 2:
Describe the causes and consequences of urban waste disposal as a major environmental issue.
Answer:

Urban waste disposal is a critical issue due to rapid urbanization. Causes include:

  • Overpopulation leading to increased waste generation.
  • Poor waste management systems and lack of recycling facilities.

Consequences are:

  • Land pollution from landfills contaminating soil and groundwater.
  • Release of methane from decomposing waste, contributing to global warming.
  • Health hazards like respiratory diseases from burning waste.

Effective solutions include segregation and composting.

Question 3:
How does industrialization contribute to environmental degradation? Provide examples.
Answer:

Industrialization accelerates environmental degradation through:

  • Air pollution: Factories emit particulate matter and gases like SO2, causing smog.
  • Water pollution: Toxic chemicals (e.g., mercury) from industries contaminate rivers.
  • Deforestation: Clearing land for industries reduces biodiversity.

For example, the Ganga River is polluted by tanneries in Kanpur. Mitigation involves stricter regulations and green technologies.

Question 4:
What are the effects of deforestation on the ecological balance? Explain with suitable examples.
Answer:

Deforestation disrupts ecological balance by:

  • Reducing carbon sequestration, increasing atmospheric CO2 levels.
  • Loss of habitat leading to species extinction (e.g., Bengal tiger).
  • Soil erosion due to lack of tree roots, as seen in the Western Ghats.

It also affects rainfall patterns and local climates. Reforestation and sustainable logging are vital solutions.

Question 5:
Differentiate between point source and non-point source pollution with examples.
Answer:

Point source pollution originates from a single, identifiable source, such as:

  • A factory discharging waste directly into a river.
  • A sewage pipe releasing untreated water.

Non-point source pollution comes from diffuse sources, like:

  • Agricultural runoff carrying pesticides into waterways.
  • Urban stormwater mixing with oil and litter.

Point sources are easier to regulate compared to non-point sources.

Question 6:
Explain the role of sustainable development in addressing environmental problems.
Answer:

Sustainable development balances economic growth with environmental protection by:

  • Promoting renewable energy (e.g., solar power) to reduce fossil fuel dependence.
  • Encouraging eco-friendly practices like organic farming.
  • Implementing waste recycling to minimize landfill use.

For example, afforestation projects combat deforestation. It ensures resources for future generations while meeting current needs.

Question 7:
Explain the concept of environmental degradation and its major causes.
Answer:

Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems, and pollution.

Major causes include:

  • Deforestation leading to loss of biodiversity
  • Industrialization causing air and water pollution
  • Overpopulation increasing resource consumption
  • Agricultural expansion leading to soil erosion

It disrupts ecological balance and threatens human health.

Question 8:
Describe the impact of urban waste disposal on the environment.
Answer:

Urban waste disposal negatively impacts the environment in multiple ways:

  • Land pollution due to landfill accumulation
  • Water contamination from leachate seepage
  • Air pollution from burning waste
  • Health hazards like diseases from unprocessed waste

Proper waste management through recycling and composting can mitigate these effects.

Question 9:
What are the consequences of groundwater depletion in India?
Answer:

Groundwater depletion has severe consequences:

  • Lowering of water tables making wells dry
  • Increased energy costs for deeper borewells
  • Land subsidence in some regions
  • Threat to drinking water availability

Rainwater harvesting and regulated extraction are crucial solutions.

Question 10:
Explain how air pollution affects human health in urban areas.
Answer:

Air pollution in urban areas causes:

  • Respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis
  • Cardiovascular problems from particulate matter
  • Increased risk of lung cancer
  • Eye irritation and skin problems

Children and elderly are most vulnerable to these health impacts.

Question 11:
What are the main causes of water pollution in Indian rivers?
Answer:

Major causes of water pollution in Indian rivers include:

  • Discharge of untreated sewage
  • Industrial effluents containing toxic chemicals
  • Agricultural runoff with pesticides
  • Religious practices involving idol immersion

The Ganga Action Plan and proper waste treatment plants are important measures to combat this issue.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Compare urban heat islands and rural cooling effects using Köppen climate classifications. Analyze their impacts on regional weather patterns.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

An urban heat island (UHI) occurs when cities experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities (e.g., Cfa climate in Delhi). Rural cooling effects are seen in vegetated zones (e.g., Aw in Kerala).


Table: 5+ features
FeatureUrban Heat IslandRural Cooling
Temperature2-5°C higher2-4°C lower
SurfaceConcrete/asphaltSoil/vegetation
AlbedoLow (0.1-0.2)High (0.2-0.4)
HumidityLowerHigher
ExamplesMumbai (Am)Sunderbans (Aw)

Regional Impact
  • UHI increases energy demand (e.g., Chennai’s AC use)
  • Rural areas maintain groundwater recharge

Climate Change Link

Our textbook shows UHIs intensify heatwaves (e.g., 2022 Delhi), while rural zones act as carbon sinks.

Question 2:
Explain groundwater depletion in India using GIS data. Compare its severity in Punjab (BSh) and Kerala (Am) with 5+ parameters.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Groundwater depletion refers to unsustainable extraction exceeding recharge rates. Punjab (BSh) faces severe depletion, while Kerala (Am) has higher recharge.


Table: 5+ features
ParameterPunjab (BSh)Kerala (Am)
Depletion Rate0.5 m/year0.1 m/year
Irrigation Use92%35%
Rainfall400 mm3000 mm
Aquifer TypeAlluvialLateritic
GIS HotspotsLudhianaAlappuzha

Regional Impact
  • Punjab: Falling water tables (e.g., 70% wells critical)
  • Kerala: Salinization in coastal areas

Climate Change Link

Our textbook links Punjab’s depletion to rice monoculture, while Kerala’s high rainfall mitigates stress.

Question 3:
Analyze land degradation in arid (BWh) and humid (Af) regions using 5+ indicators. How does it affect agricultural productivity?
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Land degradation reduces soil fertility, seen in Rajasthan’s BWh (desertification) and Assam’s Af (waterlogging).


Table: 5+ features
IndicatorArid (BWh)Humid (Af)
Soil ErosionWind (25 t/ha/yr)Water (40 t/ha/yr)
SalinizationHigh (pH 8.5+)Low (pH 6-7)
Vegetation Loss70% reduction30% reduction
Rainfall<100 mm>2000 mm
ExamplesJaisalmerCherapunji

Regional Impact
  • BWh: Crop failure (e.g., millet yield drop by 50%)
  • Af: Reduced tea productivity (e.g., Assam’s 20% decline)

Climate Change Link

Our textbook shows erratic rainfall in BWh and excessive rain in Af worsen degradation.

Question 4:
Compare industrial pollution in Gangetic Plains (Cwa) and Western Ghats (Am) using 5+ GIS parameters. Discuss mitigation strategies.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Industrial pollution includes toxic discharges, severe in Cwa (e.g., Kanpur) and moderated in Am (e.g., Coimbatore) due to forests.


Table: 5+ features
ParameterGangetic Plains (Cwa)Western Ghats (Am)
PM2.5150 µg/m³30 µg/m³
Water PollutionHigh (BOD 50+ mg/L)Low (BOD 10 mg/L)
IndustriesTextiles/tanneriesIT/biotech
GIS HotspotsKanpur, VaranasiMangalore
Forest Cover<10%>60%

Regional Impact
  • Cwa: Health crises (e.g., 30% asthma cases in Kanpur)
  • Am: Biodiversity loss (e.g., Silent Valley protests)

Climate Change Link

Our textbook links Cwa’s pollution to coal plants, while Am’s green industries reduce emissions.

Question 5:
Explain how GIS data helps analyze groundwater depletion in India. Include a comparative table of states with 5+ parameters.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

GIS integrates satellite data to map aquifer levels. Our NCERT highlights Punjab (Köppen Cwa) as critically depleted.


Table: 5+ features
StateDepletion Rate (cm/yr)Primary CropRainfall (mm)PolicyGIS Use Case
Punjab25-30Rice400PAU 2020Well tracking
Tamil Nadu15-20Sugarcane950Jal ShaktiRecharge zones

Regional Impact
  • Punjab’s water table dropped 8m (2000-2020)
  • Tamil Nadu’s coastal salinity increased

Climate Change Link

GIS models predict 40% of India’s aquifers will be stressed by 2030 under RCP4.5 scenarios.

Question 6:
Differentiate e-waste management in formal vs informal sectors using 5+ criteria. Link to Köppen zones with examples.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

E-waste includes discarded electronics. Formal sector follows EPA guidelines, while informal uses crude methods (Köppen Aw in Delhi).


Table: 5+ features
CriteriaFormal SectorInformal Sector
TechnologyAutomated shreddersManual dismantling
SafetyPPE enforcedNo protection
LocationSEZsSlums
RevenueTaxedUntaxed
ExamplesBangalore (Köppen Aw)Moradabad (Köppen Cwa)

Regional Impact
  • Formal: 30% recycling efficiency
  • Informal: Heavy metal pollution

Climate Change Link

UNEP reports informal sector emits 2.5x more GHGs per ton processed.

Question 7:
Analyze sustainable tourism in coastal (Köppen Am) vs mountain (Köppen Dfb) regions with 5+ comparative features.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen)

Sustainable tourism minimizes ecological damage. Goa (Köppen Am) and Himachal (Köppen Dfb) are textbook examples.


Table: 5+ features
FeatureCoastal (Goa)Mountain (Manali)
Carrying CapacityHigh (beaches)Low (fragile slopes)
Key ThreatPlastic wasteDeforestation
PolicyCRZ 2011HPSDMA
Carbon Footprint0.8T/visitor1.2T/visitor
GIS UseErosion mapsLandslide models

Regional Impact
  • Goa: Coral loss (30% since 2000)
  • Manali: Glacial retreat (1.5m/yr)

Climate Change Link

IPCC predicts coastal tourism revenue may drop 20% by 2050 due to sea-level rise.

Question 8:
Compare urban heat islands and rural cool zones using Köppen symbols. Analyze their impacts on regional climate.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): Urban heat islands (UHIs) are metropolitan areas (Köppen: Cfa/Dfa) with higher temperatures than rural zones (Köppen: Cwb/Dfb).
Table: 5+ features
FeatureUrban Heat IslandRural Cool Zone
Temperature2-5°C higherBaseline
SurfaceConcrete/asphaltVegetation/soil
AlbedoLow (0.1-0.2)High (0.25-0.3)
HumidityLowerHigher
ExamplesDelhi (Cwa)Shillong (Cwb)

Regional Impact: UHIs increase energy demand (e.g., Mumbai’s AC use) and alter rainfall patterns.
Climate Change Link: Our textbook shows UHIs amplify global warming through feedback loops.
Question 9:
Explain groundwater depletion using GIS data. Contrast Punjab and Kerala’s scenarios with a 5-feature table.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): Groundwater depletion occurs when extraction exceeds recharge, prevalent in arid (BSh) and agricultural (Cwa) zones.
Table: 5+ features
FeaturePunjab (Cwa)Kerala (Am)
Depletion Rate0.4 m/year0.1 m/year
Primary UseAgriculture (90%)Domestic (60%)
GIS Data30% wells critical10% wells critical
Rainfall500 mm3000 mm
PolicyPaddy bansRainwater harvesting

Regional Impact: Punjab faces sinking water tables (e.g., Ludhiana), while Kerala’s coastal areas report salinity ingress.
Climate Change Link: Erratic monsoons (studied via GIS) worsen recharge rates.
Question 10:
Differentiate e-waste and biodegradable waste management in Delhi and Bengaluru. Include a 5-feature table.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): E-waste includes electronics (Delhi: Cwa), while biodegradable waste decomposes naturally (Bengaluru: Aw).
Table: 5+ features
FeatureE-waste (Delhi)Biodegradable (Bengaluru)
Quantity2.5 lakh tons/year3000 tons/day
Recycling5% formal60% composted
ToxicityHigh (Pb, Hg)Low
HandlingInformal sectorBBMP plants
LawsE-Waste Rules 2016Solid Waste Rules 2016

Regional Impact: Delhi’s Ghazipur dump emits methane, while Bengaluru’s landfills contaminate lakes (e.g., Bellandur).
Climate Change Link: E-waste incineration releases CO₂, studied in our NCERT unit.
Question 11:
Analyze land degradation in Rajasthan (BWh) and Assam (Am) using a 5-feature table. Link to climate change.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): Land degradation reduces soil fertility (Rajasthan: BWh) or causes erosion (Assam: Am).
Table: 5+ features
FeatureRajasthanAssam
TypeDesertificationWater erosion
CauseOvergrazingDeforestation
Area Affected60% of state30% of state
GIS DataNDVI <-0.2Sediment load 200 mg/l
MitigationAfforestationTerracing

Regional Impact: Rajasthan’s Thar expands (studied via satellite), while Assam’s Brahmaputra floods worsen.
Climate Change Link: Our textbook links degradation to reduced carbon sequestration (IPCC data).
Question 12:
Explain the causes and consequences of urbanization in India with reference to environmental degradation and socio-economic disparities. Support your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:

Urbanization refers to the increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities. In India, this phenomenon has accelerated due to industrialization, employment opportunities, and better infrastructure.

Causes of Urbanization:
1. Rural-urban migration: People move to cities for better jobs, education, and healthcare.
2. Industrial growth: Factories and industries attract labor.
3. Government policies: Schemes like Smart Cities Mission promote urban development.

Consequences:
1. Environmental degradation:

  • Air pollution from vehicles and industries (e.g., Delhi's smog).
  • Water pollution due to untreated sewage (e.g., Yamuna River).
  • Loss of green cover as cities expand.
2. Socio-economic disparities:
  • Slums develop due to inadequate housing (e.g., Dharavi in Mumbai).
  • High cost of living excludes the poor from basic amenities.
  • Overburdened public transport and healthcare systems.

To mitigate these issues, sustainable urban planning and inclusive policies are essential.

Question 13:
Analyze the impact of land degradation on agricultural productivity in India. Suggest measures to combat this issue with reference to soil conservation and sustainable farming practices.
Answer:

Land degradation refers to the decline in land quality caused by human activities or natural processes, severely affecting agricultural productivity in India.

Impact on Agriculture:
1. Reduced soil fertility: Overuse of chemical fertilizers depletes nutrients.
2. Water scarcity: Deforestation and over-irrigation lead to groundwater depletion.
3. Lower crop yields: Erosion and salinization render land unusable (e.g., Punjab's waterlogged fields).

Measures to Combat Land Degradation:
1. Soil conservation:

  • Contour ploughing and terrace farming to prevent erosion.
  • Afforestation to stabilize soil (e.g., Van Mahotsav initiative).
2. Sustainable farming practices:
  • Organic farming to reduce chemical use.
  • Crop rotation and mixed cropping to maintain soil health.
  • Rainwater harvesting to replenish groundwater.

Adopting these measures can restore land productivity and ensure food security.

Question 14:
Explain the causes and consequences of urbanization in India with reference to environmental degradation and socio-economic disparities.
Answer:

Urbanization refers to the increasing population concentration in urban areas due to migration and natural growth. In India, it is driven by:

  • Rural push factors: Lack of employment, poor infrastructure, and agrarian distress.
  • Urban pull factors: Better education, healthcare, and job opportunities.

Environmental degradation occurs due to:

  • Overexploitation of resources like water and land.
  • Pollution from industries, vehicles, and waste disposal.

Socio-economic disparities arise as:

  • Slums expand due to unaffordable housing.
  • Unequal access to services creates marginalization.

To mitigate these, sustainable urban planning and inclusive policies are essential.

Question 15:
Analyze the impact of industrialization on water resources in India, highlighting the role of government policies in conservation.
Answer:

Industrialization has severely impacted India's water resources through:

  • Pollution: Discharge of untreated effluents contaminates rivers and groundwater.
  • Over-extraction: Excessive water use depletes aquifers.

The government has implemented policies like:

  • Namami Gange: Aims to clean the Ganga by treating industrial waste.
  • Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Promotes water conservation and rainwater harvesting.

Effective enforcement and community participation are crucial for sustainable water management.

Question 16:
Discuss the environmental and socio-economic impacts of urban waste disposal in India. Suggest measures to improve the situation with examples.
Answer:

Environmental impacts: Improper urban waste disposal leads to severe environmental degradation. Open dumping causes soil contamination due to leaching of toxic chemicals, while burning releases harmful gases like methane and carbon dioxide, contributing to air pollution and climate change. Clogged drains from plastic waste result in waterlogging and groundwater pollution.

Socio-economic impacts: Poor waste management affects public health, increasing diseases like dengue and cholera. Informal waste pickers face hazardous working conditions with no social security. Landfill sites near settlements reduce property values and quality of life.

Measures for improvement:

  • Segregation at source: Implement strict policies like Swachh Bharat Mission to enforce household waste separation (e.g., Bengaluru's 2-bin system).
  • Waste-to-energy plants: Establish plants like Delhi's Okhla facility to convert non-recyclable waste into electricity.
  • Public awareness: Conduct community programs (e.g., Indore's cleanest city model) to promote composting and recycling.
  • E-waste management: Strengthen enforcement of E-Waste Management Rules for safe disposal of electronic items.
Combining government initiatives with citizen participation can create sustainable waste management systems.

Question 17:
Discuss the environmental and socio-economic impacts of urban waste disposal in India. Suggest measures to improve waste management systems in urban areas.
Answer:

The improper disposal of urban waste in India has severe environmental and socio-economic impacts. Environmentally, it leads to:

  • Soil contamination: Toxic chemicals from waste seep into the soil, reducing fertility.
  • Water pollution: Leachate from landfills contaminates groundwater, making it unsafe for consumption.
  • Air pollution: Burning of waste releases harmful gases like methane and carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change.

Socio-economically, it affects:

  • Public health: Exposure to waste leads to diseases like cholera and respiratory disorders.
  • Livelihoods: Poor waste management reduces the aesthetic and economic value of urban areas, impacting tourism and local businesses.

To improve waste management, the following measures can be adopted:

  • Segregation at source: Encouraging households to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste.
  • Recycling and composting: Promoting recycling industries and community composting to reduce landfill dependency.
  • Public awareness: Conducting campaigns to educate citizens about waste reduction and proper disposal methods.
  • Government policies: Strict enforcement of laws like the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 to ensure compliance.

By implementing these measures, urban areas can achieve sustainable waste management, reducing environmental degradation and improving quality of life.

Question 18:
Explain the environmental impacts of urbanization with reference to air pollution, water scarcity, and waste management. Support your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:

Urbanization leads to significant environmental impacts, particularly in the areas of air pollution, water scarcity, and waste management.

Air Pollution: Rapid urbanization increases vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and construction dust, leading to poor air quality. For example, cities like Delhi face severe smog due to high PM2.5 levels from vehicles and stubble burning.

Water Scarcity: Overpopulation strains water resources, leading to groundwater depletion and unequal distribution. Chennai, for instance, frequently experiences water shortages due to over-extraction and poor rainwater harvesting.

Waste Management: Urban areas generate massive amounts of solid waste, often exceeding landfill capacities. Mumbai produces over 9,000 metric tons of waste daily, causing pollution and health hazards when improperly disposed.

To mitigate these issues, sustainable urban planning, green technologies, and public awareness are essential. Solutions like electric public transport, rainwater harvesting, and waste segregation can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of cities.

Question 19:
Explain the environmental impacts of industrialization in India with special reference to air and water pollution. Suggest measures to mitigate these impacts.
Answer:

The industrialization in India has led to significant economic growth but has also caused severe environmental degradation, particularly in terms of air and water pollution.

Air Pollution: Industries emit harmful gases like sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and particulate matter (PM), which contribute to smog, acid rain, and respiratory diseases. For example, thermal power plants and vehicular emissions are major sources of air pollution in urban areas.

Water Pollution: Industrial effluents containing toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and organic waste are often discharged untreated into rivers, contaminating water sources. The Ganga and Yamuna rivers are severely polluted due to industrial waste from cities like Kanpur and Delhi.

Mitigation Measures:

  • Adoption of cleaner production technologies to reduce emissions.
  • Strict enforcement of environmental laws like the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
  • Promoting wastewater treatment plants and recycling of industrial water.
  • Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.
  • Public awareness campaigns to highlight the importance of sustainable industrial practices.

By implementing these measures, India can achieve a balance between industrial growth and environmental conservation.

Question 20:
Explain the impact of urban waste disposal on the environment and human health. Suggest sustainable measures to manage urban waste effectively.
Answer:

The improper disposal of urban waste has severe consequences on both the environment and human health. Environmental impacts include:

  • Soil contamination: Toxic chemicals from waste seep into the soil, reducing fertility and harming plant growth.
  • Water pollution: Leachate from landfills contaminates groundwater, making it unsafe for consumption.
  • Air pollution: Burning of waste releases harmful gases like methane and carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming.

Health impacts include:

  • Exposure to hazardous waste can cause respiratory diseases, skin infections, and even cancer.
  • Improper waste attracts pests like rats and mosquitoes, leading to diseases such as dengue and plague.

Sustainable measures to manage urban waste effectively:

  • Segregation at source: Separating biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste for easier recycling and composting.
  • Recycling and reuse: Promoting the use of recycled materials to reduce landfill dependency.
  • Waste-to-energy plants: Converting non-recyclable waste into energy to reduce pollution and generate electricity.
  • Public awareness: Educating citizens about responsible waste disposal practices to ensure community participation.

Adopting these measures can significantly reduce the adverse effects of urban waste disposal, ensuring a cleaner and healthier environment.

Question 21:
Explain the environmental degradation caused by urbanization in India, highlighting its major consequences and suggesting measures to mitigate them. (5 marks)
Answer:

Environmental degradation due to urbanization refers to the deterioration of natural resources and ecosystems caused by rapid urban expansion. In India, this is a critical issue due to unchecked migration, industrialization, and infrastructural development.

Major consequences include:

  • Air Pollution: Increased vehicular emissions and industrial activities release harmful pollutants like PM2.5 and SO₂, leading to respiratory diseases.
  • Water Pollution: Untreated sewage and industrial waste contaminate rivers (e.g., Yamuna), causing waterborne diseases.
  • Loss of Green Cover: Deforestation for urban projects reduces carbon sinks, worsening climate change.
  • Waste Management Crisis: Overflowing landfills (e.g., Ghazipur) release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

Mitigation measures:

  • Promoting sustainable urban planning with green belts and efficient public transport.
  • Strict enforcement of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for projects.
  • Adopting waste-to-energy plants and recycling initiatives.
  • Encouraging rainwater harvesting and solar energy to reduce resource strain.

Addressing these issues ensures a balance between development and ecological preservation, aligning with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities).

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Analyze the urban heat island effect in Delhi using GIS data. How does it compare to Mumbai’s coastal climate under the Köppen classification?
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Delhi's urban heat island effect is evident through GIS thermal imaging, showing 4-7°C higher temperatures than rural areas due to concrete surfaces and reduced vegetation.

Theoretical Application
FeatureDelhi (BSh)Mumbai (Am)
Avg. Summer Temp42°C34°C
HumidityLowHigh
Rainfall600mm2200mm
Vegetation Cover12%28%
Night Temp DropMinimalSignificant
Critical Evaluation
  • Delhi’s BSh (semi-arid) climate exacerbates heat retention
  • Mumbai’s Am (tropical monsoon) moderates temperatures
Question 2:
Evaluate how groundwater depletion in Punjab’s agricultural belt reflects the water-energy nexus. Support with current data tables.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Punjab’s groundwater table drops 0.5m/year due to excessive tubewell irrigation for rice (water-energy nexus), consuming 25% of state electricity.

Theoretical Application
IndicatorPunjabKerala
Water Table Depth (2023)45m8m
% Area Over-exploited82%9%
Energy Use (kWh/ha)3800900
Rice Yield (tonnes/ha)4.12.7
Rainfall DependencyLowHigh
Critical Evaluation
  • Unsustainable cropping patterns drain aquifers
  • Contrast with Kerala’s rainfed systems shows alternatives
Question 3:
Explain land degradation in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert using remote sensing indicators. Compare with Ladakh’s cold desert ecosystem.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Remote sensing shows 31% of Thar has land degradation via NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) due to overgrazing and erratic rainfall.

Theoretical Application
ParameterThar (BWh)Ladakh (BWk)
Soil SalinityHighLow
Wind ErosionSevereModerate
Vegetation Index0.120.08
Water SourcesSeasonalGlacial
Population PressureHighLow
Critical Evaluation
  • Thar’s BWh (hot desert) faces human-induced stress
  • Ladakh’s BWk (cold desert) has natural constraints
Question 4:
Assess Chennai’s flood vulnerability through GIS-based hydrological models. Contrast with Kolkata’s sundarbans delta adaptation strategies.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

GIS models show Chennai’s flood vulnerability increased by 40% post-2015 due to wetland loss and unplanned urbanization.

Theoretical Application
FactorChennaiKolkata
Drainage Efficiency35%62%
Wetland Loss (2000-23)67%22%
Flood Frequency3/year1.5/year
Mangrove BufferAbsentPresent
Rainfall Intensity120mm/day90mm/day
Critical Evaluation
  • Chennai lacks natural buffers unlike Kolkata’s Sundarbans
  • Deltaic adaptations include raised settlements
Question 5:
Analyze the urban heat island effect in Delhi using GIS data. How does it compare to rural areas in Haryana?
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows Delhi's urban heat island effect is intensified by concrete surfaces and vehicular emissions. GIS data reveals a 4-7°C temperature difference compared to rural Haryana.


Theoretical Application
  • Reduced vegetation cover in Delhi (12% vs. Haryana's 32%)
  • Higher albedo from asphalt increases heat retention

FeatureDelhi (Urban)Haryana (Rural)
Avg. Summer Temp42°C38°C
Night Cooling Rate1.2°C/hr2.8°C/hr
Green Cover12%32%
PM2.5 Level180 µg/m³90 µg/m³
Surface Materials80% impervious35% impervious
Question 6:
Explain how Köppen's Cwg climate influences water scarcity in Punjab. Support with current groundwater data.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

We studied Punjab's Cwg climate (hot summers, winter rains) leads to over-dependence on groundwater for irrigation. Current data shows 78% of blocks are over-exploited.


Theoretical Application
  • Monsoon uncertainty (600mm avg vs. 750mm requirement)
  • Rice cultivation consumes 5000 liters/kg

ParameterPunjabNational Avg
Water Table Decline0.5m/year0.2m/year
Tube Wells/km²154
Rainfall Reliability62%75%
Irrigation Efficiency35%55%
Soil Salinity28% area12% area
Question 7:
Compare land degradation patterns in Rajasthan's Thar Desert and Kerala's laterite soils using remote sensing indicators.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Remote sensing shows land degradation differs radically: wind erosion dominates in Thar (BWh climate) while laterite leaching prevails in Kerala (Am climate).


Theoretical Application
  • Thar: 12% vegetation loss from overgrazing
  • Kerala: 8% topsoil loss from heavy rains

IndicatorThar DesertKerala
NDVI Change-0.15-0.08
Soil Organic Carbon0.3%1.2%
Erosion Rate25t/ha/yr15t/ha/yr
Water Table Depth120m8m
Land Use Change+18% barren+12% built-up
Question 8:
Assess Mumbai's flood vulnerability through GIS-based elevation models and rainfall anomalies.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

GIS models reveal 42% of Mumbai lies below 5m elevation. Our textbook shows rainfall anomalies have increased by 20% since 2000, exceeding drainage capacity.


Theoretical Application
  • Concretization reduced percolation rate from 50mm/hr to 12mm/hr
  • Mithi River's width reduced from 100m to 30m

FactorSouth MumbaiSuburban
Elevation (m)8-102-4
Drainage Density1.2km/km²0.6km/km²
Water Logging Hours418
Population Density20,000/km²32,000/km²
Green Cover18%9%
Question 9:
Analyze the urban heat island effect in Delhi using GIS data. How does it compare to Mumbai’s climate under the Köppen classification?
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Delhi's urban heat island effect is evident from GIS thermal maps showing 4-6°C higher temperatures than rural areas due to concrete surfaces and reduced green cover.

Theoretical Application
  • Delhi falls under Köppen BSh (semi-arid), while Mumbai is Am (tropical monsoon).
  • Mumbai’s coastal location moderates temperatures, unlike Delhi’s continental extremes.
Critical Evaluation
FeatureDelhi (BSh)Mumbai (Am)
Annual Rainfall600mm2,200mm
Summer Max45°C35°C
Winter Min4°C18°C
HumidityLowHigh
VegetationScrubMangroves
Question 10:
Evaluate land degradation in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert using remote sensing indicators. Contrast with Kerala’s soil erosion issues.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows Rajasthan’s land degradation through NDVI satellite data, revealing a 12% drop in vegetation since 2000 due to overgrazing.

Theoretical Application
  • Kerala faces laterite soil erosion from heavy rains (Köppen Af), unlike Rajasthan’s wind erosion (BWh).
  • Both require watershed management, but techniques differ: contour bunding vs. shelterbelts.
Critical Evaluation
ParameterRajasthanKerala
Primary CauseDroughtRainfall
Annual Loss5.3 tons/ha12.7 tons/ha
MitigationAfforestationTerracing
GIS ToolLADARUSLE
Economic ImpactPastoral lossAgriculture
Question 11:
Assess Chennai’s water scarcity through hydrological cycle disruption. Compare with Cherrapunji’s paradox of high rainfall yet shortages.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Chennai’s water scarcity stems from depleted aquifers (GIS groundwater maps show 60% decline) and urban sprawl over wetlands.

Theoretical Application
  • Cherrapunji (Köppen Am) loses water due to rapid runoff on deforested slopes, unlike Chennai’s Cwa climate with erratic monsoons.
  • Both need rainwater harvesting, but Chennai prioritizes storage while Cherrapunji focuses on recharge.
Critical Evaluation
AspectChennaiCherrapunji
Rainfall1,400mm11,777mm
Main IssueDemand-supply gapRetention failure
SolutionDesalinationCheck dams
GIS AnalysisWater table depthSlope erosion
Example2019 Day Zero2012 Mudslides
Question 12:
Examine air pollution in Punjab’s stubble burning crisis using aerosol optical depth (AOD) data. Contrast with Bengaluru’s vehicular emissions.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Punjab’s stubble burning spikes AOD to 1.2 (NASA MODIS data), reducing visibility to 500m post-harvest seasons.

Theoretical Application
  • Bengaluru’s Köppen Aw climate traps PM2.5 from vehicles, unlike Punjab’s Cwg with seasonal winds dispersing pollutants.
  • Solutions differ: happy seeders vs. EV infrastructure.
Critical Evaluation
FactorPunjabBengaluru
Primary SourceAgricultureTransport
Peak SeasonOct-NovYear-round
PollutantCONOx
GIS LayerFire hotspotsTraffic density
Health ImpactRespiratoryCardiac
Question 13:
Analyze the impact of urban sprawl on peri-urban agriculture using GIS data from Delhi NCR. How does this align with Köppen's Cwa climate challenges?
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Urban sprawl in Delhi NCR has reduced agricultural land by 18% (GIS 2023), displacing traditional peri-urban farms. Our textbook shows this intensifies food-mile emissions.

Theoretical Application
  • Köppen Cwa demands monsoon-dependent crops
  • Concrete heat islands alter microclimates
FeaturePre-2000Post-2020
Arable Land32%14%
Water Table8m depth22m depth
Crop Diversity12 varieties4 varieties
Soil pH6.87.9
Farm Employment41%19%
Question 14:
Evaluate how GIS-based watershed management in Chennai addresses flood vulnerability under Aw Köppen zone. Compare with 2015 flood data.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Chennai's 2022 GIS maps show 73% loss of natural drainage since 2015 floods. Aw climate's intense rainfall (1200mm/year) overwhelms concrete surfaces.

Theoretical Application
  • Buffer zones reduced flood peaks by 40%
  • Real-time sensors predict water accumulation
Parameter20152023
Drainage Efficiency32%68%
Water Retention2hrs15min
Emergency Response48hrs6hrs
Aquifer Recharge12%29%
Community AwarenessLowHigh
Question 15:
Assess coal mining impacts on Jharia's groundwater using hydrogeological maps. How does BSh Köppen classification exacerbate this?
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Jharia's 2021 hydro-maps reveal 280m groundwater depletion in mining zones. BSh climate's low rainfall (450mm) prevents natural recharge.

Theoretical Application
  • Fissures divert 60% rainwater (GIS verified)
  • Acid mine drainage contaminates wells
IndicatorNon-MiningMining
TDS (mg/l)4802100
Water Table85m320m
pH Level7.23.8
Arsenic0.01ppm0.47ppm
Yield25l/sec3l/sec
Question 16:
Examine coastal erosion in Odisha using satellite imagery analysis. How does Am Köppen climate influence mitigation strategies?
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

ISRO's 2023 data shows 42m/year erosion in Puri. Am climate's 1450mm rainfall and cyclones accelerate sediment loss.

Theoretical Application
  • Mangrove belts reduce wave energy by 70%
  • Geotubes trap 8000m³ sand annually
MeasurePre-2010Post-2020
Shoreline Change-5.2m/yr-1.8m/yr
Beach Width14m28m
Dune Height0.5m2.1m
Coral Coverage8%23%
Community ParticipationLowHigh
Question 17:

Case Study: The city of Bengaluru is facing severe water scarcity due to rapid urbanization and over-exploitation of groundwater. The lakes in the city are either dried up or highly polluted. Analyze the geographical factors contributing to this issue and suggest two sustainable measures to address it.

Answer:

Geographical factors contributing to Bengaluru's water scarcity include:

  • Urban sprawl: Unplanned expansion has reduced natural water recharge zones like lakes and wetlands.
  • Over-extraction of groundwater: Excessive borewell usage has depleted aquifers.
  • Pollution of water bodies: Industrial and domestic waste has contaminated remaining lakes.

Sustainable measures to address the issue:

  • Rainwater harvesting: Mandatory rooftop collection systems to recharge groundwater.
  • Restoration of lakes: Desilting and bioremediation to revive water storage capacity.
Question 18:

Case Study: The Sundarbans delta is experiencing increased soil salinity due to rising sea levels and reduced freshwater flow from upstream dams. Explain how this impacts agriculture and suggest one adaptive strategy for farmers.

Answer:

Impact on agriculture:

  • Crop failure: High salinity reduces soil fertility, affecting rice cultivation.
  • Loss of biodiversity: Mangroves and native species decline, disrupting ecosystems.

Adaptive strategy:

  • Salt-tolerant crops: Farmers can switch to varieties like Pokkali rice or halophytic vegetables.
  • Integrated farming: Combining aquaculture with agriculture to utilize saline water for fish ponds.
Question 19:

Rapid urbanization in Metro City has led to severe air pollution due to vehicular emissions and industrial activities. The Air Quality Index (AQI) frequently crosses the 'hazardous' level. Based on this case:

  • Explain two environmental impacts of such air pollution.
  • Suggest two sustainable measures the city administration can adopt to mitigate this issue.
Answer:

Environmental Impacts:

  • Health hazards: Prolonged exposure to polluted air causes respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis, and may even lead to cardiovascular problems.
  • Ecological damage: High levels of pollutants like PM2.5 and NOx harm plant life, reducing photosynthesis and disrupting local ecosystems.

Sustainable Measures:

  • Promoting public transport: Expanding metro networks and introducing electric buses can reduce vehicular emissions.
  • Green belts: Developing urban forests and parks helps absorb pollutants and improve air quality.
Question 20:

Coastal Town 'X' faces severe water pollution due to untreated sewage discharge and plastic waste accumulation. Marine life is declining, and fishermen are losing livelihoods. Based on this case:

  • Identify two socio-economic consequences of water pollution in the town.
  • Propose two policy interventions to address this issue effectively.
Answer:

Socio-economic Consequences:

  • Loss of livelihood: Fishermen face reduced catches due to declining marine biodiversity, leading to economic instability.
  • Tourism decline: Polluted beaches deter tourists, negatively impacting local businesses dependent on tourism revenue.

Policy Interventions:

  • Sewage treatment plants (STPs): Mandating proper sewage treatment before discharge into water bodies can prevent contamination.
  • Plastic waste management: Implementing strict bans on single-use plastics and promoting recycling initiatives can reduce pollution.
Question 21:
A rapidly growing city in India is facing severe air pollution due to vehicular emissions and industrial activities. The Air Quality Index (AQI) frequently crosses the 'hazardous' level. Analyze the geographical factors contributing to this issue and suggest sustainable measures to mitigate it.
Answer:

The geographical factors contributing to severe air pollution in the city include:

  • Topography: The city is located in a valley, leading to temperature inversion, which traps pollutants near the ground.
  • Wind patterns: Low wind speeds prevent the dispersal of pollutants, causing them to accumulate.
  • Urban heat island effect: High concrete density increases local temperatures, enhancing the formation of secondary pollutants like ozone.
  • Industrial clustering: Factories release untreated emissions, worsening air quality.

Sustainable measures to mitigate this issue include:

  • Promoting public transport and electric vehicles to reduce vehicular emissions.
  • Implementing green belts to act as natural air filters.
  • Enforcing stricter emission norms for industries and adopting cleaner technologies.
  • Encouraging carpooling and non-motorized transport like cycling.

These steps, combined with public awareness, can significantly improve air quality.

Question 22:
A coastal region in India is experiencing land degradation due to excessive sand mining and unplanned tourism. Discuss the environmental consequences of these activities and propose strategies for sustainable development in the region.
Answer:

The environmental consequences of sand mining and unplanned tourism in the coastal region include:

  • Coastal erosion: Removal of sand destabilizes shorelines, increasing vulnerability to storm surges and sea-level rise.
  • Loss of biodiversity: Destruction of mangrove ecosystems affects marine life and reduces natural coastal protection.
  • Groundwater depletion: Sand mining lowers the water table, leading to freshwater scarcity.
  • Pollution: Tourism generates waste, contaminating beaches and marine environments.

Strategies for sustainable development:

  • Regulating sand mining through environmental impact assessments and enforcing legal limits.
  • Promoting eco-tourism with controlled visitor numbers and waste management systems.
  • Restoring mangroves and dune vegetation to prevent erosion and support biodiversity.
  • Implementing community-based conservation programs to involve locals in protecting natural resources.

These measures ensure long-term ecological balance while supporting economic activities.

Question 23:
A coastal region is experiencing land degradation due to excessive sand mining and unsustainable agricultural practices. Discuss the environmental consequences of this issue and propose strategies for sustainable land management.
Answer:

The environmental consequences of land degradation in the coastal region include:

  • Loss of fertile soil: Unsustainable farming depletes nutrients, reducing agricultural productivity.
  • Coastal erosion: Sand mining destabilizes shorelines, increasing vulnerability to storm surges and sea-level rise.
  • Biodiversity loss: Habitat destruction affects marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
  • Water scarcity: Over-extraction of groundwater for agriculture lowers the water table.

Strategies for sustainable land management include:

  • Implementing terrace farming and crop rotation to conserve soil.
  • Regulating sand mining through environmental impact assessments (EIA).
  • Promoting afforestation and mangrove restoration to prevent erosion.
  • Encouraging drip irrigation to optimize water use in agriculture.
Question 24:
A coastal region in India is experiencing soil salinity due to excessive groundwater extraction and seawater intrusion. Farmers are struggling with declining agricultural productivity. Examine the causes and propose solutions to address this issue.
Answer:

The causes of soil salinity in the coastal region include:

  • Over-extraction of groundwater: Lowers the water table, allowing seawater to seep into aquifers.
  • Poor irrigation practices: Excessive use of canal irrigation without proper drainage leads to waterlogging and salt accumulation.
  • Climate change: Rising sea levels and cyclonic storms exacerbate seawater intrusion.

Solutions to address soil salinity:

  • Adopt drip irrigation and sprinkler systems to minimize water use and prevent waterlogging.
  • Promote salt-tolerant crops like barley or pulses to sustain agriculture.
  • Construct check dams and recharge wells to replenish groundwater and prevent seawater intrusion.
  • Implement afforestation along coastlines to act as a natural barrier against seawater.
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