Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context | Grade 12th - Geography Chapter Summary & NCERT CBSE Study Resources

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12th

12th - Geography

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

Overview of the Chapter

This chapter explores the concepts of planning and sustainable development within the Indian context. It discusses the importance of planning for balanced regional development, the objectives of planning in India, and the shift towards sustainable development to address environmental and socio-economic challenges.

Meaning and Need for Planning

Planning refers to the process of setting goals, formulating strategies, and outlining actions to achieve desired outcomes in a systematic manner.

In India, planning is essential to address regional disparities, promote economic growth, and ensure equitable distribution of resources. The Five-Year Plans were introduced to guide the country's development trajectory.

Types of Planning

Planning in India can be categorized into:

Sectoral Planning: Focuses on specific sectors like agriculture, industry, or education.
Regional Planning: Aims at reducing regional imbalances by targeting underdeveloped areas.
Integrated Planning: Combines sectoral and regional approaches for holistic development.

Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

In India, sustainable development is crucial to address environmental degradation, resource depletion, and social inequalities. Key initiatives include:

Promoting renewable energy sources.
Implementing watershed management programs.
Encouraging eco-friendly agricultural practices.

Case Studies

The chapter includes case studies such as:

Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area: Highlights the benefits and challenges of large-scale irrigation projects.
Drought-Prone Area Program (DPAP): Examines strategies to combat drought through sustainable practices.

Challenges in Planning and Sustainable Development

Some challenges include:

Rapid urbanization leading to resource strain.
Conflicts between industrial growth and environmental conservation.
Implementation gaps in policy execution.

Conclusion

Planning and sustainable development are critical for India's progress. While planning ensures organized growth, sustainable development ensures long-term environmental and social well-being. Addressing challenges through inclusive and innovative strategies is key to achieving balanced development.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:

Define sustainable development in the Indian context.

Answer:

Balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social equity.

Question 2:

List two objectives of NITI Aayog.

Answer:

Promote cooperative federalism
Foster sustainable development

Question 3:

What is the primary goal of GIS in urban planning?

Answer:

Spatial data analysis for efficient resource management.

Question 4:

Name one GIS software used in India.

Answer:

QGIS or ArcGIS.

Question 5:

What does NITI Aayog replace?

Answer:

Planning Commission.

Question 6:

List two features of sustainable cities.

Answer:

Green spaces
Efficient public transport

Question 7:

Define regional planning.

Answer:

Development strategy for balanced growth across regions.

Question 8:

What is the role of remote sensing in planning?

Answer:

Monitoring land use and environmental changes.

Question 9:

List two challenges of urban sustainability in India.

Answer:

Pollution
Overpopulation

Question 10:

Name one government scheme promoting sustainable development.

Answer:

Smart Cities Mission.

Question 11:

Compare Am and BWh climates using a table.

Answer:

Feature	Am	BWh
Rainfall	Heavy	Scarce
Temperature	Moderate	Extreme
Vegetation	Dense	Sparse
Seasons	Distinct	Uniform
Example	Kerala	Rajasthan

Question 12:

Define sustainable development as per the Brundtland Report.

Answer:

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It balances economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

Question 13:

Name any two indicators of sustainable development.

Answer:

Per capita income (economic indicator)
Literacy rate (social indicator)

Question 14:

What is the main objective of the Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur region?

Answer:

The main objective is to improve the quality of life for tribal communities by focusing on infrastructure development, education, and healthcare while preserving their cultural identity.

Question 15:

Why is watershed management important for sustainable development?

Answer:

Watershed management ensures efficient water use, soil conservation, and reduced land degradation, which are critical for long-term agricultural productivity and ecological balance.

Question 16:

State one difference between top-down and bottom-up planning approaches.

Answer:

Top-down planning is centralized and government-led, while bottom-up planning involves local communities in decision-making for better relevance and implementation.

Question 17:

What is the significance of Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan's development?

Answer:

The canal transformed desert areas into agriculturally productive land, improving water availability, crop yields, and livelihoods in Rajasthan.

Question 18:

Name one ecological problem caused by over-exploitation of resources.

Answer:

Deforestation, leading to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and climate change.

Question 19:

How does rainwater harvesting contribute to sustainable development?

Answer:

It recharges groundwater, reduces water scarcity, and supports agriculture and drinking water needs sustainably.

Question 20:

What is the role of NITI Aayog in India's planning process?

Answer:

NITI Aayog replaces the Planning Commission and focuses on cooperative federalism, innovative policies, and sustainable development goals.

Question 21:

Give one example of a community-based conservation program in India.

Answer:

Joint Forest Management (JFM), where local communities collaborate with the government to protect and manage forests.

Question 22:

Why is e-waste management crucial for urban sustainability?

Answer:

Proper e-waste management prevents toxic pollution, promotes recycling, and reduces health hazards from hazardous materials like lead and mercury.

Question 23:

What is the purpose of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)?

Answer:

NAPCC aims to address climate change through eight missions, including solar energy, water conservation, and sustainable agriculture, to ensure ecological sustainability.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:

Define sustainable development in the context of Indian planning.

Answer:

Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the Indian context, it involves balanced economic growth, social equity, and environmental conservation, ensuring long-term resource availability.

Question 2:

Name any two hill area development programmes in India.

Answer:

Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) for ecological balance
Western Ghats Development Programme (WGDP) for biodiversity conservation

Question 3:

What is the main objective of the Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)?

Answer:

The main objective of ITDP is to improve the socio-economic conditions of tribal communities by providing infrastructure, education, healthcare, and livelihood opportunities while preserving their cultural identity.

Question 4:

How does watershed management contribute to sustainable development?

Answer:

Watershed management ensures efficient water use, prevents soil erosion, and enhances agricultural productivity, promoting ecological balance and rural livelihood sustainability.

Question 5:

State two challenges faced in implementing sustainable development plans in India.

Answer:

Rapid urbanization leading to resource depletion
Lack of awareness and community participation in rural areas

Question 6:

Why is people's participation crucial in sustainable development?

Answer:

People's participation ensures local ownership, better implementation of plans, and long-term success by aligning development goals with community needs and traditional knowledge.

Question 7:

Differentiate between command area development and drought-prone area development.

Answer:

Command area development focuses on irrigation efficiency in agriculturally productive regions, while drought-prone area development aims at water conservation and alternative livelihoods in arid zones.

Question 8:

What role does NITI Aayog play in sustainable development planning?

Answer:

NITI Aayog formulates national policies, promotes cooperative federalism, and monitors sustainable development goals (SDGs) through evidence-based planning and innovation.

Question 9:

List two indicators used to measure sustainable development.

Answer:

Human Development Index (HDI) for social progress
Ecological Footprint for environmental impact assessment

Question 10:

How does afforestation support sustainable development?

Answer:

Afforestation combats climate change by carbon sequestration, prevents soil degradation, and enhances biodiversity, aligning with environmental sustainability goals.

Question 11:

Explain the significance of eco-tourism in India's sustainable development strategy.

Answer:

Eco-tourism promotes conservation-based tourism, generates local employment, and raises environmental awareness while preserving natural and cultural heritage.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the context of India.

Answer:

Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the Indian context, it involves balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social equity.

Key aspects include:

Promoting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
Implementing policies for equitable resource distribution.
Encouraging eco-friendly practices in industries and agriculture.

India's initiatives like the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) reflect this commitment.

Question 2:

Describe the role of community participation in planning for sustainable development.

Answer:

Community participation ensures that local needs and knowledge are integrated into development plans. Its role includes:

Empowering local stakeholders to take ownership of projects.
Ensuring equitable distribution of benefits.
Promoting awareness about sustainable practices like waste management and water conservation.

Programs like Joint Forest Management (JFM) highlight the success of community-driven initiatives.

Question 3:

What are the key objectives of the Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)?

Answer:

The Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) aims to uplift tribal communities through:

Providing access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
Promoting livelihood opportunities like handicrafts and agriculture.
Preserving tribal culture and traditional knowledge.

This aligns with sustainable development by ensuring inclusive growth and reducing disparities.

Question 4:

How does urban planning address environmental sustainability in cities?

Answer:

Urban planning focuses on creating livable cities while minimizing environmental impact. Strategies include:

Developing green spaces and parks to improve air quality.
Promoting public transport to reduce carbon emissions.
Implementing waste management systems like recycling and composting.

Examples like Smart Cities Mission incorporate these principles for sustainable urban growth.

Question 5:

Explain the significance of biodiversity conservation in sustainable development.

Answer:

Biodiversity conservation is vital for maintaining ecological balance and supporting human well-being. Its significance includes:

Preserving genetic diversity for food security and medicine.
Protecting ecosystems that regulate climate and water cycles.
Promoting eco-tourism and livelihood opportunities.

India's National Biodiversity Action Plan underscores its commitment to conserving biodiversity.

Question 6:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context.

Answer:

Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the Indian context, it involves balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social equity.

Key aspects include:

Promoting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
Implementing afforestation and water conservation programs.
Ensuring inclusive growth through schemes like MNREGA for rural employment.

India follows the Agenda 21 framework to achieve sustainability while addressing poverty and resource depletion.

Question 7:

Differentiate between top-down and bottom-up planning approaches in India.

Answer:

The top-down and bottom-up planning approaches differ in their implementation and focus:

Top-down: Centralized planning where decisions are made by higher authorities (e.g., Five-Year Plans). It ensures uniformity but may lack local relevance.
Bottom-up: Decentralized planning involving local communities (e.g., Panchayati Raj institutions). It addresses grassroots needs but may face resource constraints.

India now emphasizes participatory planning to combine both approaches for balanced development.

Question 8:

Describe the role of Indira Gandhi Canal in regional development.

Answer:

The Indira Gandhi Canal (formerly Rajasthan Canal) has significantly contributed to regional development by:

Providing irrigation water to arid regions of Rajasthan, transforming barren land into fertile agricultural fields.
Supporting cropping intensity and improving livelihoods of farmers.
Reducing migration by creating employment opportunities in agro-based industries.

However, overuse of water has led to issues like waterlogging and soil salinity, highlighting the need for sustainable water management.

Question 9:

What are the objectives of the Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)?

Answer:

The Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) aims to uplift tribal communities through:

Providing access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure in tribal areas.
Promoting livelihood opportunities like handicrafts and forest-based industries.
Preserving tribal culture and traditions while integrating them into mainstream development.

Examples include the Dangs project in Gujarat, which focuses on holistic tribal welfare.

Question 10:

How does ecotourism promote sustainable development in India?

Answer:

Ecotourism fosters sustainable development by:

Generating income for local communities while conserving natural resources (e.g., Kerala's backwaters).
Raising environmental awareness among tourists and residents.
Minimizing ecological footprint through low-impact tourism practices.

Destinations like Periyar Tiger Reserve showcase how ecotourism balances conservation and economic growth.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:

Compare command area development and watershed management in the context of sustainable agriculture. Highlight their roles in rainfed farming regions.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Command area development focuses on optimizing irrigation efficiency, while watershed management conserves rainwater through soil and vegetation.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Command Area	Watershed
Primary Goal	Irrigation efficiency	Rainwater conservation
Method	Canal networks	Check dams, afforestation
Scale	Large farms	Community-led
Climate Suitability	BSh (Arid)	Aw (Tropical wet-dry)
Example	Indira Gandhi Canal	Sukhomajri model

Regional Impact

Command areas boost Punjab's wheat yields (GIS data shows 20% rise).
Watersheds reduce Maharashtra's drought vulnerability.

Climate Change Link

Watersheds enhance climate resilience by recharging groundwater, critical for rainfed regions under increasing temperatures.

Question 2:

Analyze how GIS-based planning aids smart cities like Surat in addressing urban flooding. Include a comparison with traditional methods.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

GIS-based planning uses spatial data for infrastructure design, crucial in Cwa (monsoon) climates like Surat.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	GIS Planning	Traditional
Data Source	Satellite imagery	Manual surveys
Flood Prediction	Real-time modeling	Historical records
Cost Efficiency	High initial cost	Low-tech
Example	Surat’s flood maps	1970s drainage plans
Climate Adaptation	Dynamic updates	Static solutions

Regional Impact

Reduced flood damage by 30% post-2019 (Surat Municipal data).
Traditional methods fail in extreme rainfall events.

Climate Change Link

GIS integrates RCP 8.5 scenarios to redesign drains for intensified monsoons.

Question 3:

Evaluate the success of solar parks in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert (BWh) versus wind farms in Tamil Nadu (Aw) for sustainable energy transition.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Solar parks harness arid climates (BWh), while wind farms exploit coastal winds (Aw).

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Solar (Thar)	Wind (Tamil Nadu)
Capacity	2,245 MW (Bhadla)	1,500 MW (Muppandal)
Land Use	Large footprint	Vertical space
Efficiency	25% capacity	35% capacity
Climate Risk	Dust storms	Cyclones
Employment	Low skill	Technical jobs

Regional Impact

Solar reduced Rajasthan’s coal dependence by 15% (2023 report).
Wind meets 20% of Tamil Nadu’s demand.

Climate Change Link

Both align with NDC targets, but solar faces heatwave efficiency drops.

Question 4:

Explain how integrated tribal development in Jharkhand’s Singhbhum (Aw) contrasts with greenfield industrialization in Gujarat’s DMIC corridor. Focus on environmental costs.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Integrated tribal development prioritizes forest rights, while greenfield projects clear land for factories.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Tribal (Jharkhand)	DMIC (Gujarat)
Land Use	Community forests	Acquired farmland
Biodiversity	Protected (SARNA)	Habitat loss
Employment	NTFP-based	Manufacturing
Carbon Footprint	Neutral	High
Example	Khunti district	Dholera SIR

Regional Impact

Tribal models preserve 60% tree cover (2022 FSI).
DMIC displaced 10,000 farmers.

Climate Change Link

Industrial zones worsen urban heat islands, while tribal areas act as carbon sinks.

Question 5:

Compare command and control approach and participatory approach in sustainable development using a table. Highlight their impacts on tribal regions like Jharkhand.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

The command and control approach involves strict regulations by authorities, while the participatory approach includes local communities in decision-making.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Command and Control	Participatory
Decision-making	Top-down	Bottom-up
Flexibility	Low	High
Community involvement	Minimal	Active
Implementation speed	Fast	Slow
Sustainability	Short-term	Long-term

Regional Impact

In Jharkhand, the participatory approach empowered tribes in forest management, while command and control led to conflicts over land rights.

Climate Change Link

Participatory methods align with climate resilience, as seen in Odisha’s mangrove restoration.

Question 6:

Analyze the role of GIS in urban planning for sustainable cities like Chandigarh. Include a table comparing traditional and GIS-based methods.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

GIS (Geographic Information System) integrates spatial data for efficient planning, as our textbook shows in Chandigarh’s master plan.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Traditional	GIS-based
Data accuracy	Low	High
Time efficiency	Slow	Fast
Cost	High	Moderate
Public participation	Limited	Enhanced
Environmental impact	Unassessed	Modeled

Regional Impact

Chandigarh’s green belts were optimized using GIS, reducing urban heat islands.

Climate Change Link

GIS aids in flood modeling, crucial for monsoon-prone areas like Mumbai.

Question 7:

Explain how watershed management in Rajasthan’s Arvari River demonstrates sustainable development. Use a table to contrast pre- and post-project outcomes.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Watershed management conserves water through community-led initiatives, as seen in Arvari’s revival.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Pre-project	Post-project
Water availability	Scarce	Abundant
Agriculture	Rain-fed	Irrigated
Biodiversity	Low	High
Groundwater level	Depleted	Recharged
Community income	Unstable	Stable

Regional Impact

Farmers in Alwar now grow three crops annually, boosting food security.

Climate Change Link

Such projects mitigate droughts, critical for Rajasthan’s BSh climate (Köppen).

Question 8:

Evaluate solar energy adoption in Gujarat’s Charanka Park versus coal-based power in Singrauli. Present a table with 5+ comparative features and their environmental impacts.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Solar energy harnesses sunlight, while coal power relies on fossil fuels, as studied in Gujarat and MP.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Charanka (Solar)	Singrauli (Coal)
Carbon emissions	Zero	High
Land use	Extensive	Moderate
Water consumption	Low	High
Employment	Skilled	Unskilled
Long-term cost	Low	High

Regional Impact

Charanka reduced Gujarat’s CO₂ by 8 million tons/year, while Singrauli faces air pollution lawsuits.

Climate Change Link

Solar aligns with India’s INDC targets under the Paris Agreement.

Question 9:

Analyze how GIS aids in drought-prone area planning. Include a table comparing traditional vs. GIS methods with 5 parameters.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Our textbook shows GIS integrates spatial data for planning in BSh (hot semi-arid) regions.

Table: 5+ features

Parameter	Traditional	GIS
Data accuracy	Low	High
Response time	Weeks	Real-time
Cost	Low-tech	High initial
Example	Manual surveys	NDVI mapping
Coverage	Local	Regional

Climate Change Link

GIS predicts rainfall patterns (e.g., Marathwada)
Optimizes watersheds (e.g., Rajasthan's Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban)

Question 10:

Explain watershed management with a table comparing Sukhomajri and Ralegan Siddhi models. Link to SDG-6.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Watershed management conserves water in Aw (tropical wet-dry) climates through community participation.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Sukhomajri	Ralegan Siddhi
Location	Haryana	Maharashtra
Focus	Check dams	Afforestation
Community role	Limited	Extensive
Outcome	Soil retention	Groundwater recharge
SDG-6 Link	Clean water	Sanitation

Regional Impact

Increased crop yields (e.g., Sukhomajri's 300% rise)
Reduced migration (Ralegan Siddhi's 80% decline)

Question 11:

Differentiate command area development and rainwater harvesting using a 5-feature table. Discuss their relevance in Deccan Plateau.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

We learned command area development irrigates farms via canals, while rainwater harvesting stores monsoon water in BSh regions.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Command Area	Rainwater Harvesting
Infrastructure	Canals	Tanks
Cost	High	Low
Water source	Rivers	Rainfall
Example	Indira Gandhi Canal	Telangana's Mission Kakatiya
Sustainability	Low	High

Climate Change Link

Command areas face siltation (e.g., Tungabhadra)
Harvesting revives tanks (e.g., Chennai's 40% reliance)

Question 12:

Compare top-down and bottom-up approaches in sustainable development using a table. Highlight their impact on tribal communities with examples.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

We studied that top-down planning is government-led, while bottom-up involves local participation.

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Top-down	Bottom-up
Decision-making	Centralized	Decentralized
Resource allocation	Pre-determined	Need-based
Implementation speed	Fast	Slow
Community involvement	Low	High
Example	Bhagirathi Project	Panchayati Raj

Regional Impact

Top-down often displaces tribes (e.g., Narmada Dam)
Bottom-up preserves culture (e.g., Kerala's People's Plan)

Question 13:

Compare command area development and watershed management as sustainable planning approaches in India. Highlight their roles in climate resilience.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Command area development focuses on irrigation efficiency (common in BSh climates), while watershed management conserves rainwater in drought-prone regions (Aw).

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Command Area	Watershed
Primary Goal	Maximize crop yield	Soil-water balance
Technique	Canals	Check dams
Scale	Macro (1000+ ha)	Micro (50-500 ha)
GIS Use	Flow modeling	Slope analysis
Climate Link	Reduces waterlogging	Combats desertification

Regional Impact

Indira Gandhi Canal (Rajasthan) boosted wheat production by 40%
Sukhomajri (Haryana) increased groundwater by 3m

Climate Change Link

Our textbook shows watersheds reduce flash flood risks, while command areas face salinization threats (150 words).

Question 14:

Analyze how GIS-based planning in smart cities addresses urban sustainability challenges. Include examples with Köppen zones.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

GIS-based planning uses spatial data for infrastructure design, crucial in Aw (Delhi) and Am (Mumbai) zones.

Table: 5+ features

Application	Data Layer	Benefit
Traffic	Real-time GPS	Reduces congestion
Water	Aquifer maps	Prevents over-extraction
Green Cover	NDVI index	UHI mitigation
Waste	Bin sensors	Efficient collection
Disaster	Flood models	Early warnings

Regional Impact

Surat uses GIS to map 100% stormwater drains
Pune's heat maps reduced UHI by 2°C

Climate Change Link

Our studies show GIS optimizes blue-green infrastructure, critical for urban flooding in Cwa cities (142 words).

Question 15:

Evaluate solar park policy as a tool for sustainable energy transition in Indian drylands (BWh). Contrast with Himalayan hydropower challenges.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Solar parks harness 300+ sunny days in BWh (Rajasthan), while hydropower depends on glacial melt in ET (Himachal).

Table: 5+ features

Aspect	Solar Parks	Hydropower
Land Use	Barren land	Forest submergence
Seasonality	Year-round	Monsoon-dependent
GIS Role	Irradiation maps	Slope stability
Output	40-60 MW/km²	100-2000 MW/dam
Climate Risk	Dust storms	GLOF threats

Regional Impact

Bhadla Park (Rajasthan) powers 1.5M homes
Tehri Dam faces 30% siltation

Climate Change Link

As per NCERT, solar avoids methane emissions from reservoirs, but requires waterless cleaning tech (148 words).

Question 16:

Explain how coastal regulation zones (CRZ) balance economic development and ecological security in Am Köppen regions. Use Goa vs. Odisha examples.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

CRZ laws restrict construction within 500m of Am coastlines (Goa's beaches) to protect mangroves.

Table: 5+ features

CRZ Rule	Economic Impact	Ecological Benefit
No mining (CRZ-I)	Tourism revenue	Turtle nesting
Setback lines	Higher property costs	Tsunami buffer
GIS Mapping	Precision development	Corals protected
Fishing norms	Livelihood security	Fish breeding
NDZ (No Development)	Limited hotels	Dune conservation

Regional Impact

Goa saved 70% mangroves since CRZ-2011
Odisha's Chilika sees 30% dolphin rise

Climate Change Link

We studied how CRZ reduces saltwater intrusion but faces sea-level rise challenges (145 words).

Question 17:

Compare command area development and watershed management as strategies for sustainable development in India. Highlight their roles in addressing water scarcity.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Command area development focuses on improving irrigation efficiency in agriculture-dominated regions (e.g., Bhakra-Nangal, BWh climate), while watershed management conserves rainwater in drought-prone areas (e.g., Sukhomajri, BSh).

Table: 5+ features

Feature	Command Area	Watershed
Primary Goal	Maximize crop yield	Soil-water conservation
Technique	Canals, drip irrigation	Check dams, afforestation
Climate Suitability	BWh (Arid)	BSh (Semi-arid)
Example	Indira Gandhi Canal	Ralegan Siddhi
GIS Application	Monitoring water-logging	Identifying erosion zones

Regional Impact

Command areas reduce groundwater depletion in Punjab (AWb climate)
Watershed projects increased agricultural output in Maharashtra by 35% (2018 data)

Question 18:

Analyze how GIS-based planning supports smart cities like Dholera (Gujarat) under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-11).

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

GIS-based planning integrates spatial data (e.g., land use, drainage) for urban resilience, crucial for Dholera's BSh climate zone.

Table: 5+ features

GIS Layer	Application	SDG-11 Target
Land Use	Zoning for green spaces	11.7 (Inclusive urbanization)
Floodplains	Disaster-resilient infrastructure	11.5 (Reduce disaster impact)
Transport	BRT corridor optimization	11.2 (Sustainable transport)
Water	Leak detection in pipelines	11.3 (Resource efficiency)
Population	Healthcare facility allocation	11.1 (Slum upgradation)

Climate Change Link

Reduces urban heat island effect by 2°C (Ahmedabad case study)
Aligns with India's NDC commitment to reduce emissions by 33-35%

Question 19:

Evaluate solar parks and wind farms as renewable energy solutions for Rajasthan (BWh) and Tamil Nadu (Aw) respectively, using Köppen classifications.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Solar parks thrive in Rajasthan's BWh (desert) with 300+ sunny days, while Tamil Nadu's Aw (tropical wet-dry) coastal winds power wind farms.

Table: 5+ features

Parameter	Bhadla Solar Park	Muppandal Wind Farm
Capacity	2,245 MW (2023)	1,500 MW
Land Use	14,000 acres	20,000 acres
GIS Role	Site solar irradiance	Wind pattern mapping
Climate	BWh (Arid)	Aw (Monsoon)
SDG Link	7.2 (Renewable energy)	13.2 (Climate action)

Regional Impact

Solar parks reduced Rajasthan's coal dependence by 18% (2022 MNRE data)
Wind farms supply 15% of Tamil Nadu's energy, preventing 5MT CO2/year

Question 20:

Explain how organic farming in Sikkim (Cwb) and zero-budget farming in Andhra Pradesh (BSh) contribute to sustainable agriculture under SDG-2.

Answer:

Definition (Köppen)

Organic farming in Sikkim's Cwb (temperate) avoids chemicals, while Andhra's BSh (semi-arid) zero-budget farming uses desi cow-based inputs.

Table: 5+ features

Aspect	Sikkim Organic	Andhra ZBNF
Climate	Cwb (Subtropical highland)	BSh (Hot semi-arid)
Technique	Vermicompost, crop rotation	Beejamrit, Jiwamrit
Yield Change	+12% (2016-2020)	+20% (2019-2022)
Water Use	Reduced by 30%	Reduced by 50%
GIS Application	Soil health mapping	Drought prediction

Climate Change Link

Sikkim's organic mission sequestered 0.5MT CO2/year (2021 report)
ZBNF reduced synthetic fertilizer use by 90% in Anantapur district

Question 21:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context and discuss any two strategies adopted by the Indian government to promote it.

Answer:

The concept of sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the Indian context, it involves balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social equity.

Two key strategies adopted by the Indian government to promote sustainable development are:

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): This plan includes eight missions focusing on solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, and water conservation to reduce India's carbon footprint.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): This scheme ensures livelihood security in rural areas by providing employment while also creating sustainable assets like water conservation structures and afforestation projects.

These strategies highlight India's commitment to integrating environmental, economic, and social goals for long-term sustainability.

Question 22:

Describe the role of regional planning in achieving balanced regional development in India. Provide examples of any two regional planning initiatives.

Answer:

Regional planning plays a crucial role in achieving balanced regional development by addressing disparities in economic growth, infrastructure, and resource distribution across different regions of India. It ensures equitable development and reduces regional inequalities.

Two notable regional planning initiatives in India are:

Drought-Prone Area Programme (DPAP): This initiative focuses on sustainable development in arid regions by promoting water conservation, afforestation, and alternative livelihoods to reduce vulnerability to droughts.
Hill Area Development Programme (HADP): Aimed at the sustainable development of hilly regions, this program emphasizes eco-tourism, horticulture, and infrastructure development while preserving the fragile mountain ecosystem.

These initiatives demonstrate how targeted regional planning can address specific challenges and promote inclusive growth across diverse geographical areas.

Question 23:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context with reference to the Brundtland Commission Report. How does it align with India's planning strategies?

Answer:

The concept of sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This idea was popularized by the Brundtland Commission Report (1987), which emphasized balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

In the Indian context, sustainable development aligns with planning strategies through initiatives like:

Five-Year Plans: Integrating environmental concerns with economic goals, such as afforestation and renewable energy projects.
National Green Mission: Aimed at increasing forest cover and promoting sustainable agriculture.
Smart Cities Mission: Focuses on eco-friendly urban planning with efficient resource use.

India's planning strategies prioritize inclusive growth, reducing poverty, and conserving natural resources, reflecting the principles of the Brundtland Report.

Question 24:

Discuss the role of regional planning in achieving balanced regional development in India. Provide examples of any two government schemes supporting this objective.

Answer:

Regional planning plays a crucial role in reducing regional disparities and promoting balanced development across India. It ensures equitable distribution of resources, infrastructure, and opportunities to underdeveloped areas.

Two key government schemes supporting this objective are:

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Connects rural areas with all-weather roads, improving accessibility and economic opportunities.
Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF): Provides financial assistance to backward districts for infrastructure and social development.

Regional planning also involves identifying potential growth centers, such as Special Economic Zones (SEZs), to attract investments and generate employment. By addressing regional imbalances, India can achieve holistic and sustainable growth.

Question 25:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context with reference to the Brundtland Commission Report. How does it address the challenges of economic growth and environmental conservation?

Answer:

In the Indian context, sustainable development is crucial due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth. Key challenges include:

Resource depletion: Overexploitation of natural resources like water, forests, and minerals.
Pollution: Industrial and vehicular emissions degrading air and water quality.
Poverty and inequality: Ensuring equitable access to resources for all sections of society.

India addresses these challenges through policies like the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and initiatives such as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and renewable energy projects. The focus is on inclusive growth, where economic progress does not come at the cost of environmental degradation.

Question 26:

Discuss the role of regional planning in achieving balanced regional development in India. Provide examples of any two government schemes that promote this objective.

Answer:

Regional planning is a strategic approach to ensure balanced development across different regions by addressing disparities in infrastructure, resources, and opportunities. In India, regional planning aims to reduce inequalities between developed and underdeveloped areas.

Key roles of regional planning include:

Resource allocation: Directing investments to backward regions to boost their growth.
Infrastructure development: Improving connectivity, healthcare, and education in rural and remote areas.
Employment generation: Creating job opportunities through industrial and agricultural projects.

Two government schemes promoting balanced regional development are:

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to rural areas, enhancing accessibility and economic opportunities.
Special Category Status: States like Uttarakhand and Northeastern states receive additional funds and incentives to accelerate their development.

These initiatives ensure that no region is left behind in India's growth story, fostering inclusive and sustainable progress.

Question 27:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context with reference to the Brundtland Report. Discuss any two strategies adopted by India to achieve sustainable development goals.

Answer:

The concept of sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This idea was popularized by the Brundtland Report (1987), which emphasized balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

In the Indian context, sustainable development is crucial due to challenges like rapid urbanization, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. India has adopted several strategies to achieve sustainable development goals:

Integrated Rural Development Programs (IRDP): These programs focus on improving livelihoods in rural areas through sustainable agriculture, afforestation, and watershed management. For example, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) promotes eco-friendly infrastructure creation.
Renewable Energy Initiatives: India has set ambitious targets for solar and wind energy under the National Solar Mission to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and curb carbon emissions.

These strategies align with global frameworks like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ensuring a holistic approach to development.

Question 28:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context with reference to the Brundtland Commission Report. Discuss any two strategies adopted in India to achieve sustainable development.

Answer:

The concept of sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This idea was popularized by the Brundtland Commission Report (1987), which emphasized balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

In the Indian context, sustainable development is crucial due to challenges like population growth, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. India has adopted several strategies to promote sustainability:

Integrated Rural Development Programs (IRDP): These programs focus on improving livelihoods in rural areas through sustainable agriculture, afforestation, and watershed management. For example, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) ensures employment while creating sustainable infrastructure like water conservation projects.
Renewable Energy Initiatives: India has invested heavily in solar and wind energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The National Solar Mission aims to achieve 100 GW of solar power capacity by 2022, reducing carbon emissions and promoting clean energy.

These strategies align with the principles of the Brundtland Report by ensuring long-term ecological balance while addressing poverty and development needs.

Question 29:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context, highlighting its significance and challenges. Support your answer with relevant examples.

Answer:

Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the Indian context, it involves balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

Significance:
1. Resource conservation: India faces challenges like water scarcity and deforestation. Sustainable practices like rainwater harvesting and afforestation ensure long-term resource availability.
2. Poverty alleviation: Programs like MNREGA promote livelihood opportunities while ensuring environmental sustainability.
3. Climate resilience: Initiatives like solar energy adoption reduce carbon emissions and dependency on fossil fuels.

Challenges:
1. Population pressure: High population strains resources, making sustainable practices harder to implement.
2. Industrial growth vs. environment: Rapid industrialization often leads to pollution, as seen in the Yamuna river pollution case.
3. Policy implementation: Lack of awareness and weak enforcement hinder progress, e.g., plastic ban inefficiencies.

Examples:

The Green India Mission focuses on increasing forest cover.
Smart Cities Mission integrates sustainability in urban planning.

Thus, sustainable development in India is crucial for inclusive and long-term progress, though challenges remain.

Question 30:

Explain the concept of sustainable development in the Indian context, highlighting its importance and challenges. Support your answer with suitable examples.

Answer:

Importance:

Resource conservation: India faces scarcity of resources like water, forests, and minerals. Sustainable practices ensure their availability for future generations.
Poverty alleviation: Programs like MNREGA promote livelihood security while conserving natural resources.
Climate change mitigation: Initiatives like solar energy adoption reduce carbon footprints.

Challenges:

Population pressure: High demand for resources leads to overexploitation (e.g., groundwater depletion in Punjab).
Industrial pollution: Rapid industrialization (e.g., Yamuna River pollution) harms ecosystems.
Policy implementation: Weak enforcement of environmental laws (e.g., deforestation in the Western Ghats).

Examples:

Indira Gandhi Canal Project improved agriculture but caused waterlogging due to poor planning.
Green India Mission focuses on afforestation to restore ecological balance.

Thus, sustainable development in India requires integrated planning, public awareness, and strict policy measures.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:

Analyze how GIS-based land-use planning can address urban sprawl in Mumbai. Refer to Köppen climate classification (Am) and Mumbai's sustainable development goals.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Mumbai's Am (tropical monsoon) climate intensifies flooding due to unplanned urbanization. Our textbook shows GIS maps highlight encroached wetlands and congestion hotspots.

Theoretical Application

GIS layers overlay land-use with flood-risk zones
Prioritizes green corridors in development plans

Critical Evaluation

Feature	Current State	GIS Solution
Wetland Cover	12% lost (2011-21)	Buffer zone mapping
FAR Compliance	38% violations	3D zoning models
Transport Nodes	78% overloaded	Accessibility analysis
Slum Density	62% of population	Resettlement suitability
Stormwater Drainage	43% clogged	Watershed modeling

Question 2:

Compare Indira Gandhi Canal and Telangana's Mission Kakatiya as models of sustainable water resource management. Use Köppen BSh climate data.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Both projects address water scarcity in BSh (semi-arid) regions. Our NCERT case studies show contrasting approaches - canal irrigation vs. tank revival.

Theoretical Application

Indira Gandhi Canal: Large-scale transfer
Mission Kakatiya: Community-based recharge

Critical Evaluation

Parameter	Indira Gandhi Canal	Mission Kakatiya
Water Source	Himalayan rivers	Local rainfall
Scale	2.5M hectares	46,531 tanks
Energy Use	High (pumping)	Low (gravity)
Salinization Risk	High (27% area)	Negligible
Community Role	Limited	Central (WUAs)

Question 3:

Evaluate Bhutan's Gross National Happiness model for applicability in Himalayan states of India. Consider Köppen Cwb climate and GIS slope stability data.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Himalayan states share Cwb (temperate) climate and fragility with Bhutan. GIS reveals 42% of Uttarakhand has >30° slopes needing protection.

Theoretical Application

GNH's four pillars align with watershed management
Cultural preservation vs. hydropower needs

Critical Evaluation

Indicator	Bhutan	Indian Himalayas
Forest Cover	72%	66% (declining)
Carbon Negative	Yes	No (Uttarakhand +2.3t/capita)
Tourism Pressure	Regulated	Unplanned (Rishikesh +18%/yr)
Landslide Risk	Low (GIS data)	High (12,000 vulnerable sites)
Cultural Integration	Constitutional	Panchayati Raj limited

Question 4:

Assess Delhi Metro's Phase IV expansion using transit-oriented development principles. Incorporate Köppen Cwa climate challenges and GIS commuter density maps.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Delhi's Cwa (humid subtropical) climate demands heat-resilient stations. GIS shows 73% commuters walk >1km to stations.

Theoretical Application

Mixed-use zoning near stations
Pedestrian cooling corridors

Critical Evaluation

TOD Component	Current Status	Phase IV Target
Last-mile Connectivity	12% coverage	90% (500m radius)
FAR Incentives	1.5-3.5	4.0 near stations
Green Spaces	0.8m²/user	2.5m² (cooling)
Rainwater Harvesting	4 stations	All 65 stations
Disaster Shelters	None	Dual-purpose design

Question 5:

Analyze how GIS-based land-use planning can address urban sprawl in Bengaluru. Refer to Köppen Aw climate and sustainable transport.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Bengaluru faces rapid urban sprawl due to unchecked growth. Our textbook shows GIS helps identify encroachments on green belts and water bodies.

Theoretical Application

GIS layers reveal 32% loss of lakes since 2000
Metro alignment optimized using slope analysis

Critical Evaluation

Feature	Before GIS	After GIS
Public Transport Coverage	40%	68%
Tree Canopy	18%	26%
Water Bodies	285	189
Footpaths	120km	320km
Air Quality Index	156	132

Question 6:

Compare watershed management in Rajasthan (Köppen BWh) and Kerala (Köppen Am) using SDG 6 indicators.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

We studied how Rajasthan's johads and Kerala's check dams address water scarcity differently due to climate.

Theoretical Application

Rajasthan increased groundwater by 4.2m using traditional systems
Kerala reduced soil erosion by 37% with contour bunding

Critical Evaluation

Indicator	Rajasthan	Kerala
Water Availability (lpcd)	45	135
Recharge Rate	12%	28%
Irrigation Efficiency	58%	82%
Drought Frequency	3/5yrs	1/10yrs
Community Participation	92%	64%

Question 7:

Evaluate solar city initiatives in Gandhinagar using GIS heat maps and renewable energy targets.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Gandhinagar's solar rooftop policy shows how GIS identifies high-potential zones. Our textbook mentions 78MW capacity target by 2025.

Theoretical Application

GIS identified 62% govt buildings suitable for installations
Reduced grid dependence by 31% since 2018

Critical Evaluation

Parameter	2015	2023
Solar Generation (MU)	42	178
CO2 Reduction (tons)	3,200	14,500
Household Coverage	8%	39%
Peak Demand Gap	18%	7%
Investment (Cr)	120	680

Question 8:

Assess industrial corridor planning for Delhi-Mumbai using environmental impact matrices and Köppen Cwg climate adaptation.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

The DMIC project crosses 4 agro-climatic zones. We studied how greenfield cities integrate climate-responsive design.

Theoretical Application

27% route alignment changed to avoid critical habitats
Cool roof mandates for all factories

Critical Evaluation

Factor	Conventional	DMIC
Water Recycling	15%	83%
Green Cover	12%	34%
Energy Intensity	0.8kWh/unit	0.4kWh/unit
Heat Island Effect	4.2°C	1.8°C
Displacement	42 villages	9 villages

Question 9:

Analyze how GIS-based planning aids in sustainable development of drought-prone regions like Rajasthan. Refer to Köppen climate classification (BWh) and current water conservation projects.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Rajasthan's BWh climate (hot desert) makes water scarcity critical. GIS maps groundwater levels, rainfall patterns, and soil moisture.

Theoretical Application

GIS identifies zones for Johads (traditional tanks) revival
Overlays data on aquifer recharge sites

Critical Evaluation

Feature	GIS Advantage
Rainfall tracking	Predicts drought cycles
Land use	Prevents over-cultivation
Topography	Optimizes watersheds
Population density	Targets water distribution
Infrastructure	Plans pipelines

Question 10:

Compare sustainable urban planning strategies for Chennai (Aw Köppen) and Delhi (Cwa) using green infrastructure examples. Highlight GIS applications in flood mitigation.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Chennai's Aw (tropical wet-dry) faces cyclones, while Delhi's Cwa (humid subtropical) has monsoon floods.

Theoretical Application

Chennai: Rain gardens at IT corridors
Delhi: Permeable pavements in CP

Critical Evaluation

City	GIS Use	Example
Chennai	Stormwater drain mapping	2015 flood analysis
Delhi	Waterlogging hotspots	NDMC sensors
Both	Land use zoning	Buffer wetlands
-	3D terrain models	Elevation studies
-	Real-time alerts	IMD integration

Question 11:

Evaluate the role of solar energy parks in Gujarat's sustainable development under Köppen BSh climate. Discuss GIS in optimizing transmission networks.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Gujarat's BSh (semi-arid) has 300+ sunny days. Our textbook shows Charanka Park generates 790MW.

Theoretical Application

GIS analyzes irradiance maps
Minimizes farmland conversion

Critical Evaluation

Parameter	GIS Input
Grid connectivity	Substation locations
Land cost	Wasteland databases
Demand centers	Industrial clusters
Ecological impact	Wildlife corridors
Maintenance	Dust storm tracking

Question 12:

Assess how watershed management in Maharashtra's Amravati (Cwg Köppen) combats agrarian distress. Use GIS data layers with 5+ parameters.

Answer:

Case Deconstruction

Amravati's Cwg (monsoon with dry winter) sees erratic rainfall. We studied the Jalyukt Shivar project deepening 11,000 wells.

Theoretical Application

GIS prioritizes villages via drought indices
Calculates check-dam spacing

Critical Evaluation

Data Layer	Purpose
Slope	Runoff control
Soil type	Water retention
Crop patterns	Demand estimation
Groundwater	Recharge sites
Forest cover	Erosion buffers

Question 13:

Read the following case study and answer the question that follows:

The government of India has launched the Smart Cities Mission to promote sustainable urban development. One of the selected cities, Bhubaneswar, aims to integrate technology and eco-friendly practices to improve infrastructure and quality of life. However, challenges like urban sprawl, resource depletion, and social inequality persist.

Q. Explain how the Smart Cities Mission aligns with the principles of sustainable development in the Indian context. (4 marks)

Answer:

The Smart Cities Mission aligns with sustainable development by addressing economic, social, and environmental aspects:

Economic: Promotes green infrastructure and e-governance, reducing long-term costs and boosting efficiency.
Social: Enhances quality of life through better healthcare, education, and public transport, reducing inequalities.
Environmental: Focuses on renewable energy, waste management, and water conservation to minimize ecological footprints.

For example, Bhubaneswar's plan includes solar-powered streetlights and rainwater harvesting, ensuring resource sustainability while fostering inclusive growth.

Question 14:

Analyze the given case study and answer the question:

The Indira Gandhi Canal Project in Rajasthan transformed barren lands into agriculturally productive areas but led to waterlogging and soil salinity due to excessive irrigation. Farmers now face declining crop yields despite initial benefits.

Q. Suggest two sustainable strategies to address the issues caused by the Indira Gandhi Canal Project, ensuring long-term agricultural productivity. (4 marks)

Answer:

To mitigate waterlogging and soil salinity, the following sustainable strategies can be adopted:

Drip Irrigation: Replaces flood irrigation to deliver water directly to plant roots, reducing wastage and preventing waterlogging.
Afforestation: Planting trees like eucalyptus along canal banks absorbs excess groundwater, combating soil salinity.

Additionally, promoting crop rotation with salt-tolerant varieties (e.g., barley) can restore soil health. These measures align with the sustainable development goal of responsible land use.

Question 15:

The government of India has launched the Smart Cities Mission to promote sustainable urban development. Analyze how this mission addresses the challenges of urban sprawl and environmental degradation in Indian cities.

Answer:

The Smart Cities Mission aims to tackle urban sprawl and environmental degradation through integrated planning and technology-driven solutions.

1. Compact City Model: The mission promotes high-density, mixed-use development to reduce urban sprawl by optimizing land use and minimizing unnecessary expansion.
2. Green Infrastructure: It emphasizes the creation of parks, green belts, and rooftop gardens to combat environmental degradation and improve air quality.
3. Public Transport: Enhanced metro systems, cycle tracks, and pedestrian-friendly pathways reduce dependency on private vehicles, lowering pollution levels.
4. Waste Management: Smart waste disposal systems and recycling initiatives ensure efficient handling of urban waste, reducing landfill pressure.
5. Renewable Energy: Solar panels and energy-efficient buildings are encouraged to minimize carbon footprints.

By addressing these challenges, the mission ensures sustainable urban growth while improving the quality of life for residents.

Question 16:

A rural village in Rajasthan faces severe water scarcity due to erratic rainfall and over-exploitation of groundwater. Suggest a sustainable development plan using the watershed management approach to address this issue.

Answer:

To combat water scarcity in the village, a watershed management plan can be implemented with the following steps:

1. Rainwater Harvesting: Construct check dams, percolation pits, and rooftop harvesting systems to capture and store rainwater.
2. Afforestation: Plant native trees and shrubs to improve groundwater recharge and prevent soil erosion.
3. Community Participation: Involve local farmers and residents in maintaining water conservation structures and adopting water-efficient practices.
4. Crop Diversification: Promote drought-resistant crops like millets and pulses to reduce water demand.
5. Groundwater Regulation: Implement strict policies to prevent over-extraction of groundwater through borewells.

This approach ensures long-term water availability, enhances agricultural productivity, and sustains the village's ecosystem.

Question 17:

A small village in Rajasthan is facing severe water scarcity due to erratic rainfall and over-extraction of groundwater. The villagers rely on agriculture for their livelihood. Suggest a sustainable development plan to address this issue, considering the principles of watershed management and community participation.

Answer:

To address the water scarcity in the village, a sustainable development plan can be implemented with the following steps:

Watershed Management: Construct check dams and percolation tanks to recharge groundwater and reduce runoff. Plant native trees to improve soil moisture retention.
Community Participation: Involve villagers in planning and maintaining water conservation structures. Conduct awareness programs on water-efficient farming techniques like drip irrigation.
Crop Diversification: Encourage cultivation of drought-resistant crops such as millets and pulses to reduce water dependency.
Rainwater Harvesting: Promote rooftop rainwater harvesting in households and community buildings to store rainwater for domestic and agricultural use.

This plan ensures long-term sustainability by combining ecological balance with local involvement.

Question 18:

An industrial town in Maharashtra is experiencing rapid urbanization, leading to air and water pollution. The local government wants to implement a sustainable urban development strategy. Outline the key measures they should adopt, focusing on green infrastructure and pollution control.

Answer:

The sustainable urban development strategy for the industrial town should include:

Green Infrastructure: Develop urban green spaces like parks and vertical gardens to improve air quality. Plant trees along roadsides to act as natural air filters.
Pollution Control: Enforce strict regulations on industrial emissions and wastewater discharge. Promote the use of cleaner technologies and renewable energy sources like solar power.
Public Transport: Expand electric public transport systems to reduce vehicular emissions. Introduce cycling lanes to encourage non-motorized transport.
Waste Management: Implement segregation and recycling programs for solid waste. Set up composting units for organic waste to reduce landfill dependency.

These measures will ensure a healthier environment while supporting economic growth.

Question 19:

A case study highlights the implementation of watershed management in a drought-prone region of Rajasthan. Analyze how this approach promotes sustainable development by addressing both ecological and socio-economic challenges.

Answer:

Watershed management in Rajasthan's drought-prone regions ensures sustainable development through a holistic approach.

Ecological benefits: It enhances groundwater recharge, reduces soil erosion, and improves vegetation cover by constructing check dams, percolation tanks, and afforestation.

Socio-economic benefits: It provides livelihood opportunities through agriculture and animal husbandry, reduces migration, and ensures water availability for drinking and irrigation.

Community participation ensures long-term success, aligning with the principles of equitable resource distribution and environmental conservation.

Question 20:

A city in India is facing rapid urbanization, leading to environmental degradation and resource depletion. Evaluate the role of urban planning in achieving sustainable development by suggesting measures to balance growth and conservation.

Answer:

Urban planning plays a crucial role in mitigating the negative impacts of rapid urbanization.

Measures include:

Implementing green building norms to reduce energy consumption.
Developing public transport systems to minimize pollution.
Creating green spaces and urban forests to improve air quality.
Promoting rainwater harvesting and waste recycling to conserve resources.

These steps ensure balanced growth by integrating economic development with environmental sustainability, making cities livable for future generations.

Question 21:

A remote village in Odisha faces frequent droughts and lacks access to clean water. The government plans to implement a watershed management project. Analyze how this initiative aligns with the principles of sustainable development and its potential benefits for the village.

Answer:

The watershed management project aligns with sustainable development by addressing environmental, economic, and social needs without compromising future resources. Here's how:

Environmental Benefits: Prevents soil erosion, recharges groundwater, and improves vegetation cover.
Economic Benefits: Enhances agricultural productivity, ensuring food security and livelihood stability.
Social Benefits: Provides clean drinking water, reduces migration, and empowers local communities through participation.

For the village, this means long-term resilience against droughts, improved health, and sustainable growth.

Question 22:

A city in Rajasthan is experiencing rapid urbanization, leading to groundwater depletion and increased pollution. The authorities propose a smart city mission with focus on rainwater harvesting and waste management. Evaluate how these measures can promote sustainable urban development in the region.

Answer:

The smart city mission measures promote sustainable urban development by integrating technology and eco-friendly practices:

Rainwater Harvesting: Replenishes groundwater levels, reduces dependency on external water sources, and mitigates water scarcity.
Waste Management: Minimizes pollution through recycling and proper disposal, improving public health and reducing landfill pressure.

These steps ensure resource efficiency, reduce environmental degradation, and enhance the city's livability for future generations.

Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

Overview of the Chapter

Meaning and Need for Planning

Types of Planning

Sustainable Development

Case Studies

Challenges in Planning and Sustainable Development

Conclusion

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)