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The Sermon at Benares – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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The Sermon at Benares

Study Materials

10th

10th - English (First Flight)

The Sermon at Benares

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Overview of the Chapter

The chapter The Sermon at Benares is a part of the CBSE Grade 10 English textbook First Flight. It narrates the story of Gautama Buddha's enlightenment and his first sermon at Benares (Varanasi), which laid the foundation of Buddhism. The chapter highlights Buddha's teachings on suffering, the cycle of life and death, and the path to liberation.

Key Theme: The central theme revolves around Buddha's realization of human suffering and his teachings on overcoming it through detachment and self-awareness.

Summary of the Chapter

The chapter begins with the early life of Siddhartha Gautama, a prince who was shielded from the harsh realities of life. Upon witnessing sickness, old age, and death, he renounced his royal life in search of truth. After years of meditation, he attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and became the Buddha.

Buddha delivered his first sermon at Benares, where he explained the Four Noble Truths:

  • The truth of suffering (Dukkha)
  • The truth of the cause of suffering (Samudaya)
  • The truth of the end of suffering (Nirodha)
  • The truth of the path leading to the end of suffering (Magga)

He emphasized that human life is filled with pain and suffering, which arise from desires and attachments. The only way to end suffering is to overcome these desires by following the Eightfold Path, which includes right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

Significance of the Sermon

The sermon at Benares marks the beginning of Buddha's mission to spread his teachings. It provides a philosophical foundation for Buddhism, focusing on compassion, non-violence, and the pursuit of inner peace.

Moral Lesson: The chapter teaches that suffering is universal, but one can attain peace by following the Middle Path—avoiding extremes and practicing mindfulness.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Who delivered The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:

Gautama Buddha delivered the sermon.

Question 2:
What was the main teaching of The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:

Acceptance of suffering and death as part of life.

Question 3:
Why did Kisa Gotami approach Buddha?
Answer:

To revive her dead son.

Question 4:
What did Buddha ask Kisa Gotami to bring?
Answer:

A handful of mustard seeds.

Question 5:
What condition did Buddha set for Kisa Gotami?
Answer:

Seeds from a house untouched by death.

Question 6:
What realization did Kisa Gotami have?
Answer:

Death is universal and inevitable.

Question 7:
Where did Buddha give his first sermon?
Answer:

At Benares (Varanasi).

Question 8:
What is the central theme of The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:

The impermanence of life.

Question 9:
How did Buddha explain human suffering?
Answer:

As a natural part of life.

Question 10:
What lesson did Kisa Gotami learn?
Answer:

One must accept loss with peace.

Question 11:
What does The Sermon at Benares emphasize?
Answer:

The importance of detachment.

Question 12:
What did Buddha compare life to?
Answer:

A flickering flame.

Question 13:
Why is the sermon significant?
Answer:

It teaches the path to enlightenment.

Question 14:
What did Kisa Gotami finally understand?
Answer:

Death spares no one.

Question 15:
What was the original name of Gautama Buddha before enlightenment?
Answer:

His original name was Prince Siddhartha Gautama, born in Lumbini (modern-day Nepal).

Question 16:
Why did Kisa Gotami go to Buddha?
Answer:

Kisa Gotami went to Buddha seeking medicine to revive her dead son, hoping to end her grief.

Question 17:
What lesson did Buddha teach Kisa Gotami through the mustard seeds?
Answer:

Buddha taught her that death is universal—no household is free from it, helping her accept her son's death.

Question 18:
How did Buddha explain the concept of 'death' to Kisa Gotami?
Answer:

He asked her to fetch mustard seeds from a house untouched by death, proving that all lives are mortal.

Question 19:
What change occurred in Kisa Gotami after Buddha's sermon?
Answer:

She became a disciple of Buddha, understanding that grief is self-made and can be overcome.

Question 20:
Why is Benares considered sacred in Buddhism?
Answer:

Benares is sacred as Buddha chose it for his first sermon, spreading the Dharma (universal truth).

Question 21:
What does Buddha compare human life to in the sermon?
Answer:

He compares it to a fragile vessel or a dewdrop, highlighting its temporary nature.

Question 22:
How did Buddha describe the state of a wise person in the sermon?
Answer:

A wise person does not lament, accepts truth, and remains calm amid life's ups and downs.

Question 23:
What is the significance of the 'middle path' in Buddha's teachings?
Answer:

The middle path avoids extremes—neither indulgence nor austerity—leading to balance and enlightenment.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
What did Gautama Buddha see when he ventured out into the world for the first time?
Answer:

Gautama Buddha saw four sights: an old man, a sick man, a dead body, and a monk. These sights made him realize the suffering in human life.

Question 2:
Why did Kisa Gotami go from house to house with her dead son?
Answer:

Kisa Gotami was in denial and grief. She hoped to find medicine or a way to revive her dead son, believing someone could help her.

Question 3:
What lesson did Kisa Gotami learn from the mustard seed incident?
Answer:

She learned that death is universal and no one escapes it. The Buddha taught her that grief is part of life, and one must accept it.

Question 4:
How did Gautama Buddha attain enlightenment?
Answer:

After years of meditation under a peepal tree, he realized the truth of life—suffering, its cause, and the path to end it. This wisdom made him the Buddha.

Question 5:
What was the reaction of Kisa Gotami when she couldn’t find a house untouched by death?
Answer:

She felt helpless and exhausted, realizing that death spares no one. This led her to accept the truth and seek Buddha’s teachings.

Question 6:
Why did Gautama Buddha leave his palace?
Answer:

He left to seek answers to human suffering after witnessing the four sights—old age, sickness, death, and a monk seeking salvation.

Question 7:
What is the central message of The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:

The sermon teaches that life is full of suffering, and one must overcome attachment to achieve peace. Death is inevitable, and wisdom lies in acceptance.

Question 8:
How did Buddha explain the concept of grief to Kisa Gotami?
Answer:

He compared human life to earthen vessels that break eventually. Just as no vessel lasts forever, no life is free from death, so grief is natural.

Question 9:
What did Buddha say about the fate of mortals?
Answer:

He said mortals are like ripened fruits—destined to fall. Death is certain for all, and clinging to life only deepens sorrow.

Question 10:
Why did Kisa Gotami become a disciple of Buddha?
Answer:

After understanding the universality of death, she embraced his teachings to find inner peace and freedom from suffering.

Question 11:
What role does the peepal tree play in Buddha’s life?
Answer:

It is where Buddha meditated and attained enlightenment. The tree symbolizes wisdom and the path to liberation from worldly pain.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
What is the central message conveyed by Buddha in The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:

The central message of The Sermon at Benares is that human life is full of suffering and one must accept this truth to attain peace. Buddha teaches that death and sorrow are inevitable, and clinging to worldly desires only deepens pain.

He emphasizes the Middle Path—avoiding extremes—to achieve enlightenment. By understanding the universal law of impermanence, one can overcome grief and attain spiritual liberation.

Question 2:
How does Buddha explain the concept of impermanence in the sermon?
Answer:

Buddha explains impermanence as the natural law that everything in life—joy, sorrow, life, and death—is temporary.

He compares human life to ripe fruits or earthen vessels, which are bound to perish. Attachment to fleeting things leads to suffering, while accepting change brings wisdom. This teaching helps followers detach from materialism and focus on spiritual growth.

Question 3:
Why does Buddha compare human life to ripe fruits in his sermon?
Answer:

Buddha uses the simile of ripe fruits to illustrate the fragility and inevitability of death. Just as fruits fall from trees when ripe, humans must eventually die.

This comparison highlights the universal truth of mortality, urging people to accept loss calmly. It reinforces his teaching that resisting this truth only multiplies suffering.

Question 4:
Describe the Middle Path as taught by Buddha in the chapter.
Answer:

The Middle Path is Buddha's philosophy of balanced living, avoiding extremes like indulgence or severe austerity.

  • It promotes moderation in desires.
  • Encourages self-discipline without self-torture.
  • Leads to enlightenment by freeing the mind from attachments.
This path helps followers achieve inner peace and wisdom, as exemplified in the sermon.

Question 5:
How does Buddha’s sermon help a grieving person?
Answer:

Buddha’s sermon teaches that grief stems from attachment and that accepting life’s impermanence is key to healing.

By realizing that death is universal, one can channel sorrow into spiritual growth. The sermon offers solace by framing loss as part of a larger, natural cycle, reducing personal anguish through wisdom.

Question 6:
What lesson does Kisa Gotami learn from Buddha’s teachings?
Answer:

Kisa Gotami learns that death is inevitable and mourning alone cannot revive the dead. Buddha guides her to understand that all humans face loss, and peace comes from acceptance.

Her journey from despair to enlightenment exemplifies the sermon’s core message: liberation from suffering requires wisdom and detachment.

Question 7:
How does Gautama Buddha explain the concept of human suffering in The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:

In The Sermon at Benares, Gautama Buddha explains that human suffering is an inevitable part of life. He compares life to an earthen vessel that eventually breaks, emphasizing that death and sorrow are universal.
He teaches that attachment to worldly things leads to pain, and the only way to overcome suffering is by accepting the truth of impermanence.

Question 8:
What lesson does Kisa Gotami learn after her journey to find a cure for her dead son?
Answer:

Kisa Gotami learns that death is unavoidable and common to all. After failing to find a mustard seed from a house untouched by death, she realizes that grief is universal.
This teaches her the Buddhist principle of detachment and acceptance, helping her overcome sorrow.

Question 9:
Why does Gautama Buddha compare human life to ripe fruits and earthen vessels?
Answer:

Gautama Buddha uses these comparisons to highlight the impermanence of life.
Just as ripe fruits fall and earthen vessels break, human life is temporary.
This analogy reinforces his teaching that suffering arises from clinging to transient things.

Question 10:
How does the story of Kisa Gotami illustrate the universality of death?
Answer:

The story shows that no household is free from death, as Kisa Gotami fails to find a home untouched by loss.
This proves that death is a natural and universal truth, teaching her (and readers) to accept it rather than grieve endlessly.

Question 11:
What is the significance of the mustard seed in The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:

The mustard seed symbolizes hope and realization. Kisa Gotami is asked to find one from a house where no death has occurred, which becomes impossible.
This helps her understand that death is inevitable, leading to her spiritual awakening.

Question 12:
How does Buddha suggest one can attain peace amidst suffering?
Answer:

Buddha advises detachment from worldly desires and acceptance of life's impermanence.
By understanding that sorrow stems from attachment, one can cultivate inner peace through wisdom and compassion.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
How does Buddha's sermon in 'The Sermon at Benares' teach the universality of suffering?
Answer:
Introduction

In 'The Sermon at Benares,' Buddha explains that suffering is inevitable for all humans. Our textbook shows his teachings through Kisa Gotami's story.


Argument 1
  • Buddha states death and grief are part of life, as seen when Kisa loses her son.
  • He compares human life to mortal vessels, emphasizing impermanence.

Argument 2

Kisa's realization that all households experience loss proves suffering is universal. Buddha's message aligns with NCERT's theme of acceptance.


Conclusion

Thus, the sermon teaches that suffering binds humanity, urging wisdom over sorrow.

Question 2:
Explain how Kisa Gotami's journey reflects the Buddhist path to enlightenment.
Answer:
Introduction

Kisa Gotami's search for a cure mirrors the Buddhist journey from ignorance to wisdom, as studied in our chapter.


Argument 1
  • Her initial denial of death shows attachment, a cause of suffering.
  • Buddha guides her to see truth, like NCERT's example of mustard seeds.

Argument 2

She learns impermanence by finding every family had lost someone, aligning with Buddha's teachings.


Conclusion

Her transformation reflects enlightenment—accepting life's truths to end grief.

Question 3:
Analyze the significance of Buddha's comparison of life to 'ripe fruits' and 'earthen vessels.'
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha uses metaphors like 'ripe fruits' and 'earthen vessels' to explain life's fragility, as highlighted in NCERT.


Argument 1
  • 'Ripe fruits' symbolize inevitable death, just as fruits fall when ripe.
  • Our textbook notes this clarifies natural laws.

Argument 2

'Earthen vessels' breaking signifies human mortality, teaching detachment, like Kisa's lesson.


Conclusion

These comparisons simplify profound truths, helping followers embrace impermanence.

Question 4:
Why does Buddha emphasize detachment in 'The Sermon at Benares'? Provide examples.
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha stresses detachment to overcome suffering, as shown in Kisa Gotami's story.


Argument 1
  • He explains clinging to loved ones causes pain, like Kisa's grief for her son.
  • NCERT cites this as a core Buddhist principle.

Argument 2

His mustard-seed test proves no one escapes loss, urging acceptance.


Conclusion

Detachment, thus, frees one from endless sorrow, a key sermon message.

Question 5:
How does Kisa Gotami's transformation illustrate the theme of wisdom through suffering?
Answer:
Introduction

Kisa's shift from despair to understanding depicts wisdom born from suffering, a chapter focus.


Argument 1
  • Her futile search for a cure mirrors human denial, per NCERT.
  • Buddha's lesson on universal death opens her eyes.

Argument 2

She becomes a disciple, showing how suffering can lead to enlightenment.


Conclusion

Her arc proves suffering, when accepted, becomes a teacher.

Question 6:
Discuss the role of parables in conveying Buddha's teachings in the sermon.
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha uses parables like Kisa's story to simplify complex truths, as we studied.


Argument 1
  • The mustard-seed parable makes impermanence relatable, per NCERT.
  • It visually proves no household is free from death.

Argument 2

Comparisons like 'earthen vessels' turn abstract ideas into tangible lessons.


Conclusion

Thus, parables are vital tools for Buddha's teachings on suffering.

Question 7:
How does Gautama Buddha explain the universality of suffering in The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:
Introduction

In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha teaches that suffering is universal. Our textbook shows he uses the example of Kisa Gotami to explain this.


Argument 1
  • Buddha says life is full of sorrow, like aging, sickness, and death.
  • He compares human life to an earthen pot that breaks eventually.

Argument 2

Kisa Gotami’s grief for her dead son makes her realize no household is free from loss. This proves suffering is unavoidable.


Conclusion

Buddha’s message is clear: suffering is part of life, and we must accept it.

Question 8:
Describe the transformation of Kisa Gotami after meeting Buddha.
Answer:
Introduction

Kisa Gotami’s journey from grief to wisdom is central to the lesson. We studied how Buddha helps her understand truth.


Argument 1
  • Initially, she is desperate and refuses to accept her son’s death.
  • Buddha asks her to find mustard seeds from a house untouched by death.

Argument 2

When she fails, she realizes death is universal. Our textbook highlights this as her moment of enlightenment.


Conclusion

Kisa Gotami transforms from sorrow to understanding the cycle of life and death.

Question 9:
What is the significance of Buddha’s comparison of life to a flame in the sermon?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha uses metaphors like a flame to explain life’s impermanence. Our textbook shows this is a key teaching.


Argument 1
  • A flame flickers and dies, just like human life is temporary.
  • It symbolizes how worldly attachments lead to suffering.

Argument 2

Buddha says clinging to life is like holding a flame—it burns. This helps Kisa Gotami accept loss.


Conclusion

The flame metaphor teaches detachment and the inevitability of change.

Question 10:
How does The Sermon at Benares highlight the importance of wisdom over sorrow?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha’s sermon teaches that wisdom, not grief, brings peace. Our textbook emphasizes this lesson through Kisa Gotami.


Argument 1
  • Kisa’s sorrow blinds her until she seeks mustard seeds.
  • Buddha shows her that wisdom comes from accepting truth.

Argument 2

The sermon explains that crying cannot revive the dead, but understanding life’s nature brings solace.


Conclusion

Buddha’s message is clear: wisdom, not mourning, frees us from suffering.

Question 11:
Explain the role of Buddha as a compassionate teacher in The Sermon at Benares.
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha’s compassion is evident in how he guides Kisa Gotami. Our textbook shows his patience and wisdom.


Argument 1
  • He doesn’t scold her but lets her learn through experience.
  • His method of teaching is practical, not preachy.

Argument 2

By asking her to find mustard seeds, he helps her discover the truth herself. This shows his kindness.


Conclusion

Buddha’s compassion makes him a great teacher who heals through understanding.

Question 12:
Why is The Sermon at Benares considered a lesson on detachment?
Answer:
Introduction

The sermon teaches detachment as the path to peace. Our textbook uses Kisa Gotami’s story to illustrate this.


Argument 1
  • Buddha says attachment leads to suffering, as seen in Kisa’s grief.
  • He compares life to a flame, showing its fleeting nature.

Argument 2

Kisa learns that clinging to her son’s memory only deepens her pain. Letting go brings relief.


Conclusion

The sermon’s core message is that detachment from worldly ties leads to true freedom.

Question 13:
How does Gautama Buddha explain the universality of sorrow in The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:
Introduction

In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha teaches that sorrow is inevitable in human life. Our textbook shows his wisdom through Kisa Gotami's story.


Argument 1
  • Buddha states that death and grief are part of life, as seen when Kisa loses her son.

Argument 2
  • He compares human life to ripe fruits and earthen vessels, which must perish eventually.

Conclusion

Buddha's message is clear: accepting sorrow brings peace, as Kisa realizes.

Question 14:
Why does Buddha compare human life to earthen vessels and ripe fruits?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha uses simple analogies to teach deep truths about life. Our textbook highlights these comparisons.


Argument 1
  • Earthen vessels break easily, symbolizing how life is fragile and temporary.

Argument 2
  • Ripe fruits must fall, showing death is natural like the fruit's cycle.

Conclusion

These examples help Kisa Gotami understand impermanence.

Question 15:
Explain the significance of Buddha’s mustard seed test for Kisa Gotami.
Answer:
Introduction

The mustard seed test is a turning point in the story. We studied its symbolic meaning.


Argument 1
  • Buddha asks Kisa to find seeds from a house where no one has died, which is impossible.

Argument 2
  • This makes her realize death is universal, ending her denial.

Conclusion

The test teaches her to accept loss, leading to enlightenment.

Question 16:
How does The Sermon at Benares highlight the middle path of Buddhism?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha’s sermon emphasizes balance, not extreme grief or indulgence. Our textbook explains this as the middle path.


Argument 1
  • Kisa’s initial despair represents one extreme, while Buddha advocates calm acceptance.

Argument 2
  • He teaches that neither mourning nor ignoring sorrow brings peace.

Conclusion

The story shows how the middle path leads to wisdom.

Question 17:
What lesson does Kisa Gotami learn about attachment and suffering?
Answer:
Introduction

Kisa’s story teaches how attachment causes pain. Our textbook links this to Buddha’s core teachings.


Argument 1
  • Her refusal to accept her son’s death prolongs her suffering.

Argument 2
  • Buddha shows her that clinging to loved ones ignores life’s impermanence.

Conclusion

She learns detachment is key to ending sorrow, joining Buddha’s path.

Question 18:
How does Buddha's sermon in 'The Sermon at Benares' teach the universal truth of suffering? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Introduction

In 'The Sermon at Benares,' Buddha explains the inevitability of suffering as a part of life. Our textbook shows his teachings through the story of Kisa Gotami.


Argument 1
  • Buddha states that death and grief are unavoidable, as seen when Kisa loses her son.

Argument 2
  • He compares human life to ripe fruits and earthen pots, showing everything is temporary.

Conclusion

Buddha's message helps us accept suffering wisely, just as Kisa learned to let go.

Question 19:
Describe how Kisa Gotami's journey reflects the cycle of life and death in 'The Sermon at Benares.'
Answer:
Introduction

Kisa Gotami's search for a cure for her dead son symbolizes human denial of death. Our textbook highlights her realization through Buddha's guidance.


Argument 1
  • She visits many houses, but everyone has experienced loss, proving death is universal.

Argument 2
  • Buddha uses the mustard seed parable to show no family is untouched by death.

Conclusion

Kisa's journey teaches acceptance, aligning with Buddha's wisdom on impermanence.

Question 20:
Why does Buddha compare human life to ripe fruits and earthen vessels in his sermon? Explain with context.
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha uses simple analogies to explain deep truths about life's fragility in 'The Sermon at Benares.'


Argument 1
  • Ripe fruits fall unpredictably, just as humans die unexpectedly, as seen in Kisa's son's death.

Argument 2
  • Earthen pots break easily, symbolizing how life is temporary and vulnerable.

Conclusion

These comparisons help listeners visualize impermanence, a core lesson in Buddha's teachings.

Question 21:
How does 'The Sermon at Benares' illustrate the middle path of Buddhism? Support your answer with examples.
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha's sermon emphasizes balance, avoiding extremes of grief or denial. Our textbook shows this through Kisa Gotami's story.


Argument 1
  • Kisa initially clings to grief, but Buddha teaches her to accept loss without despair.

Argument 2
  • The mustard seed lesson avoids both ignorance and excessive mourning, promoting wisdom.

Conclusion

This reflects the middle path, a key Buddhist principle of moderation in all things.

Question 22:
Describe the transformation of Kisa Gotami in The Sermon at Benares.
Answer:
Introduction

Kisa Gotami’s journey from grief to wisdom is central to Buddha’s sermon. We studied her story in our textbook.


Argument 1
  • Initially, she is overwhelmed by sorrow after her son’s death.
  • She seeks a cure, believing mustard seeds can revive him.

Argument 2
  • Buddha makes her realize death is universal.
  • She accepts the truth, as shown in NCERT examples.

Conclusion

Her transformation teaches the importance of accepting life’s impermanence.

Question 23:
What is the significance of Buddha’s comparison of life to a vessel in The Sermon at Benares?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha uses simple analogies to explain deep truths. His comparison of life to a vessel is key.


Argument 1
  • He says life is fragile like an earthen pot, bound to break.
  • This symbolizes the inevitability of death, as in NCERT.

Argument 2
  • The analogy helps Kisa Gotami understand impermanence.
  • It applies universally, teaching detachment.

Conclusion

Thus, Buddha’s metaphor effectively conveys life’s transient nature.

Question 24:
How does The Sermon at Benares highlight the importance of wisdom over grief?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha’s sermon emphasizes wisdom as the remedy for grief. Our textbook illustrates this through Kisa Gotami.


Argument 1
  • Kisa’s grief blinds her until Buddha’s teachings awaken her.
  • She learns that mourning cannot alter reality.

Argument 2
  • Buddha’s lesson on universal suffering brings clarity.
  • NCERT examples show wisdom frees her from sorrow.

Conclusion

The sermon thus prioritizes understanding over futile grief.

Question 25:
What is the significance of Buddha’s comparison of life to ‘clay vessels’ in the sermon?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha uses the metaphor of clay vessels to explain life’s fragility. Our textbook highlights this as a key lesson.


Argument 1
  • Clay pots break easily, just as human life ends unexpectedly.
  • This reflects Kisa Gotami’s son’s sudden death.

Argument 2
  • Buddha stresses that all vessels shatter, just as all lives end.
  • This universal truth helps Kisa accept her loss.

Conclusion

The analogy teaches impermanence, a core idea in Buddha’s sermon.

Question 26:
How does The Sermon at Benares illustrate Buddha’s compassion?
Answer:
Introduction

Buddha’s compassion is evident in his gentle guidance of Kisa Gotami. We studied his patient teaching methods.


Argument 1
  • He doesn’t scold Kisa but lets her discover the truth herself.
  • His task of finding mustard seeds is a lesson, not punishment.

Argument 2
  • Buddha shares his own enlightenment to ease others’ suffering.
  • His sermon offers hope, as seen in Kisa’s eventual peace.

Conclusion

Buddha’s kindness and wisdom make his teachings timeless.

Question 27:
Explain the central message of The Sermon at Benares and how it reflects the teachings of the Buddha. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

The central message of The Sermon at Benares is the universal truth of suffering and the path to overcoming it, as taught by the Buddha. The sermon emphasizes that life is filled with pain and sorrow, but one can attain peace by understanding and accepting this truth.

In the sermon, the Buddha explains that death and suffering are inevitable, as seen in the story of Kisa Gotami, who loses her son and seeks a cure for his death. Through her journey, she realizes that no one can escape death, and this acceptance brings her solace. The Buddha teaches that grief is born from attachment, and liberation comes from letting go of worldly desires.

Key teachings include:

  • The Four Noble Truths: Life is suffering, suffering has a cause (desire), suffering can end, and the path to end suffering is the Eightfold Path.
  • The Middle Way: Avoiding extremes of indulgence and asceticism to achieve balance.

The sermon reflects the Buddha's wisdom by showing how self-realization and detachment lead to inner peace. For example, Kisa Gotami's transformation from despair to enlightenment mirrors the Buddha's own journey, reinforcing the idea that wisdom comes from personal experience and acceptance of life's truths.

Question 28:
How does the story of Kisa Gotami in The Sermon at Benares illustrate the Buddha's teachings on grief and acceptance? Discuss with reference to the text.
Answer:

The story of Kisa Gotami serves as a powerful allegory for the Buddha's teachings on grief and acceptance. When Kisa Gotami loses her son, she is consumed by sorrow and refuses to accept his death. She approaches the Buddha, hoping for a miracle to revive him. Instead, the Buddha asks her to bring a handful of mustard seeds from a house where no one has died. Her futile search makes her realize that death is universal and no family is untouched by loss.

This moment of realization aligns with the Buddha's teachings on impermanence (Anicca) and the nature of suffering (Dukkha). Kisa Gotami learns that clinging to the past or resisting reality only deepens pain. The Buddha's lesson helps her understand that acceptance and detachment are the keys to overcoming grief.

Through this story, the Buddha conveys that:

  • Grief is a natural response, but prolonged suffering arises from attachment.
  • Wisdom comes from recognizing the truth of life's transience.
  • Inner peace is achieved by letting go of desires and embracing reality.

Kisa Gotami's transformation from despair to enlightenment mirrors the Buddha's own journey, making her story a timeless example of his teachings.

Question 29:
In The Sermon at Benares, Gautama Buddha teaches the lesson of overcoming sorrow. Explain how his teachings can help a person deal with the loss of a loved one, with reference to the chapter.
Answer:

In The Sermon at Benares, Gautama Buddha explains that sorrow and suffering are inevitable parts of human life. He emphasizes that death is universal and no one can escape it. His teachings revolve around the idea of acceptance and detachment.

When a person loses a loved one, Buddha's teachings can provide solace in the following ways:

  • Understanding Impermanence: Buddha teaches that life is temporary, and clinging to worldly attachments leads to pain. Accepting this truth helps in coping with loss.
  • Overcoming Grief: He compares human life to an earthen vessel that eventually breaks, suggesting that mourning cannot bring back the departed. Instead, one should focus on inner peace.
  • Compassion and Wisdom: Buddha advises that one should not drown in sorrow but seek wisdom to rise above it. This helps in healing emotionally.

By following these teachings, a person learns to view loss as a natural part of existence, reducing prolonged grief and fostering emotional resilience.

Question 30:
In The Sermon at Benares, Gautama Buddha teaches the lesson of overcoming sorrow. Explain how his teachings can help individuals in modern times to deal with grief and suffering. Support your answer with examples from the text.
Answer:

In The Sermon at Benares, Gautama Buddha emphasizes that suffering is an inevitable part of human life, but it can be overcome through wisdom and detachment. His teachings remain highly relevant in modern times as they provide a philosophical and practical approach to dealing with grief and sorrow.

Key Teachings:
1. Impermanence of Life: Buddha explains that death and suffering are universal truths. Just as Kisa Gotami realized that death is unavoidable, modern individuals must accept loss as a natural part of existence.
2. Detachment from Worldly Desires: The sermon highlights that attachment leads to suffering. By letting go of excessive desires, people can reduce emotional pain.
3. Self-Reflection and Wisdom: Buddha encourages introspection to understand the root of suffering. This aligns with modern therapeutic practices like mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Application in Modern Life:
- Example from Text: Kisa Gotami’s journey from despair to acceptance mirrors how therapy helps individuals process grief.
- Modern Parallel: Meditation and mindfulness, inspired by Buddha’s teachings, are widely used to manage stress and anxiety.

Thus, Buddha’s message of acceptance, detachment, and wisdom offers timeless guidance for coping with suffering in today’s fast-paced world.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha teaches Kisa Gotami about the universality of suffering. Case Summary: Kisa loses her son and seeks Buddha's help.
Analysis: How does Buddha's lesson help her understand life?
Conclusion: What is the central message of this story?
Answer:
Case Summary: Kisa Gotami loses her son and asks Buddha for help to revive him. Buddha asks her to find mustard seeds from a house untouched by death.
Analysis: She realizes no house is free from death, teaching her that suffering is universal. Our textbook shows this as a lesson in accepting impermanence.
Conclusion: The central message is that death and suffering are inevitable parts of life.
Question 2:
Buddha's sermon emphasizes the Middle Path. Case Summary: He rejects extreme pleasures and pains.
Analysis: Why is the Middle Path important for enlightenment?
Conclusion: How does this apply to modern life?
Answer:
Case Summary: Buddha advises avoiding extremes, like luxury or starvation, to achieve balance.
Analysis: The Middle Path leads to wisdom and peace, as extremes cloud judgment. We studied how this helped Buddha attain enlightenment.
Conclusion: Today, it teaches us moderation—like balancing work and rest—for a happier life.
Question 3:
Kisa Gotami's journey reflects human grief. Case Summary: She carries her dead son, seeking a cure.
Analysis: How does her experience mirror universal suffering?
Conclusion: What does Buddha's method reveal about teaching wisdom?
Answer:
Case Summary: Kisa roams the village with her son’s body, hoping for a miracle.
Analysis: Her grief shows how attachment causes pain, as no household escapes death. Our textbook compares this to Buddha’s own suffering.
Conclusion: Buddha’s practical lesson—letting her discover the truth—teaches that wisdom comes from experience.
Question 4:
Buddha’s teachings highlight impermanence. Case Summary: He explains that life is fleeting.
Analysis: How does this idea reduce suffering?
Conclusion: Give an example of impermanence from daily life.
Answer:
Case Summary: Buddha says everything changes; clinging to permanence causes pain.
Analysis: Accepting impermanence helps us let go, like seasons changing or friendships evolving. Our textbook mentions how even joy fades.
Conclusion: For example, a broken toy teaches children nothing lasts forever.
Question 5:
The sermon teaches compassion. Case Summary: Buddha helps Kisa Gotami despite her initial refusal to accept truth.
Analysis: How does compassion differ from pity?
Conclusion: Why is compassion vital in today’s world?
Answer:
Case Summary: Buddha gently guides Kisa to realize death’s inevitability instead of scolding her.
Analysis: Compassion involves understanding, while pity looks down. We studied how Buddha’s kindness helped her heal.
Conclusion: Today, compassion—like helping a bullied classmate—creates a kinder society.
Question 6:
In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha teaches Kisa Gotami about the universality of suffering. Case Summary: Kisa loses her son and seeks Buddha's help.
Analysis: How does Buddha's lesson help her understand life?
Conclusion: What is the moral of this story?
Answer:
Case Summary
Kisa Gotami, grieving her son's death, approaches Buddha for a cure. Buddha asks her to fetch mustard seeds from a house untouched by death.
Analysis
Buddha's lesson reveals that suffering is universal. Our textbook shows Kisa realizes no household is free from loss, teaching acceptance.
Conclusion
The moral is that death is inevitable, and wisdom lies in overcoming grief through understanding.
Question 7:
Buddha's sermon emphasizes the Middle Path. Case Summary: He shares his enlightenment journey.
Analysis: Why is avoiding extremes important?
Conclusion: How does this apply to students?
Answer:
Case Summary
Buddha recounts his extreme asceticism and luxury before discovering the Middle Path.
Analysis
Extremes lead to suffering, as shown in NCERT. Balance, like studying moderately, ensures well-being.
Conclusion
Students should avoid overworking or laziness. For example, balancing study and rest improves performance.
Question 8:
Kisa Gotami's quest reflects human attachment. Case Summary: She roams the village for mustard seeds.
Analysis: What does her failure signify?
Conclusion: How does Buddha's method teach detachment?
Answer:
Case Summary
Kisa fails to find a house untouched by death, making her realize her son's fate isn't unique.
Analysis
Her failure shows attachment causes pain. The NCERT example highlights universal suffering.
Conclusion
Buddha teaches detachment by making her see truth firsthand, like accepting a friend's move without grief.
Question 9:
Buddha compares human life to a fragile vessel. Case Summary: He uses metaphors in his sermon.
Analysis: Why are metaphors effective here?
Conclusion: Give another NCERT example of such imagery.
Answer:
Case Summary
Buddha describes life as fleeting, like a clay pot easily broken.
Analysis
Metaphors simplify complex truths. Our textbook shows they make lessons memorable, like the vessel's fragility.
Conclusion
Another example is the 'fire sermon,' where desires are compared to flames, teaching control over cravings.
Question 10:
The sermon highlights impermanence. Case Summary: Buddha explains life's temporary nature.
Analysis: How does this lesson reduce suffering?
Conclusion: Relate it to a modern issue like exam stress.
Answer:
Case Summary
Buddha states all worldly things are transient, including joy and sorrow.
Analysis
Accepting impermanence reduces attachment. NCERT shows it helps cope with loss, like failed exams.
Conclusion
Students can view exams as temporary phases. For example, low marks aren't permanent and can be improved.
Question 11:

Read the following excerpt from The Sermon at Benares:

'The world is afflicted with death and decay, therefore the wise do not grieve, knowing the terms of the world.'

Based on this, answer the following:

  • Why does Buddha say the wise do not grieve?
  • How does this teaching apply to modern life?
Answer:

1. Why does Buddha say the wise do not grieve?
Buddha explains that death and decay are inevitable parts of life. The wise understand this universal truth and accept it, avoiding unnecessary sorrow. They recognize that grief cannot change reality but only adds to suffering.

2. Application to modern life:
In today's fast-paced world, people often face loss or failure. Buddha's teaching encourages resilience by accepting impermanence. For example, losing a job or a loved one is painful, but understanding that change is natural helps in coping. This mindset reduces stress and promotes emotional stability.

Value-added insight: The lesson also aligns with psychological concepts like acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), which emphasizes embracing life's challenges without resistance.

Question 12:

In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha shares the story of Kisa Gotami to convey a deeper message. Imagine you are a counselor using this story to help a student dealing with failure. Answer the following:

  • What is the central lesson from Kisa Gotami's story?
  • How would you relate it to overcoming academic failure?
Answer:

1. Central lesson from Kisa Gotami's story:
Kisa Gotami learns that death is universal after failing to find a mustard seed from a house untouched by loss. Buddha uses this to teach that suffering stems from attachment and unrealistic expectations. Acceptance of life's imperfections is key to peace.

2. Relating to academic failure:
Just as Kisa Gotami realizes her demand was impossible, students must understand that failure is part of growth. For example, failing an exam doesn’t define one’s worth; instead, it offers lessons for improvement. Detachment from perfection and focusing on effort can reduce anxiety.

Practical tip: Encourage a growth mindset—view failures as stepping stones, not endpoints. This aligns with Buddha's emphasis on wisdom over despair.

Question 13:
Read the following excerpt from The Sermon at Benares:

'The Buddha said, "Life is full of suffering and pain. The root of suffering is desire." He taught that to overcome suffering, one must follow the Eightfold Path.'

Based on this, answer:
a) Why does Buddha consider desire as the root of suffering?
b) How can the Eightfold Path help in overcoming suffering?
Answer:

a) Buddha considers desire as the root of suffering because it creates attachment to worldly pleasures, leading to disappointment when those desires remain unfulfilled.
For example, craving wealth or fame can cause stress and sorrow if not achieved. The Buddha's teaching emphasizes that letting go of such desires brings inner peace.

b) The Eightfold Path provides a practical guide to living a balanced and ethical life, which helps in overcoming suffering.
It includes:

  • Right View – Understanding the truth of life.
  • Right Intention – Cultivating selfless thoughts.
  • Right Speech – Avoiding lies and harmful words.
  • Right Action – Behaving morally.
  • Right Livelihood – Choosing an honest profession.
  • Right Effort – Staying motivated towards good deeds.
  • Right Mindfulness – Being aware of one's actions.
  • Right Concentration – Meditating to gain wisdom.
Following these steps helps eliminate suffering by promoting discipline and self-awareness.

Question 14:
In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha shares the story of Kisa Gotami to explain the universality of death.

Imagine you are a reporter interviewing Kisa Gotami after her realization. Frame two questions you would ask her, and predict her responses based on the chapter.

Answer:

Question 1: "Kisa Gotami, what was your biggest realization after losing your son?"
Predicted Response: She would say that she initially believed only she suffered, but after failing to find a house untouched by death, she understood that death is inevitable for all. Buddha's lesson made her accept this truth, easing her grief.

Question 2: "How did Buddha's teachings change your perspective on life?"
Predicted Response: Kisa Gotami would explain that Buddha taught her that attachment leads to sorrow. By accepting impermanence, she learned to live without clinging to desires, finding peace in wisdom rather than material bonds.

Question 15:
Read the following excerpt from The Sermon at Benares:

'The life of mortals in this world is troubled and brief and combined with pain...'

Based on this, explain how Buddha's teachings highlight the universal truth of human suffering and the path to overcoming it.
Answer:

In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha emphasizes that human life is filled with suffering, as seen in the line 'The life of mortals in this world is troubled and brief and combined with pain.' This reflects the First Noble Truth of Buddhism, which states that suffering (dukkha) is an inherent part of existence. Buddha teaches that suffering arises from desires and attachments, and the way to overcome it is through the Eightfold Path, which includes right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.

By following this path, individuals can attain Nirvana, a state of liberation from suffering. The sermon highlights the universality of suffering and offers a practical solution, making Buddha's message timeless and applicable to all.

Question 16:
In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha uses the analogy of a mustard seed to explain the inevitability of death. How does this analogy help Kisa Gotami understand the nature of human life?
Answer:

Buddha uses the analogy of a mustard seed to teach Kisa Gotami that death is a natural and unavoidable part of life. He asks her to find a house where no one has died, which she cannot, as death is universal. This analogy helps Kisa Gotami realize that all living beings must face death, and her grief is not unique.

The lesson here is that clinging to the dead or resisting the cycle of life leads to suffering. Buddha's teaching encourages acceptance and detachment, which are key to overcoming sorrow. This moment marks Kisa Gotami's spiritual awakening, as she understands the impermanence of life and the importance of seeking inner peace.

Question 17:
Read the following excerpt from The Sermon at Benares:

'The wise man does not mourn for the living or the dead. Life is a mixture of happiness and sorrow, and death is inevitable for all.'

Based on this, explain how Buddha's teachings help individuals cope with the loss of a loved one. Provide real-life applications of these teachings.
Answer:

Buddha's teachings in The Sermon at Benares emphasize the inevitability of death and the importance of accepting it as a natural part of life. By stating that the wise man does not mourn, Buddha encourages individuals to focus on understanding the transient nature of life rather than dwelling in grief. This perspective helps people cope with loss by:

  • Promoting acceptance: Recognizing that death is universal reduces the fear and pain associated with it.
  • Encouraging emotional resilience: By accepting sorrow as part of life, individuals can recover faster.

In real life, these teachings can be applied by practicing mindfulness and focusing on the present moment instead of clinging to the past. For example, people can honor their loved ones by celebrating their lives rather than mourning their absence, aligning with Buddha's message of wisdom and peace.

Question 18:
In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha shares the story of Kisa Gotami to convey a deeper lesson. Analyze how this story illustrates the concept of universal suffering and its significance in human life.
Answer:

The story of Kisa Gotami in The Sermon at Benares highlights the Buddha's teaching that suffering is universal. When Kisa Gotami loses her son and seeks a cure, Buddha asks her to fetch mustard seeds from a house untouched by death. Her failure to find such a house makes her realize that death and suffering are inevitable for everyone.

This story illustrates:

  • Universal suffering: No one escapes loss, making it a shared human experience.
  • Wisdom through realization: Kisa Gotami's journey from grief to acceptance mirrors the path to enlightenment.

The significance lies in understanding that suffering binds humanity together, and acceptance of this truth leads to inner peace. In modern life, this lesson teaches empathy and resilience, helping people support each other during hardships.

Question 19:
Read the following excerpt from The Sermon at Benares:

"Life is subject to death, decay, and sorrow. The wise do not grieve, knowing the nature of the world."

Based on this, answer:
(a) What is the central message of this excerpt?
(b) How does this teaching help individuals cope with personal loss?
Answer:

(a) The central message of the excerpt is that life is impermanent and filled with suffering, such as death and decay. The wise understand this truth and thus avoid unnecessary grief.

(b) This teaching helps individuals by encouraging them to accept reality rather than resist it. When one realizes that loss is a natural part of life, they can develop emotional resilience and find peace instead of prolonged sorrow. It promotes a mindset of detachment and wisdom.

Question 20:
In The Sermon at Benares, Buddha shares the story of Kisa Gotami to convey a lesson.

(a) Briefly summarize Kisa Gotami’s story.
(b) What universal truth does this story highlight about human suffering?
Answer:

(a) Kisa Gotami, grieving the death of her son, seeks a cure from Buddha. He asks her to bring mustard seeds from a house untouched by death. She fails, realizing that death is inevitable and universal.

(b) The story highlights that suffering is a shared human experience. No one escapes loss, and clinging to the past only deepens pain. Buddha’s lesson teaches that acceptance and understanding the cycle of life are key to overcoming grief.

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