Online Self Test
Learn & Practice Quizzes & Challenges Competitive Exams
 

Climate of India – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

Previous ChapterNext Chapter
Previous Chapter Next Chapter
Climate of India

Study Materials

9th

9th - Social Studies

Climate of India

Jump to Question Sets

Overview of the Chapter

This chapter explores the diverse climate of India, which is influenced by various geographical factors such as latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and relief features. The chapter discusses the monsoon system, seasonal variations, and the impact of climate on agriculture and human life in India.

Factors Influencing Climate

Latitude: India lies in the tropical and subtropical zones, which results in generally warm temperatures throughout the year.

Altitude: Higher altitudes, such as the Himalayas, experience cooler temperatures compared to the plains.

Distance from the Sea: Coastal regions have moderate climates due to the influence of the sea, while inland areas experience extreme temperatures.

Relief Features: Mountains and plateaus affect wind patterns and rainfall distribution.

The Monsoon System

The monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings heavy rainfall to India. It is crucial for agriculture and water resources.

Southwest Monsoon: Occurs from June to September, bringing most of India's annual rainfall.

Northeast Monsoon: Occurs from October to December, affecting mainly the southeastern coast of India.

Seasons in India

India experiences four main seasons:

  • Winter (December to February): Cool and dry weather in most parts of India.
  • Summer (March to May): Hot and dry weather, with temperatures rising significantly in northern India.
  • Rainy Season (June to September): Dominated by the southwest monsoon, bringing heavy rainfall.
  • Post-Monsoon (October to November): Transition period with retreating monsoons and moderate temperatures.

Impact of Climate on Agriculture

India's agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon. Crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane are grown according to seasonal rainfall patterns.

Kharif Crops: Sown during the monsoon season (e.g., rice, maize).

Rabi Crops: Sown in winter and harvested in spring (e.g., wheat, mustard).

Climatic Regions of India

India can be divided into several climatic regions based on temperature and rainfall patterns:

  • Tropical Wet (e.g., Kerala, Andaman Islands)
  • Tropical Dry (e.g., Rajasthan, Gujarat)
  • Subtropical Humid (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar)
  • Mountain (e.g., Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh)

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
What is the monsoon in India?
Answer:

Seasonal winds bringing heavy rainfall.

Question 2:
Name the coldest place in India.
Answer:

Drass in Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 3:
Which region receives winter rainfall in India?
Answer:

Tamil Nadu coast.

Question 4:
What causes looo in northern India?
Answer:

Hot, dry winds from Rajasthan.

Question 5:
Which state has a tropical rainforest climate?
Answer:

Kerala.

Question 6:
What is October Heat?
Answer:

High temperatures before retreating monsoons.

Question 7:
Name the rain shadow region in India.
Answer:

Deccan Plateau.

Question 8:
Which winds bring burst of monsoon?
Answer:

Southwest monsoon winds.

Question 9:
What is Kal Baisakhi?
Answer:

Local thunderstorms in West Bengal.

Question 10:
Which factor affects Indian climate the most?
Answer:

Himalayas and monsoon winds.

Question 11:
Name the hottest month in northern India.
Answer:

May.

Question 12:
What is Mango Showers?
Answer:

Pre-monsoon rains in Karnataka.

Question 13:
Which region has moderate climate in India?
Answer:

Coastal areas like Mumbai.

Question 14:
What causes winter droughts in India?
Answer:

Absence of monsoon rains.

Question 15:
What is the primary factor influencing the climate of India?
Answer:

The primary factor influencing the climate of India is the monsoon winds, which bring seasonal rainfall and determine the weather patterns across the country.

Question 16:
Name the two types of monsoons that affect India.
Answer:

The two types of monsoons affecting India are:
1. Southwest Monsoon (June to September)
2. Northeast Monsoon (October to November)

Question 17:
Which region in India experiences the highest rainfall?
Answer:

Mawsynram in Meghalaya experiences the highest rainfall in India due to its location in the Khasi Hills, which trap monsoon winds.

Question 18:
What is the tropical monsoon climate?
Answer:

The tropical monsoon climate is characterized by:

  • High temperatures
  • Distinct wet and dry seasons
  • Heavy rainfall during monsoons

Question 19:
Why does Rajasthan receive scanty rainfall?
Answer:

Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall because:

  • It lies in the rain shadow area of the Aravalli Range
  • The Thar Desert has low humidity and high evaporation

Question 20:
What is the Coriolis effect and how does it influence Indian climate?
Answer:

The Coriolis effect is the deflection of winds due to Earth's rotation. It influences Indian climate by directing the monsoon winds towards the Indian subcontinent.

Question 21:
What causes the burst of monsoon in India?
Answer:

The burst of monsoon is caused by the sudden onset of moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, leading to heavy rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.

Question 22:
How does the Himalayas influence India's climate?
Answer:

The Himalayas influence India's climate by:

  • Blocking cold winds from Central Asia
  • Trapping monsoon winds, causing rainfall

Question 23:
What is the Loo?
Answer:

The Loo are strong, hot, and dry winds blowing over North India during summer, causing high temperatures and discomfort.

Question 24:
Why does Tamil Nadu receive rainfall in winter?
Answer:

Tamil Nadu receives rainfall in winter due to the northeast monsoon, which picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and brings rain to the region.

Question 25:
What is the El Niño effect and how does it affect India?
Answer:

The El Niño effect is the warming of Pacific Ocean waters, leading to:

  • Weak monsoons in India
  • Reduced rainfall and droughts

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
What causes the burst of the monsoon?
Answer:

It occurs due to a sudden increase in rainfall when the southwest monsoon winds hit the Indian subcontinent, often accompanied by thunderstorms.

Question 2:
Why are the monsoons considered unpredictable?
Answer:

Monsoons are unpredictable due to:
1. Variations in pressure systems
2. Influence of El Niño
3. Changes in global wind patterns.

Question 3:
Name the coldest place in India and the reason for its extreme cold.
Answer:

Drass in Jammu & Kashmir is the coldest place due to its high altitude and location in the Himalayan rain shadow zone.

Question 4:
How does the Himalayan mountain range influence India's climate?
Answer:

The Himalayas:
1. Block cold winds from Central Asia
2. Cause orographic rainfall
3. Create distinct climatic zones in northern India.

Question 5:
What is the loo and where is it commonly experienced?
Answer:

The loo is hot, dry winds blowing over north India during summers, especially in the Indo-Gangetic plains, causing high temperatures.

Question 6:
What is the primary factor influencing the tropical monsoon climate of India?
Answer:

The primary factor is the differential heating of land and water, which causes seasonal reversal of wind patterns known as monsoons. This creates distinct wet and dry seasons.

Question 7:
Name the two branches of the southwest monsoon winds that enter India.
Answer:

The two branches are:
1. The Arabian Sea branch
2. The Bay of Bengal branch

Question 8:
Why does Rajasthan receive very little rainfall?
Answer:

Rajasthan lies in the rain shadow area of the Aravalli Range, and the southwest monsoon winds become dry by the time they reach this region.

Question 9:
What is the significance of the October Heat?
Answer:

October Heat refers to the hot and humid weather in October due to:
1. Clear skies
2. High temperature
3. High humidity levels before retreating monsoons.

Question 10:
How do the Western Disturbances affect India's climate?
Answer:

They bring winter rainfall to northern India, benefiting rabi crops like wheat. These are cyclonic disturbances originating in the Mediterranean region.

Question 11:
Which region in India experiences the retreating monsoon?
Answer:

The eastern coast, especially Tamil Nadu, receives rainfall from the retreating monsoon as the winds pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the term monsoon and its significance in India's climate.
Answer:

The monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to India. It is crucial for India's agriculture as it provides about 70-90% of the annual rainfall.
The monsoon arrives in two branches: the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. Farmers depend on it for crops like rice and sugarcane, making it the lifeline of Indian economy.

Question 2:
How do the Western Ghats influence the climate of India?
Answer:

The Western Ghats act as a barrier to the southwest monsoon winds, forcing them to rise and cool, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side (western slopes).
This creates a rain shadow region on the leeward side (eastern slopes), which receives less rainfall.
For example, Mumbai (windward) gets heavy rain, while Pune (leeward) remains drier.

Question 3:
Differentiate between weather and climate with examples.
Answer:
  • Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions (e.g., a rainy day in Delhi).
  • Climate is the average weather pattern over a long period (e.g., Rajasthan has a hot desert climate).

Weather changes frequently, while climate remains consistent for decades.

Question 4:
Why does India experience regional variations in temperature?
Answer:

India's temperature varies due to factors like:

  • Latitude: Northern regions (e.g., Jammu) are colder than southern regions (e.g., Kerala).
  • Altitude: Hills (e.g., Shimla) are cooler than plains (e.g., Delhi).
  • Distance from sea: Coastal areas (e.g., Chennai) have moderate temperatures compared to inland areas (e.g., Bikaner).

Question 5:
Describe the role of jet streams in India's winter climate.
Answer:

The jet streams are fast-flowing air currents in the upper atmosphere. In winter, the subtropical westerly jet stream shifts southward, bringing cold waves to northern India.
It also causes western disturbances, leading to rainfall in Punjab and snowfall in the Himalayas, crucial for rabi crops like wheat.

Question 6:
How does the Tropical Cyclones affect the coastal regions of India?
Answer:

Tropical cyclones are intense storms originating over warm ocean waters. They bring:

  • Heavy rainfall, causing floods (e.g., Odisha in 1999).
  • Strong winds, damaging infrastructure.
  • Storm surges, leading to coastal erosion.

Despite destruction, they replenish water reservoirs in regions like Tamil Nadu.

Question 7:
Describe the characteristics of the tropical wet and dry climate region in India.
Answer:

The tropical wet and dry climate (Savanna type) is found in parts of peninsular India. Key features include:

  • High temperatures (above 18°C) throughout the year.
  • Distinct wet and dry seasons—heavy rainfall in summer and dry winters.
  • Vegetation consists of grasslands and deciduous forests.
This climate supports crops like millets and pulses.

Question 8:
How do the Western Ghats influence India's rainfall distribution?
Answer:

The Western Ghats act as a barrier to the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, forcing them to rise and cool, resulting in heavy rainfall on the windward side (up to 250 cm). The leeward side (rain shadow region) receives scanty rainfall (e.g., Deccan Plateau). This creates stark contrasts in rainfall patterns within short distances.

Question 9:
What are jet streams and how do they affect India's winter climate?
Answer:

Jet streams are fast-flowing air currents in the upper atmosphere. The subtropical westerly jet stream shifts southward in winter, bringing cold waves to northern India. It also influences the formation of western disturbances, which cause rainfall in the Himalayas and snowfall, benefiting rabi crops like wheat.

Question 10:
Differentiate between weather and climate with examples from India.
Answer:

  • Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions (e.g., a rainy day in Mumbai).
  • Climate is the long-term average weather pattern (e.g., Kerala has a tropical monsoon climate with high annual rainfall).
Weather changes daily, while climate remains consistent over decades.

Question 11:
Why does Rajasthan receive low rainfall? Explain two factors.
Answer:

Rajasthan receives low rainfall due to:
1. Distance from the sea: It lies far from moisture sources like the Arabian Sea.
2. Aravalli Range alignment: The mountains run parallel to the monsoon winds, failing to block them effectively. The region thus falls in the rain shadow area, leading to arid conditions.

Question 12:
Differentiate between weather and climate with suitable examples.
Answer:

Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions (e.g., a sunny day in Delhi), while climate is the average weather pattern over a long period (e.g., tropical climate in Kerala).

  • Weather changes frequently (hourly/daily).
  • Climate remains consistent over decades.
For example, Rajasthan has a hot desert climate, but its daily weather may vary between hot days and cool nights.

Question 13:
Describe the role of the Himalayas in shaping India's climate.
Answer:

The Himalayas prevent cold winds from Central Asia from entering India, keeping the northern plains relatively warmer.
They also trap the monsoon winds, forcing them to shed moisture, which leads to rainfall in northern and eastern India. Additionally, the Himalayas influence regional climates, such as the cold desert conditions in Ladakh.

Question 14:
Why does India experience regional variations in temperature? Explain with two factors.
Answer:

India experiences regional temperature variations due to:

  • Latitude: Places near the equator (like Kerala) are warmer than those farther away (like Jammu & Kashmir).
  • Altitude: Higher regions (e.g., Shimla) are cooler due to lower atmospheric pressure, while plains (e.g., Delhi) are hotter.
Coastal areas also have moderate temperatures due to the influence of sea breezes.

Question 15:
What are jet streams and how do they affect India's winter season?
Answer:

Jet streams are fast-flowing air currents in the upper atmosphere. During winter, the subtropical jet stream shifts southward, bringing cold waves to northern India.
These winds also cause western disturbances, leading to rainfall in Punjab and snowfall in the Himalayas, which is crucial for Rabi crops like wheat.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the monsoon mechanism in India and its impact on agriculture. Highlight three regions with varying rainfall patterns.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied how India's climate is dominated by the monsoon winds. Our textbook shows that the monsoon mechanism involves seasonal reversal of winds due to differential heating of land and sea.

Key Developments
  • Southwest monsoon brings heavy rainfall to Kerala (300cm+)
  • Rajasthan receives scanty rain (<50cm) due to Aravalli barrier
  • Tamil Nadu gets winter rainfall from retreating monsoons
Socio-economic Impact

Agriculture depends on monsoon timing - early rains help kharif crops like rice while delayed monsoons cause droughts.

Current Relevance

Climate change is altering monsoon patterns, affecting crop cycles across India.

Question 2:
Describe how Western Disturbances influence North India's winter climate with three examples of affected states.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook explains that Western Disturbances are cyclonic systems originating in Mediterranean region that bring winter rain to North India.

Key Developments
  • Punjab gets vital wheat irrigation from these rains
  • Himachal Pradesh receives snowfall benefiting apple orchards
  • Delhi experiences sudden temperature drops and fog
Socio-economic Impact

These rains are crucial for rabi crops but excessive precipitation can damage standing crops.

Current Relevance

Recent studies show changing frequency of Western Disturbances due to global warming patterns.

Question 3:
Compare the climate of Kerala and Rajasthan using three geographical factors each.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned that India has diverse climates due to its vast size and geographical variations.

Key Developments
FactorKeralaRajasthan
Rainfall300cm+ (monsoons)<50cm (arid)
Temperature20-35°C (moderate)5-48°C (extreme)
HumidityHigh (coastal)Low (desert)
Socio-economic Impact

Kerala grows spices and rubber while Rajasthan focuses on drought-resistant crops like bajra.

Current Relevance

Both states face climate challenges - floods in Kerala and desertification in Rajasthan.

Question 4:
Analyze three effects of Himalayas on India's climate patterns with examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook shows the Himalayas act as a climate barrier influencing weather systems across India.

Key Developments
  • Blocks cold Central Asian winds, giving North India milder winters
  • Forces monsoon winds to shed rainfall in Gangetic plains
  • Creates rain shadow effect in Tibet (leeward side)
Socio-economic Impact

This enables diverse agriculture - tea in Assam, wheat in Punjab.

Current Relevance

Glacial melt due to global warming threatens these climate-regulating functions.

Question 5:
Explain how tropical cyclones affect Eastern coastal regions with three case studies.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that tropical cyclones form over Bay of Bengal during post-monsoon months.

Key Developments
  • Odisha (1999 Super Cyclone) - massive destruction
  • Andhra Pradesh (2014 Hudhud) - damaged Vizag port
  • Tamil Nadu (2016 Vardah) - uprooted Chennai trees
Socio-economic Impact

Cyclones destroy crops, infrastructure but also bring rainfall to coastal areas.

Current Relevance

Improved early warning systems now help minimize casualties during such events.

Question 6:
Describe the retreating monsoon season in India with examples of its effects on different states.
Answer:

Historical Context
Retreating monsoon occurs October-November as winds withdraw.

Key Developments
Characteristics include:

  • Clear skies
  • Rising temperatures
  • Cyclonic storms in Bay of Bengal

Socio-economic Impact
Effects vary:

  • Tamil Nadu gets 60% annual rainfall
  • Odisha faces cyclones
  • Punjab harvests kharif crops

Current Relevance
Our textbook links retreating monsoons to recent Chennai floods.

Question 7:
Compare the tropical wet and tropical dry climates of India using three geographical examples each.
Answer:

Historical Context
India has diverse climate zones due to its size and topography.

Key Developments
Tropical wet features:

  • Andaman Islands (year-round rain)
  • Mawsynram (world's wettest)
  • Western Ghats
Tropical dry features:
  • Rajasthan (Thar Desert)
  • Telangana (rain-shadow)
  • Haryana (continental)

Socio-economic Impact
Wet regions grow rice; dry areas practice millet farming.

Current Relevance
Climate change is altering these patterns.

Question 8:
Analyze how the Himalayas influence India's climate with three specific examples.
Answer:

Historical Context
The Himalayas act as a climatic barrier.

Key Developments
Impacts include:

  • Blocks cold Central Asian winds (protects northern plains)
  • Forces monsoon winds to rise (causing heavy rain)
  • Creates rain-shadow in Tibet

Socio-economic Impact
Examples:

  • Kashmir has milder winters than Central Asia
  • Assam gets world's highest rainfall
  • Ladakh remains arid

Current Relevance
Glacial melt affects river systems.

Question 9:
Explain the concept of climate change with three impacts visible in different Indian regions today.
Answer:

Historical Context
Climate change refers to long-term weather pattern shifts.

Key Developments
Current impacts:

  • Kerala floods (2018, erratic monsoon)
  • Rajasthan heatwaves (rising temperatures)
  • Sunderbans (sea-level rise)

Socio-economic Impact
Our textbook shows:

  • Coastal erosion
  • Crop pattern changes
  • Water scarcity

Current Relevance
Government launched National Action Plan on Climate Change.

Question 10:
Explain the monsoon mechanism in India and its impact on agriculture. Highlight the role of El Niño and La Niña.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that India's climate is dominated by the monsoon, which brings seasonal rains. Our textbook shows how the differential heating of land and sea creates low pressure over land, pulling moisture-laden winds.

Key Developments
  • The southwest monsoon (June-September) contributes 70% of annual rainfall.
  • El Niño weakens monsoons, causing droughts, while La Niña strengthens them.
Socio-economic Impact

Agriculture depends on monsoons; failure affects crops like rice (Kerala) and wheat (Punjab).

Current Relevance

Recent El Niño events (2023) disrupted farming, showing climate vulnerability.

Question 11:
Describe the retreating monsoon and its effects on Tamil Nadu. Compare it with the advancing monsoon.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook explains that retreating monsoons (October-November) occur when winds reverse direction, picking moisture from the Bay of Bengal.

Key Developments
  • Tamil Nadu receives rainfall from retreating monsoons, unlike the advancing monsoon (Kerala).
  • Chennai gets 60% annual rain during this period.
Socio-economic Impact

Farmers grow rabi crops like pulses, relying on this rain. Mismanagement leads to floods (2015 Chennai floods).

Current Relevance

Climate change has intensified retreating monsoon rainfall, affecting coastal infrastructure.

Question 12:
Analyze how the Himalayas influence India's climate. Provide examples of regional variations.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned that the Himalayas act as a barrier, blocking cold Central Asian winds and forcing monsoon winds to shed rain.

Key Developments
  • Leh (Ladakh) has a cold desert climate due to rain-shadow effect.
  • Cherrapunji (Meghalaya) receives heavy rain (11,777 mm) from orographic lifting.
Socio-economic Impact

The mountains create diverse farming zones: apples in Himachal, tea in Assam.

Current Relevance

Glacial melt (e.g., Gangotri) threatens water security, linking to climate change debates.

Question 13:
Discuss the tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and their consequences. Mention recent examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

Our textbook shows that cyclones form over warm Bay of Bengal waters, especially post-monsoon (October-December).

Key Developments
  • Cyclone Amphan (2020) caused $13 billion damage in West Bengal.
  • Odisha's evacuation plans reduced fatalities during Cyclone Fani (2019).
Socio-economic Impact

Fishing communities (e.g., Andhra Pradesh) face livelihood losses. Saltwater intrusion ruins farmland.

Current Relevance

Rising sea temperatures increase cyclone intensity, as seen in Cyclone Michaung (2023).

Question 14:
Explain the Western Disturbances and their importance for rabi crops in North India.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that Western Disturbances are winter storms from the Mediterranean, bringing rain to North India.

Key Developments
  • They provide crucial moisture for wheat (Punjab) and mustard (Rajasthan).
  • Snowfall in Jammu-Kashmir replenishes rivers like the Indus.
Socio-economic Impact

Failure of disturbances (e.g., 2022) reduces crop yields, raising food prices.

Current Relevance

Declining frequency due to climate change threatens India's food security.

Question 15:
Explain the factors influencing the climate of India with suitable examples. How do these factors contribute to regional variations in climate?
Answer:

The climate of India is influenced by several factors, which also lead to regional variations. The key factors are:

  • Latitude: India lies between 8°N to 37°N, causing variations in temperature. For example, regions near the equator (like Kerala) experience hot and humid weather, while northern parts (like Jammu & Kashmir) have colder climates.
  • Altitude: Higher altitudes, such as the Himalayas, have cooler temperatures compared to plains. For instance, Shimla is cooler than Delhi due to its elevation.
  • Distance from the sea: Coastal areas like Mumbai have moderate climates due to sea influence, while inland regions like Rajasthan experience extreme temperatures.
  • Monsoon winds: The Southwest Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the western coast and northeastern states, while regions like Rajasthan receive less rain due to the Aravalli Range blocking monsoon winds.
  • Ocean currents: Warm currents like the Indian Ocean Dipole affect rainfall patterns, influencing droughts or floods in certain regions.

These factors create diverse climatic conditions across India, from tropical in the south to temperate in the north.

Question 16:
Describe the characteristics of the Indian monsoon and its importance to agriculture. How does it impact the economy and daily life in India?
Answer:

The Indian monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings rainfall to India from June to September. Its characteristics include:

  • Seasonal reversal: Winds blow from the southwest during summer (bringing rain) and northeast in winter (dry season).
  • Unpredictability: The monsoon's timing and intensity vary yearly, affecting crop cycles.
  • Regional variation: Some areas (like Cherrapunji) receive heavy rainfall, while others (like Thar Desert) remain dry.

The monsoon is crucial for agriculture because:

  • It provides 75% of India's annual rainfall, essential for crops like rice, sugarcane, and cotton.
  • Farmers depend on monsoon rains for irrigation, as many lack access to alternative water sources.

Its impact on the economy and daily life includes:

  • Agricultural output: A good monsoon boosts crop yields, reducing food prices and inflation.
  • Employment: Over 50% of India's workforce depends on agriculture, which relies on monsoon rains.
  • Water supply: Monsoon rains replenish rivers, lakes, and groundwater, affecting drinking water availability.
  • Disruptions: Excessive rains cause floods, while weak monsoons lead to droughts, affecting livelihoods.

Thus, the monsoon is vital for India's food security and economic stability.

Question 17:
Explain the factors influencing the climate of India with suitable examples. How do these factors contribute to regional variations in weather patterns?
Answer:

The climate of India is influenced by several key factors, which lead to diverse weather conditions across the country. These factors include:

  • Latitude: India lies between 8°N to 37°N, resulting in tropical and subtropical climates. The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two climatic zones—temperate in the north and tropical in the south.
  • Altitude: Higher regions like the Himalayas experience cooler temperatures, while plains have warmer climates. For example, Shimla is cooler than Delhi due to its elevation.
  • Distance from the Sea: Coastal areas like Mumbai have moderate climates due to sea influence, whereas inland cities like Delhi face extreme temperatures.
  • Monsoon Winds: The Southwest Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to Kerala in June, while the Northeast Monsoon affects Tamil Nadu in winter.
  • Ocean Currents: Warm currents like the Arabian Sea branch enhance rainfall in the Western Ghats.

These factors create regional variations, such as heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji and arid conditions in Rajasthan, showcasing India's climatic diversity.

Question 18:
Describe the characteristics and significance of the Indian Monsoon. How does it impact agriculture and economy in India?
Answer:

The Indian Monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings rainfall to India. Its characteristics include:

  • Seasonal Reversal: Winds blow from the southwest in summer (June-September) and northeast in winter (October-November).
  • Unpredictability: The monsoon's timing and intensity vary yearly, affecting crop cycles.
  • Regional Variation: The windward side of the Western Ghats receives heavy rainfall, while Rajasthan remains dry.

The monsoon's significance includes:

  • Agriculture: Over 60% of India's farmland depends on monsoon rains. Crops like rice and sugarcane thrive during this season.
  • Economy: A good monsoon boosts GDP by improving agricultural output, whereas a weak monsoon leads to droughts and inflation.
  • Water Resources: Monsoon rains recharge rivers, lakes, and groundwater, supporting drinking water and irrigation needs.

For example, states like Punjab and Haryana rely on monsoon-fed canals for wheat cultivation, while Kerala's economy benefits from cash crops like rubber and spices due to consistent rainfall.

Question 19:
Explain the factors affecting the climate of India with suitable examples. How do these factors influence the regional variations in climate across the country? (5 marks)
Answer:

The climate of India is influenced by several key factors, which also lead to regional variations. These factors include:

  • Latitude: India lies between 8°N to 37°N, resulting in tropical and subtropical climates. The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two major climatic zones—warmer southern regions and relatively cooler northern regions.
  • Altitude: Higher altitudes, like the Himalayas, experience cooler temperatures, while coastal plains remain warm. For example, Shimla is cooler than Delhi due to its elevation.
  • Distance from the Sea: Coastal areas like Mumbai have moderate climates due to sea influence, whereas inland regions like Rajasthan experience extreme temperatures.
  • Monsoon Winds: The Southwest Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to Kerala in June, while Tamil Nadu receives rain from the Northeast Monsoon in winter.
  • Ocean Currents: Warm currents like the Arabian Sea branch increase humidity, affecting coastal weather patterns.
  • Relief Features: The Western Ghats force monsoon winds to rise, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side, while the leeward side (like the Deccan Plateau) remains drier.

These factors create diverse climates—from the hot deserts of Rajasthan to the wet evergreen forests of Kerala—highlighting India's climatic variety.

Question 20:
Explain the factors affecting the climate of India with suitable examples. How do these factors contribute to regional variations in weather patterns across the country? (5 marks)
Answer:

The climate of India is influenced by several key factors, which create diverse weather conditions across different regions. These factors include:

  • Latitude: India lies between 8°N to 37°N, causing variations in temperature. For example, southern India remains warmer due to proximity to the equator, while northern regions experience colder winters.
  • Altitude: Higher areas like Leh have cooler climates compared to plains due to the lapse rate (temperature decreases with height).
  • Distance from the Sea: Coastal areas like Mumbai have moderate climates due to sea influence, while inland regions like Delhi face extreme temperatures.
  • Monsoon Winds: The Southwest Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to Kerala in June, while the Northeast Monsoon affects Tamil Nadu in winter.
  • Himalayan Barriers: The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia, keeping northern India warmer than other regions at similar latitudes.

These factors create regional variations—such as tropical wet climate in Kerala and hot desert climate in Rajasthan—highlighting India's climatic diversity.

Question 21:
Explain the factors influencing the climate of India with suitable examples. How do these factors contribute to regional variations in weather patterns across the country? (5 marks)
Answer:

The climate of India is influenced by several key factors, which create distinct weather patterns across different regions. These factors include:

  • Latitude: India lies largely in the tropical zone, but the Tropic of Cancer divides it into two climatic zones—tropical (south) and subtropical (north). For example, southern states like Kerala experience hot and humid weather, while northern regions like Punjab witness extreme temperatures.
  • Altitude: Higher altitude areas such as the Himalayas remain cold throughout the year, whereas plains like the Indo-Gangetic plain have moderate to extreme temperatures.
  • Distance from the Sea: Coastal regions like Mumbai have a moderate maritime climate due to sea influence, while inland cities like Delhi experience continental climate with high temperature variations.
  • Monsoon Winds: The southwest monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the western coast and northeastern states, whereas regions like Rajasthan receive scanty rainfall due to the Aravalli range blocking monsoon winds.
  • Ocean Currents: The warm Indian Ocean currents affect coastal humidity, while cold currents near the Arabian Sea influence rainfall distribution.

These factors create regional variations in weather, such as heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji and dry conditions in Thar Desert. Understanding these influences helps explain India's diverse climatic conditions.

Question 22:
Describe the mechanism of monsoon winds in India and their impact on agriculture. How do they differ from the northeastern winter monsoons?
Answer:

The monsoon winds in India follow a seasonal reversal pattern due to differential heating of land and sea. The mechanism involves:

  • Summer Monsoon (June-September): Intense heating of the Indian subcontinent creates a low-pressure zone, attracting moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean. These winds bring heavy rainfall, crucial for Kharif crops like rice and cotton.
  • Winter Monsoon (October-December): High pressure over land causes dry, cold winds to blow from the northeast, bringing minimal rainfall except to Tamil Nadu due to retreating monsoons.

Differences between summer and winter monsoons include:
Direction: Summer monsoons are southwesterly, while winter monsoons are northeasterly.
Rainfall: Summer monsoons contribute 75% of India's rainfall, whereas winter monsoons are mostly dry.
Agricultural Impact: Summer rains support irrigation-dependent crops, while winter monsoons benefit Rabi crops like wheat in some regions.

Monsoons are vital for India's agrarian economy, but erratic patterns due to climate change pose risks like droughts or floods.

Question 23:
Describe the monsoon mechanism in India and its impact on agriculture. How do El Niño and La Niña affect the Indian monsoon?
Answer:

The monsoon mechanism in India is driven by differential heating of land and sea, leading to seasonal wind reversals. The process involves:

  • Summer Monsoon: Intense heating of the Indian subcontinent creates a low-pressure zone, attracting moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean, resulting in heavy rainfall from June to September.
  • Winter Monsoon: High-pressure over land causes dry, cool winds to blow from the northeast, bringing minimal rainfall except to Tamil Nadu.

Monsoons are crucial for agriculture, as crops like rice and sugarcane depend on timely rains. Delayed monsoons can lead to droughts, while excessive rains cause floods, both harming crop yields.

El Niño weakens monsoons by warming the Pacific Ocean, reducing rainfall and causing droughts. Conversely, La Niña strengthens monsoons, leading to above-average rainfall and potential floods. Farmers rely on monsoon predictions to plan sowing and harvesting, making these phenomena critical for India's agrarian economy.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Analyze how the Himalayas influence India's climate. Refer to our textbook examples of monsoon patterns and winter rainfall.
Answer:
Case Context

The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold winds from Central Asia, shaping India's climate.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Blocks cold winds, causing milder winters (e.g., North India vs. Tibet).
  • Traps monsoon winds, leading to heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji.
  • Causes winter rainfall in Punjab due to western disturbances.
Current Relevance

Climate change is altering snowfall patterns, affecting water sources like the Ganges.

Question 2:
Explain the role of tropical cyclones in India's coastal climate with examples from Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
Case Context

Tropical cyclones bring heavy rain and winds to coastal regions, impacting livelihoods.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • 1999 Odisha cyclone caused widespread damage.
  • 2020 Cyclone Amphan affected Andhra's agriculture.
  • Cyclones replenish water reservoirs but destroy infrastructure.
Current Relevance

Rising sea temperatures are increasing cyclone frequency, as seen in recent IMD warnings.

Question 3:
Compare Kerala and Rajasthan's climates using NCERT examples of temperature and vegetation.
Answer:
Case Context

Kerala (tropical) and Rajasthan (arid) show extreme climatic diversity in India.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Kerala: High rainfall (300 cm/year), dense forests like Silent Valley.
  • Rajasthan: Scanty rain (10 cm/year), desert vegetation like cacti.
  • Textbook mentions Thar's diurnal temperature range vs. Kerala's uniformity.
Current Relevance

Both regions face climate challenges: Kerala's floods and Rajasthan's droughts.

Question 4:
How do Western Ghats affect rainfall distribution? Use examples of windward and leeward regions.
Answer:
Case Context

The Western Ghats force monsoon winds to rise, causing orographic rainfall.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Windward side (e.g., Mahabaleshwar) gets 600+ cm rain.
  • Leeward side (e.g., Bangalore) receives <100 cm.
  • Textbook contrasts lush Konkan coast with dry Deccan plateau.
Current Relevance

Deforestation in Ghats is reducing rainfall, affecting states like Karnataka.

Question 5:
The monsoon is crucial for India's agriculture. Analyze how variations in monsoon patterns impact crop production and water resources.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied how the monsoon affects India's climate. Our textbook shows that 70% of rainfall occurs during this season.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Delayed monsoons in 2015 reduced rice yields by 15%.
  • Excess rains in Kerala (2018) caused floods, damaging crops.
  • Drought in Maharashtra (2019) led to water shortages.
Current Relevance

Farmers now use drip irrigation to conserve water, showing adaptation to changing patterns.

Question 6:
Explain how Western Disturbances influence winter weather in North India with examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Western Disturbances are winter cyclones from the Mediterranean. Our textbook links them to snowfall in the Himalayas.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • 2010 disturbance caused heavy snow in Himachal Pradesh.
  • 2021 event brought rain to Delhi, improving air quality.
  • Lack of disturbances in 2022 led to drought in Punjab.
Current Relevance

These systems are now studied for climate change impacts on winter crops like wheat.

Question 7:
Compare the tropical wet climate of Kerala with the hot desert climate of Rajasthan using three differences.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied India's regional climate variations. Kerala receives 300cm rain yearly while Rajasthan gets under 20cm.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Kerala: Evergreen forests (Silent Valley).
  • Rajasthan: Thar Desert with cactus vegetation.
  • Kerala: Paddy cultivation.
  • Rajasthan: Millet farming.
Current Relevance

Climate change is causing Kerala floods and Rajasthan heatwaves, affecting both regions differently.

Question 8:
How do Himalayas act as a climatic divide? Support your answer with three effects.
Answer:
Case Context

The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia, creating India's distinct seasons.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Prevents monsoon winds from escaping, causing heavy rain in Meghalaya.
  • Shields North India from Siberian cold (2012 cold wave).
  • Creates rain shadow area in Leh-Ladakh.
Current Relevance

Melting glaciers due to global warming show the mountains' changing role in climate regulation.

Question 9:
Rajasthan experiences hot desert climate while Kerala has a tropical monsoon climate. Analyze how these differences impact agriculture in both regions.
Answer:
Case Context

Rajasthan's arid climate limits water availability, while Kerala's heavy rainfall supports lush vegetation.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Rajasthan relies on drip irrigation for crops like millets.
  • Kerala grows rice, coconut, and spices due to high humidity.
Current Relevance

Climate change is worsening droughts in Rajasthan, while Kerala faces flooding risks. Our textbook shows how adaptation strategies differ.

Question 10:
Explain how the Himalayas influence India's climate patterns with examples from North and South India.
Answer:
Case Context

The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia, creating distinct weather zones.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • North India experiences cold winters (e.g., snowfall in Shimla).
  • South India remains warmer due to distance from mountains.
Current Relevance

Melting glaciers (like Gangotri) affect river flows. We studied how this impacts farming in Punjab and Tamil Nadu differently.

Question 11:
Compare the winter rainfall patterns in Tamil Nadu and Punjab using textbook examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Tamil Nadu gets Northeast Monsoon rains in winter, while Punjab relies on Western Disturbances.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Chennai receives 60% annual rain in Nov-Dec.
  • Punjab's wheat crops depend on winter showers.
Current Relevance

Erratic patterns now threaten crops. Our textbook shows how farmers in both states adapt with different irrigation methods.

Question 12:
How do Western Ghats create rain shadow areas? Give examples of affected regions.
Answer:
Case Context

The Ghats force monsoon winds to rise, causing heavy rain on one side and dry zones behind.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Mumbai (windward) gets 2500mm rain.
  • Pune (leeward) receives only 700mm.
Current Relevance

Deforestation worsens water scarcity in rain shadows. We studied how this impacts crops like sugarcane in Maharashtra's interior.

Question 13:

Rahul, a student from Kerala, noticed that his state receives heavy rainfall during the monsoon season, while his cousin in Rajasthan experiences very little rainfall. Based on this observation:

  • Explain the term monsoon and its significance in India.
  • Compare the climatic conditions of Kerala and Rajasthan during the monsoon season, giving reasons for the difference.
Answer:

Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to India. It is crucial for agriculture, water supply, and the economy.

Kerala receives heavy rainfall due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats, which force moist winds to rise and condense. Rajasthan, on the other hand, lies in the rain shadow region of the Aravalli Mountains and experiences scanty rainfall because the monsoon winds lose moisture by the time they reach there.

Key differences:

  • Kerala: High humidity, frequent rains, lush greenery.
  • Rajasthan: Dry, hot, and arid with sparse vegetation.

Question 14:

During a field trip to the Himalayas, Priya observed that the temperature decreases as she ascends the mountains, while her friend in Chennai experiences a hot and humid climate throughout the year. Analyze:

  • How does altitude influence the climate of a place?
  • Why does Chennai have a hot and humid climate compared to the Himalayas?
Answer:

Altitude affects climate because temperature drops by approximately 6.5°C for every 1,000 meters of ascent. This is why the Himalayas have cooler temperatures at higher elevations.

Chennai has a hot and humid climate due to its coastal location and proximity to the equator. The sea moderates temperatures, leading to high humidity and consistent warmth. In contrast, the Himalayas are at high altitudes, resulting in cooler temperatures and even snowfall in higher regions.

Comparison:

  • Chennai: Coastal, tropical, minimal temperature variation.
  • Himalayas: High altitude, temperate to polar climate, significant temperature drops.

Question 15:

Read the following case study and answer the question below:

Rahul, a student from Kerala, visited his cousin in Rajasthan during summer. He noticed stark differences in climate, vegetation, and lifestyle compared to his hometown. While Kerala had heavy rainfall and lush greenery, Rajasthan was extremely hot and dry with sparse vegetation.

Question: Explain the climatic factors responsible for these differences between Kerala and Rajasthan, referring to the monsoon winds and geographical location.

Answer:

Answer:

The climatic differences between Kerala and Rajasthan are primarily due to:

  • Monsoon Winds: Kerala receives heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon winds as it lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. Rajasthan, being in the rain shadow area of the Aravalli range, gets scanty rainfall.
  • Geographical Location: Kerala is a coastal region near the equator, leading to high humidity and consistent temperatures. Rajasthan is an inland desert region with extreme temperatures due to its distance from the sea and the presence of the Thar Desert.

These factors result in Kerala's tropical wet climate and Rajasthan's arid climate, affecting vegetation and lifestyle.

Question 16:

Read the following case study and answer the question below:

During a geography class, students discussed how Chennai receives most of its rainfall in winter from the northeast monsoon, while Mumbai gets heavy rains in summer from the southwest monsoon.

Question: Analyze why Chennai and Mumbai experience contrasting monsoon patterns, focusing on the seasonal wind direction and coastal influence.

Answer:

Answer:

The contrasting monsoon patterns in Chennai and Mumbai occur because:

  • Seasonal Wind Direction: Mumbai receives rainfall from the southwest monsoon winds (June-September) as they strike the Western Ghats, causing heavy rains. Chennai, on the east coast, gets rainfall from the retreating northeast monsoon (October-December) as winds pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
  • Coastal Influence: Mumbai's proximity to the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats enhances rainfall during summer. Chennai's winter rains are due to the coromandel coast receiving moisture-laden winds after the monsoon retreats.

Thus, their geographical positions and monsoon wind patterns create distinct rainfall seasons.

Question 17:

Rahul, a student from Kerala, noticed that his cousin in Rajasthan experiences extreme temperatures, while his hometown has a moderate climate throughout the year. Based on this observation:

  • Explain the climatic difference between Kerala and Rajasthan.
  • How does the Arabian Sea branch of the Southwest Monsoon influence Kerala's climate?
Answer:

Climatic Difference: Kerala has a tropical monsoon climate with high humidity and moderate temperatures due to its proximity to the sea and the Western Ghats. Rajasthan, being inland and near the Thar Desert, experiences an arid climate with extreme temperatures (very hot in summer and cold in winter) and low rainfall.

Arabian Sea Branch Influence: The Arabian Sea branch of the Southwest Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to Kerala as it strikes the Western Ghats first, causing orographic rainfall. This ensures consistent moisture and moderates temperatures, unlike Rajasthan, which receives scanty rainfall from the Bay of Bengal branch.

Question 18:

During a field trip to Assam, students observed frequent floods and heavy rainfall, while their teacher explained the role of the Bay of Bengal branch of monsoons. Analyze:

  • Why does Assam receive such heavy rainfall?
  • How do these floods impact the local agriculture and economy?
Answer:

Heavy Rainfall in Assam: Assam receives heavy rainfall due to the Bay of Bengal branch of the Southwest Monsoon, which carries moisture-laden winds. These winds hit the Eastern Himalayas, causing intense orographic rainfall. The region's low-lying terrain and the Brahmaputra River further amplify water accumulation.

Impact on Agriculture & Economy: While floods replenish soil fertility with silt, excessive flooding damages crops like tea and rice, leading to economic losses. It disrupts transportation, displaces communities, and increases rehabilitation costs, straining the local economy.

Question 19:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

Rahul, a student from Kerala, visited his cousin in Rajasthan during summer. He noticed stark differences in climate, vegetation, and lifestyle compared to his hometown. He wondered why Kerala receives heavy rainfall while Rajasthan remains dry for most of the year.

Question: Explain the factors responsible for the variation in climatic conditions between Kerala and Rajasthan, with reference to the monsoon mechanism and geographical location.

Answer:

Answer:

The variation in climatic conditions between Kerala and Rajasthan is primarily due to the following factors:

  • Geographical Location: Kerala is located near the Arabian Sea and lies in the tropical wet climate zone, receiving heavy rainfall due to its proximity to moisture-laden winds. Rajasthan, on the other hand, lies in the Thar Desert and is far from any major water body, resulting in a hot desert climate.
  • Monsoon Mechanism: Kerala receives heavy rainfall from the Southwest Monsoon as the Western Ghats force the moist winds to rise, causing orographic rainfall. Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall because the monsoon winds lose most of their moisture by the time they reach the region, and the Aravalli Range does not significantly obstruct the winds.
  • Distance from the Sea: Kerala's coastal location ensures high humidity and rainfall, while Rajasthan's inland location leads to dry and arid conditions.

These factors collectively explain the contrasting climates of the two regions.

Question 20:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

Priya observed that her city, Chennai, experiences maximum rainfall during the winter months, unlike most parts of India which receive rainfall during the monsoon season. She was curious to know the reason behind this unique pattern.

Question: Analyze why Chennai receives most of its rainfall in winter, referring to the retreating monsoon and coastal influence. How does this differ from the rest of India?

Answer:

Answer:

Chennai receives most of its rainfall in winter due to the following reasons:

  • Retreating Monsoon (North-East Monsoon): During October-November, the Southwest Monsoon retreats, and the winds reverse direction, blowing from land to sea. However, over the Bay of Bengal, these winds pick up moisture and bring rainfall to the Coromandel Coast, including Chennai.
  • Coastal Influence: Chennai's location on the eastern coast makes it susceptible to cyclonic depressions formed in the Bay of Bengal during this period, which further enhance rainfall.

Difference from Rest of India: Most parts of India receive rainfall during the Southwest Monsoon (June-September), but Chennai's unique geographical position and the retreating monsoon mechanism result in winter rainfall. This is why Chennai's climate is classified as tropical wet and dry with a distinct rainy season in winter.

Question 21:
Rahul, a student from Kerala, noticed that his state receives heavy rainfall during June to September, while his cousin in Rajasthan experiences very little rainfall during the same period. Based on this observation, answer the following:
(a) Name the monsoon responsible for rainfall in Kerala during June-September.
(b) Explain why Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall despite being in the same country.
Answer:

(a) The monsoon responsible for rainfall in Kerala during June-September is the Southwest Monsoon or Advancing Monsoon. It brings heavy rainfall to the western coast and northeastern regions of India.

(b) Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall due to the following reasons:

  • The Aravalli Range lies parallel to the direction of the monsoon winds, so it does not obstruct them to cause rainfall.
  • The region falls in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats, reducing moisture content in the winds by the time they reach Rajasthan.
  • High temperatures in the Thar Desert cause rapid evaporation, leaving little moisture for precipitation.
Thus, geographical and climatic factors lead to low rainfall in Rajasthan compared to Kerala.

Question 22:
A weather report shows that Chennai has higher humidity in November-December than in June-July, whereas Mumbai experiences the opposite. Analyze the climatic reasons behind this contrast.
Answer:

The contrast in humidity between Chennai and Mumbai is due to their different rainfall patterns influenced by monsoons:

  • Chennai receives most of its rainfall from the Northeast Monsoon (October-December), leading to higher humidity during November-December. In June-July, it remains relatively dry as the Southwest Monsoon bypasses the region.
  • Mumbai receives heavy rainfall from the Southwest Monsoon (June-September), causing high humidity in June-July. By November-December, the monsoon withdraws, reducing humidity.

This difference arises because Chennai is on the eastern coast (affected by retreating monsoons), while Mumbai is on the western coast (affected by advancing monsoons). The Bay of Bengal branch and Arabian Sea branch of monsoons play distinct roles in these regions.

Chat on WhatsApp