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The Russian Revolution – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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The Russian Revolution

Study Materials

9th

9th - Social Studies

The Russian Revolution

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Overview of the Chapter

The Russian Revolution was a pivotal event in world history that transformed Russia from an autocratic monarchy into a socialist state. This chapter explores the causes, key events, and consequences of the revolution, focusing on the socio-economic and political conditions that led to the uprising.

Background of the Russian Revolution

Before the revolution, Russia was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, who maintained an autocratic regime. The majority of the population were peasants, while industrial workers faced harsh conditions. The country's involvement in World War I exacerbated economic hardships and social discontent.

Autocracy: A system of government where one person has absolute power.

Causes of the Russian Revolution

  • Economic hardships due to industrialization and poor working conditions.
  • Political repression under Tsar Nicholas II.
  • Russia's heavy losses in World War I.
  • Growing influence of socialist ideas, particularly Marxism.

Key Events of the Revolution

February Revolution (1917)

Mass protests and strikes led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, ending the Romanov dynasty. A Provisional Government was established, but it failed to address key issues.

October Revolution (1917)

Led by the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin, this revolution overthrew the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks established a socialist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.

Bolsheviks: A radical socialist group led by Lenin that played a key role in the October Revolution.

Consequences of the Russian Revolution

  • Establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922.
  • Spread of socialist ideas globally.
  • Civil war between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and their opponents (Whites).
  • Economic and social reforms, including land redistribution.

Impact on the World

The Russian Revolution inspired socialist movements worldwide and led to the Cold War divide between capitalist and communist nations. It also influenced anti-colonial struggles in Asia and Africa.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
When did the Russian Revolution begin?
Answer:

1917

Question 2:
Who led the Bolshevik Party during the revolution?
Answer:

Vladimir Lenin

Question 3:
What was the main slogan of the Bolsheviks?
Answer:

'Peace, Land, and Bread'

Question 4:
Which event marked the end of the Tsarist autocracy?
Answer:

February Revolution (1917)

Question 5:
What was the name of the Tsar overthrown in 1917?
Answer:

Tsar Nicholas II

Question 6:
What was the October Revolution also called?
Answer:

Bolshevik Revolution

Question 7:
Which group opposed the Bolsheviks after the revolution?
Answer:

The Whites

Question 8:
What was the Duma in Russia?
Answer:

Russian Parliament

Question 9:
What policy did Lenin introduce after the revolution?
Answer:

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Question 10:
Which treaty ended Russia's involvement in World War I?
Answer:

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Question 11:
What was the Cheka?
Answer:

Bolshevik secret police

Question 12:
What system replaced the Tsarist regime?
Answer:

Socialist government

Question 13:
Which social class supported the Bolsheviks the most?
Answer:

Workers and peasants

Question 14:
What was the impact of the revolution on Russian industry?
Answer:

Nationalization of industries

Question 15:
What was the main cause of The Russian Revolution?
Answer:

Oppression under Tsar Nicholas II.

Question 16:
Name the leader of the Bolshevik Party.
Answer:

Vladimir Lenin.

Question 17:
When did the February Revolution occur?
Answer:

1917.

Question 18:
What slogan did Lenin use during the revolution?
Answer:

"Peace, Land, and Bread".

Question 19:
Which event marked the end of Tsarist rule?
Answer:

The February Revolution.

Question 20:
What was the name of the secret police under Tsar?
Answer:

Okhrana.

Question 21:
Which treaty ended Russia's WWI participation?
Answer:

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Question 22:
What was the Duma?
Answer:

Russian parliament before the revolution.

Question 23:
Who were the Reds and Whites?
Answer:

Reds: Bolsheviks; Whites: Anti-Bolsheviks.

Question 24:
What policy did Lenin introduce post-revolution?
Answer:

New Economic Policy (NEP).

Question 25:
Which social group led the revolution?
Answer:

Workers and peasants.

Question 26:
What was Bloody Sunday?
Answer:

1905 massacre of peaceful protesters.

Question 27:
Name the last Tsar of Russia.
Answer:

Nicholas II.

Question 28:
What was the impact of WWI on Russia?
Answer:

Economic collapse and unrest.

Question 29:
What was the main cause of the Russian Revolution in 1917?
Answer:

The main cause was the widespread discontent among the people due to economic hardships, food shortages, and Russia's poor performance in World War I. The autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II also fueled the revolution.

Question 30:
Name the two factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
Answer:

The two factions were the Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) and the Mensheviks.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
What was the main cause of the February Revolution in Russia?
Answer:

The main cause of the February Revolution was the widespread discontent among people due to food shortages, heavy casualties in World War I, and the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II. The revolution led to the overthrow of the Tsar and the establishment of a provisional government.

Question 2:
Name the two factions of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
Answer:

The two factions were the Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) and the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks believed in a violent revolution, while the Mensheviks favored gradual change.

Question 3:
What was the significance of the October Revolution of 1917?
Answer:

The October Revolution marked the Bolsheviks' seizure of power under Lenin. It led to the establishment of a socialist government, ending private ownership and introducing policies like land redistribution and workers' control over industries.

Question 4:
Who were the Kulaks in Russia?
Answer:

The Kulaks were wealthy peasants who owned large farms and employed laborers. They were seen as opponents of the Bolsheviks during the revolution and were later targeted during Stalin's collectivization policies.

Question 5:
What role did Lenin play in the Russian Revolution?
Answer:

Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks and a key figure in the revolution. He introduced the April Theses, demanding peace, land for peasants, and power to the Soviets, which guided the revolution's success.

Question 6:
How did World War I impact the Russian Revolution?
Answer:

World War I worsened Russia's economic and social conditions, leading to food shortages, high casualties, and public anger against the Tsar. This created the perfect conditions for the revolution.

Question 7:
Why did the Provisional Government fail in Russia?
Answer:

The Provisional Government failed because it continued Russia's involvement in World War I, ignored land reforms, and lost public support. This allowed the Bolsheviks to gain power in the October Revolution.

Question 8:
Who were the Bolsheviks?
Answer:

The Bolsheviks were a radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, led by Lenin. They believed in overthrowing the Tsar through revolution and establishing a proletariat dictatorship.

Question 9:
What were the April Theses?
Answer:

The April Theses were a set of directives by Lenin in 1917, demanding:
1. End to World War I
2. Land redistribution to peasants
3. Transfer of power to the Soviets.

Question 10:
What was the Provisional Government in Russia?
Answer:

The Provisional Government was formed after the February Revolution (1917) to replace the Tsar. It failed to address key issues like land reforms and war, leading to its overthrow by the Bolsheviks.

Question 11:
Describe the impact of the Russian Revolution on global politics.
Answer:

The revolution inspired socialist movements worldwide and led to the formation of the Soviet Union. It intensified the Cold War divide between capitalist and communist ideologies.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the role of Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution.
Answer:

The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, played a crucial role in the Russian Revolution. They were a radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and believed in overthrowing the Tsarist regime through revolution.

Their key contributions include:

  • Organizing workers and soldiers to revolt against the Provisional Government in October 1917.
  • Promising 'Peace, Land, and Bread' to gain mass support.
  • Establishing a socialist government and later forming the Soviet Union.

Their actions led to the end of the monarchy and the rise of communism in Russia.

Question 2:
What were the main causes of the February Revolution in Russia?
Answer:

The February Revolution of 1917 was caused by multiple factors:

  • Economic hardships: Food shortages, inflation, and poor working conditions angered the people.
  • Political discontent: The autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II and his failure in World War I led to widespread dissatisfaction.
  • Social inequality: The vast gap between the rich and poor fueled unrest among peasants and workers.

These factors combined led to mass protests, forcing the Tsar to abdicate and ending the monarchy.

Question 3:
Describe the impact of World War I on the Russian Revolution.
Answer:

World War I significantly accelerated the Russian Revolution due to:

  • Military failures: Heavy losses and poor leadership weakened public trust in the Tsarist regime.
  • Economic strain: War expenses caused inflation, food shortages, and industrial collapse.
  • Social unrest: Soldiers and workers grew disillusioned, leading to strikes and protests.

The war exposed the government's weaknesses, making revolution inevitable.

Question 4:
How did the Provisional Government contribute to the success of the October Revolution?
Answer:

The Provisional Government, formed after the February Revolution, failed to address key issues, paving the way for the October Revolution:

  • It continued Russia's involvement in World War I, angering the public.
  • It delayed land reforms, frustrating peasants.
  • It lacked strong leadership, allowing the Bolsheviks to gain support.

These failures made the government unpopular, enabling the Bolsheviks to overthrow it easily.

Question 5:
What was the significance of the Petrograd Soviet during the Russian Revolution?
Answer:

The Petrograd Soviet was a council of workers and soldiers that played a key role in the revolution:

  • It represented the interests of the working class, challenging the Provisional Government.
  • It issued Order No. 1, which gave soldiers control over their units, weakening government authority.
  • It supported the Bolsheviks, helping them gain power in October 1917.

Its influence was crucial in shifting power from the government to revolutionary forces.

Question 6:
Explain the changes introduced by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution.
Answer:

After seizing power, the Bolsheviks implemented major reforms:

  • Land redistribution: Land was taken from nobles and given to peasants.
  • Workers' control: Factories were placed under worker committees.
  • Peace with Germany: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended Russia's involvement in World War I.
  • New government: The Soviet Union was established, promoting socialist policies.

These changes aimed to create a classless society and consolidate Bolshevik power.

Question 7:
Explain the role of Lenin in the Russian Revolution.
Answer:

Lenin played a pivotal role in the Russian Revolution as the leader of the Bolshevik Party. He introduced the April Theses, demanding peace, land for peasants, and power to the Soviets. His slogan 'Peace, Land, and Bread' gained mass support. He led the October Revolution in 1917, overthrowing the Provisional Government and establishing a socialist state.

Question 8:
What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution in 1917?
Answer:

The main causes of the Russian Revolution were:

  • Autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II, leading to public discontent.
  • Hardships faced by peasants and workers due to feudal system and poor working conditions.
  • Russia's heavy losses in World War I, causing economic crisis.
  • Influence of revolutionary ideas like Marxism among the masses.

Question 9:
Describe the significance of the February Revolution in Russia.
Answer:

The February Revolution (1917) marked the end of the Tsarist autocracy. It led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a Provisional Government. However, it failed to address key issues like land reforms and withdrawal from WWI, paving the way for the October Revolution.

Question 10:
How did the Bolsheviks gain power during the Russian Revolution?
Answer:

The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, gained power by:

  • Promising 'Peace, Land, and Bread' to the masses.
  • Organizing the Red Guards to seize key buildings in Petrograd.
  • Overthrowing the Provisional Government in the October Revolution (1917).
  • Establishing the Soviet government and implementing radical reforms.

Question 11:
What was the impact of the Russian Revolution on global politics?
Answer:

The Russian Revolution had a profound global impact:

  • Inspired socialist movements worldwide, leading to the formation of communist parties.
  • Intensified the Cold War divide between capitalist and socialist blocs.
  • Promoted ideas of workers' rights and equality, influencing labor reforms.
  • Led to the creation of the USSR, challenging Western dominance.

Question 12:
Explain the term 'War Communism' and its effects on Russia.
Answer:

'War Communism' was a policy adopted by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1918-1921). It involved:

  • Nationalization of industries and banks.
  • Forced grain requisitioning from peasants.
  • Centralized economic control.
Effects included severe shortages, famine, and public unrest, leading to its replacement by the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the causes of the Russian Revolution with reference to socio-economic and political factors.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that Russia was under autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II, with widespread poverty and inequality.

Key Developments
  • Peasants suffered under feudal system (serfdom).
  • Industrial workers faced poor conditions (e.g., Bloody Sunday 1905).
  • Russia's defeat in WWI worsened public unrest.
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook shows how food shortages and inflation led to protests. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, gained support.

Current Relevance

Revolutions still occur due to inequality, like the Arab Spring.

Question 2:
Describe the role of Lenin in the Russian Revolution and his April Theses.
Answer:
Historical Context

Lenin returned from exile in 1917 to lead the Bolsheviks.

Key Developments
  • His April Theses demanded peace, land, and power to Soviets.
  • Promised "Bread, Peace, Land" to gain mass support.
  • October Revolution (1917) overthrew Provisional Government.
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook shows how land redistribution and factory control improved lives.

Current Relevance

Leaders today use manifestos, like India's farm laws protests.

Question 3:
How did the February Revolution (1917) pave the way for Bolshevik success?
Answer:
Historical Context

Tsar Nicholas II abdicated after protests in Petrograd.

Key Developments
  • Dual power emerged: Provisional Government vs. Soviets.
  • Failure to exit WWI or address poverty weakened moderates.
  • Bolsheviks capitalized on discontent (July Days).
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook shows Soviets gained control of factories and railways.

Current Relevance

Similar power vacuums occur in coups, like Myanmar (2021).

Question 4:
Analyze the global impact of the Russian Revolution with examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

The Revolution inspired workers worldwide.

Key Developments
  • Formation of Comintern (1919) to spread communism.
  • Socialist movements in Germany (Spartacist Uprising).
  • Decolonization struggles (e.g., Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh).
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook shows how welfare policies in Europe copied Soviet ideas.

Current Relevance

Ideological conflicts persist, like US-Cuba tensions.

Question 5:
Compare the provisional government and Bolshevik policies during 1917.
Answer:
Historical Context

Provisional Government failed to address crises post-Tsar.

Key Developments
  • Provisional Government continued WWI; Bolsheviks demanded peace.
  • Land reforms delayed vs. Bolsheviks’ immediate redistribution.
  • Soviets gained power under Bolsheviks (Decree on Peace).
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook shows Bolshevik policies reduced food shortages.

Current Relevance

Governments still fall due to unfulfilled promises, like Sri Lanka (2022).

Question 6:
Describe the role of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution of 1917.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned that Lenin returned from exile in 1917, advocating for peace, land, and bread.

Key Developments
  • Bolsheviks gained support by opposing the Provisional Government.
  • The April Theses outlined Lenin's vision for revolution.
  • October Revolution saw Bolsheviks seize key buildings in Petrograd.
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook highlights how Lenin's policies redistributed land and nationalized industries.

Current Relevance

Lenin's strategies inspire modern movements for systemic change.

Question 7:
How did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk impact Russia during World War I?
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that Russia signed the treaty in 1918 to exit World War I under Lenin's leadership.

Key Developments
  • Russia lost territories like Ukraine and Poland.
  • The treaty sparked opposition from anti-Bolshevik groups.
  • Resources were redirected to internal conflicts.
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook shows how the treaty worsened food shortages and economic instability.

Current Relevance

Similar treaties today remind us of the costs of war and diplomacy.

Question 8:
Analyze the impact of the Russian Revolution on global politics in the 20th century.
Answer:
Historical Context

We learned that the revolution inspired communist movements worldwide.

Key Developments
  • Formation of the USSR in 1922 challenged capitalist powers.
  • Cold War tensions emerged as ideologies clashed.
  • Decolonization movements adopted socialist ideas.
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook highlights how labor rights and welfare policies spread globally.

Current Relevance

Today, debates about socialism vs. capitalism continue.

Question 9:
Compare the February and October Revolutions of 1917 in terms of goals and outcomes.
Answer:
Historical Context

We studied that the February Revolution overthrew the Tsar, while the October Revolution brought Bolsheviks to power.

Key Developments
  • February Revolution established a Provisional Government.
  • October Revolution led to Bolshevik control under Lenin.
  • Goals shifted from reform to radical change.
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook shows how October's outcomes included land redistribution and worker control.

Current Relevance

Revolutions today still debate gradual vs. radical change.

Question 10:
How did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) impact Russia's position in World War I?
Answer:
Historical Context

Russia signed this treaty to exit WWI, as promised by the Bolsheviks to gain public support.

Key Developments
  • Russia lost Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic territories
  • German forces withdrew from Russian lands
  • Allowed Bolsheviks to focus on civil war
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook explains this caused short-term losses but stabilized the new government long-term.

Current Relevance

Similar peace treaties today, like in Ukraine, show how war outcomes shape borders.

Question 11:
Compare the February and October Revolutions of 1917 in terms of causes and outcomes.
Answer:
Historical Context

Both revolutions occurred due to Tsar Nicholas II's failures, but had different leadership.

Key Developments
February RevolutionOctober Revolution
Spontaneous protestsPlanned Bolshevik takeover
Created Provisional GovernmentEstablished Soviet rule
Socio-economic Impact

Our textbook explains how October Revolution brought radical changes like land redistribution.

Current Relevance

Modern revolutions often show similar patterns of gradual vs. sudden change.

Question 12:
Explain the role of Lenin in the Russian Revolution of 1917. How did his leadership influence the course of the revolution?
Answer:

Lenin played a pivotal role in the Russian Revolution of 1917 as the leader of the Bolshevik Party. His leadership was instrumental in overthrowing the Provisional Government and establishing a socialist state. Here’s how he influenced the revolution:

  • April Theses: Lenin’s April Theses outlined his vision for Russia, demanding peace, land redistribution, and transfer of power to the Soviets.
  • Bolshevik Strategy: Under Lenin, the Bolsheviks adopted the slogan "Peace, Land, and Bread", which resonated with the masses suffering from war and food shortages.
  • October Revolution: Lenin masterminded the October Revolution, leading to the capture of the Winter Palace and the fall of the Provisional Government.
  • Decree on Land & Peace: After seizing power, Lenin issued key decrees, redistributing land to peasants and withdrawing Russia from World War I.

His leadership transformed Russia into the world’s first socialist state, inspiring revolutionary movements globally.

Question 13:
Describe the social, economic, and political conditions in Russia before the Russian Revolution of 1917. How did these conditions contribute to the outbreak of the revolution?
Answer:

Before the Russian Revolution, Russia faced severe social, economic, and political crises that fueled discontent among the people:

  • Social Conditions: Society was divided into stark classes—the privileged nobility and the oppressed peasants and workers. Peasants suffered under feudal practices, while workers faced harsh conditions in factories.
  • Economic Conditions: Russia’s economy was backward, relying heavily on agriculture. Industrialization was slow, and workers endured low wages and long hours. Food shortages worsened during World War I.
  • Political Conditions: The Tsarist autocracy under Nicholas II was corrupt and repressive. The Duma had limited power, and political dissent was brutally suppressed.

These conditions created widespread anger, leading to strikes, protests, and eventually the overthrow of the Tsar in the February Revolution, followed by the October Revolution.

Question 14:
Explain the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1917. How did it impact the world?
Answer:

The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a major turning point in world history, leading to the establishment of the first communist state. Below are the key causes and consequences:

Causes:

  • Political Causes: The autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II led to widespread discontent among the people. The government was inefficient and corrupt.
  • Social Causes: Russian society was highly unequal, with the nobility and clergy enjoying privileges while peasants and workers suffered in poverty.
  • Economic Causes: Russia's involvement in World War I drained its resources, leading to food shortages and inflation.
  • Ideological Causes: The ideas of Karl Marx and the rise of revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks inspired people to demand change.

Consequences:

  • The monarchy was overthrown, and a socialist government under Vladimir Lenin was established.
  • Land was redistributed to peasants, and industries were nationalized.
  • The revolution inspired communist movements worldwide, leading to the formation of the Soviet Union.
  • It intensified the global divide between capitalist and communist ideologies, shaping 20th-century geopolitics.

Impact on the World: The revolution demonstrated the power of mass movements and influenced anti-colonial struggles in Asia and Africa. It also led to the Cold War between the US and the USSR.

Question 15:
Explain the role of Lenin in the Russian Revolution of 1917. How did his leadership influence the outcome of the revolution?
Answer:

The role of Lenin in the Russian Revolution was pivotal, as he provided the ideological and organizational leadership that shaped its success. Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Party, which played a central role in overthrowing the Provisional Government in October 1917.

Key contributions of Lenin include:

  • April Theses: Lenin's April Theses outlined his vision for Russia, demanding peace, land for peasants, and all power to the Soviets. This radical agenda galvanized mass support.
  • Overthrow of Provisional Government: Under Lenin's direction, the Bolsheviks organized the October Revolution, leading to the capture of key government buildings in Petrograd.
  • Decree on Land and Peace: After seizing power, Lenin issued decrees that redistributed land to peasants and withdrew Russia from World War I, fulfilling key promises.
  • Establishment of Soviet Rule: Lenin laid the foundation for a socialist state by dissolving the Constituent Assembly and consolidating Bolshevik control.

Lenin's leadership was crucial because his clear vision and decisive actions ensured the Bolsheviks' victory. His policies addressed the immediate grievances of workers, soldiers, and peasants, securing their support. Without Lenin, the revolution might not have succeeded in establishing a communist government.

Question 16:
Describe the social and economic conditions in Russia before the Russian Revolution of 1917. How did these conditions contribute to the outbreak of the revolution?
Answer:

Before the Russian Revolution, Russia faced severe social and economic hardships that fueled discontent among the masses:

  • Social Conditions: Autocracy under Tsar Nicholas II led to inequality, with peasants and workers suffering poor living conditions while the nobility enjoyed privileges.
  • Economic Conditions: Russia was agrarian, with outdated farming techniques causing food shortages. Industrial workers faced low wages and harsh working conditions.
  • Impact of World War I: The war drained resources, leading to inflation, food scarcity, and massive casualties, further angering the people.
  • Political Unrest: The February Revolution of 1917 erupted due to these conditions, forcing the Tsar to abdicate.

These factors created a revolutionary atmosphere, paving the way for the Bolsheviks to seize power later in 1917.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Autocracy and industrialization were key factors in the Russian Revolution. How did these contribute to the uprising?
Answer:
Case Context

We studied how Tsar Nicholas II's autocratic rule and rapid industrialization created unrest.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Autocracy led to poor governance, like the Bloody Sunday massacre (1905).
  • Industrialization caused worker exploitation, as seen in the Putilov Factory strikes.
  • Peasants suffered under feudal systems, e.g., land shortages in rural Russia.
Current Relevance

Similar inequalities exist today, like labor protests in developing nations.

Question 2:
Explain the role of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution (1917).
Answer:
Case Context

Our textbook shows Lenin's leadership was crucial for the Bolsheviks' success.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Lenin's April Theses demanded peace, land, and bread.
  • Bolsheviks stormed the Winter Palace, symbolizing Tsarist fall.
  • They redistributed land, e.g., Decree on Land (1917).
Current Relevance

Modern revolutions, like Arab Spring, also rely on strong leadership.

Question 3:
How did World War I worsen conditions in Russia, leading to the February Revolution?
Answer:
Case Context

WWI drained Russia's resources, sparking public anger.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Food shortages occurred, e.g., bread riots in Petrograd.
  • Military defeats like Tannenberg (1914) weakened morale.
  • Tsar's poor war management led to his abdication.
Current Relevance

Wars today, like Ukraine conflict, also strain economies.

Question 4:
Compare the provisional government and Bolsheviks in addressing post-Tsarist Russia's challenges.
Answer:
Case Context

After the Tsar fell, two powers emerged with different approaches.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Provisional Government continued WWI, causing unrest.
  • Bolsheviks promised peace (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).
  • Land reforms: Bolsheviks seized estates, e.g., Kulak properties.
Current Relevance

Similar power struggles appear in post-revolution states like Afghanistan.

Question 5:
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were two factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. How did their ideologies differ, and what role did they play in the Russian Revolution?
Answer:
Case Context

We studied that Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, believed in a violent revolution, while Mensheviks favored gradual change.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917.
  • Mensheviks participated in the Provisional Government.
  • Our textbook shows Bolsheviks' success led to USSR formation.
Current Relevance

Similar ideological splits exist in modern socialist movements worldwide.

Question 6:
How did World War I contribute to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution? Provide examples of its impact on Russia.
Answer:
Case Context

WWI strained Russia's economy and military, creating unrest.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Food shortages led to February 1917 protests.
  • High casualties weakened army morale.
  • Our textbook shows war expenses caused inflation.
Current Relevance

Modern wars still trigger political changes, like Arab Spring.

Question 7:
Explain the significance of Bloody Sunday (1905) in shaping revolutionary ideas among Russian workers and peasants.
Answer:
Case Context

On Bloody Sunday, troops fired on peaceful protestors, killing hundreds.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • It exposed Tsar Nicholas II's brutality.
  • Led to widespread strikes across Russia.
  • Our textbook shows it inspired 1905 Revolution.
Current Relevance

Similar events, like Tiananmen Square, show how state violence fuels dissent.

Question 8:
Compare the February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917 in terms of their causes and outcomes.
Answer:
Case Context

February Revolution ended Tsar's rule; October Revolution brought Bolsheviks to power.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • February: Bread riots and army mutinies.
  • October: Planned Bolshevik takeover.
  • Our textbook shows October Revolution established Soviet government.
Current Relevance

Modern revolutions often follow similar patterns of mass protests followed by organized coups.

Question 9:
Analyze how the economic hardships faced by Russian peasants and workers contributed to the 1917 Revolution. Refer to NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied that Russia's economy was struggling before 1917. Peasants faced land shortages, and workers endured poor conditions.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Peasants: Over 85% were landless (NCERT).
  • Workers: 12-hour shifts in factories (NCERT example).
  • Food shortages due to WWI.
Current Relevance

Economic inequality still causes protests globally, like farmer movements in India.

Question 10:
Compare the roles of Lenin and Tsar Nicholas II in shaping Russia's political landscape during the Revolution.
Answer:
Case Context

Our textbook shows Lenin led the Bolsheviks while Tsar Nicholas ruled autocratically.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Tsar: Ignored people's demands (Bloody Sunday example).
  • Lenin: Promised 'Peace, Land, Bread' (NCERT).
  • October Revolution 1917 ended Tsarist rule.
Current Relevance

Modern leaders still balance public demands, like protests against authoritarian regimes.

Question 11:
Explain how World War I became a catalyst for the Russian Revolution with three NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

WWI worsened Russia's existing problems, speeding up the revolution.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Army shortages: Soldiers lacked weapons (NCERT).
  • Economic collapse: War expenses caused inflation.
  • February Revolution: Started with bread riots by war-weary people.
Current Relevance

Wars still trigger crises, like Ukraine's economic struggles today.

Question 12:
Describe the socialist reforms introduced after the Revolution with reference to education and industry.
Answer:
Case Context

The Bolsheviks implemented socialist policies post-1917.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Education: Made free for all (NCERT example).
  • Industry: Factories given to workers' committees.
  • Land redistribution: Taken from nobles.
Current Relevance

Similar welfare policies exist today, like free education in Scandinavian countries.

Question 13:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

In 1917, Russia was facing severe hardships due to World War I. Food shortages, inflation, and poor working conditions led to widespread discontent among the people. The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, promised 'Peace, Land, and Bread' to the masses. This slogan resonated deeply with the workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Question: How did the slogan 'Peace, Land, and Bread' contribute to the success of the Bolshevik Revolution? Explain with reference to the socio-economic conditions of Russia at that time.

Answer:

The slogan 'Peace, Land, and Bread' played a crucial role in the success of the Bolshevik Revolution because it directly addressed the three major grievances of the Russian people:

  • Peace: Russia's involvement in World War I had caused immense suffering, with high casualties and economic strain. The promise of withdrawing from the war appealed to soldiers and civilians alike.
  • Land: Peasants, who formed the majority of the population, were landless and exploited by wealthy landlords. The Bolsheviks promised to redistribute land, gaining their support.
  • Bread: Food shortages due to poor harvests and mismanagement led to starvation in cities. The promise of bread ensured urban workers' loyalty to the Bolshevik cause.

By addressing these critical issues, Lenin and the Bolsheviks united the masses under a common goal, leading to the overthrow of the Provisional Government in October 1917.

Question 14:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government took power in Russia but failed to address key issues like land reforms and ending the war. Meanwhile, the Petrograd Soviet, a council of workers and soldiers, grew in influence. The Bolsheviks, through their revolutionary ideas and effective propaganda, gained control of the Soviet.

Question: Why did the Provisional Government fail to retain power, while the Bolsheviks succeeded? Discuss the role of the Petrograd Soviet in this context.

Answer:

The Provisional Government failed to retain power due to its inability to address the pressing demands of the people:

  • It continued Russia's participation in World War I, which was deeply unpopular.
  • It delayed land reforms, angering peasants who wanted immediate redistribution.
  • It lacked strong leadership and was seen as disconnected from the masses.

In contrast, the Bolsheviks succeeded because:

  • They controlled the Petrograd Soviet, which had the loyalty of workers and soldiers.
  • Their promises of 'Peace, Land, and Bread' aligned with popular demands.
  • Lenin's leadership and effective propaganda mobilized support for their cause.

The Petrograd Soviet played a key role by acting as a parallel authority, undermining the Provisional Government and providing the Bolsheviks with a platform to rally public support.

Question 15:
Read the following case study and answer the question: The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a turning point in world history. The revolution was fueled by widespread discontent among workers, peasants, and soldiers due to poor working conditions, food shortages, and Russia's involvement in World War I. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, promised 'Peace, Land, and Bread' to the masses. Analyze how these three promises addressed the key grievances of the Russian people during the revolution.
Answer:

The three promises—'Peace, Land, and Bread'—directly addressed the major grievances of the Russian people during the revolution:

  • Peace: Russia's participation in World War I had caused immense suffering, with high casualties and economic strain. Lenin's promise to withdraw from the war resonated with soldiers and civilians who wanted an end to the conflict.
  • Land: Peasants were frustrated with the unequal distribution of land, as most of it was owned by the nobility. The Bolsheviks promised to redistribute land to the peasants, which appealed to the rural population.
  • Bread: Food shortages were rampant due to poor harvests and mismanagement. The promise of 'Bread' symbolized the Bolsheviks' commitment to solving the food crisis and improving living conditions for workers and urban dwellers.

These promises helped the Bolsheviks gain widespread support, leading to their eventual victory in the revolution.

Question 16:
Examine the role of women in the Russian Revolution based on the following case: On International Women's Day in 1917, thousands of women textile workers in Petrograd went on strike, demanding 'Bread and Peace.' Their protests sparked larger demonstrations, eventually leading to the overthrow of the Tsar. How did women's participation influence the course of the revolution?
Answer:

The participation of women played a crucial role in the Russian Revolution:

  • The strike by women textile workers on International Women's Day marked the beginning of mass protests, which quickly spread to other workers and soldiers.
  • Their demand for 'Bread and Peace' highlighted the immediate needs of the people, making the movement more relatable and urgent.
  • Women's involvement demonstrated the widespread discontent across all sections of society, weakening the Tsar's authority.
  • Their protests escalated into the February Revolution, leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the end of the Romanov dynasty.

Thus, women were not just participants but catalysts for the revolution, showing how grassroots movements can drive historical change.

Question 17:
Read the following excerpt and answer the question: 'In 1917, the Russian Revolution led to the overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy and the establishment of a socialist government. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, played a crucial role in this transformation.'

Based on the excerpt, explain the role of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution and how their actions contributed to the fall of the Tsarist regime.

Answer:

The Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, were a radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. They played a pivotal role in the Russian Revolution by mobilizing workers, soldiers, and peasants against the Tsarist autocracy. Their actions included:

  • Propagating revolutionary ideas through slogans like 'Peace, Land, and Bread', which resonated with the masses suffering due to World War I and economic hardships.
  • Organizing the October Revolution in 1917, where they seized key government buildings and overthrew the Provisional Government.
  • Establishing a socialist government, which abolished private ownership of land and redistributed it to peasants, fulfilling their promises.

These actions directly challenged the Tsarist regime's authority, leading to its collapse and the rise of a socialist state.

Question 18:
Analyze the given scenario: 'After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government took power in Russia, but it failed to address the demands of the people, leading to widespread discontent.'

Discuss the reasons for the failure of the Provisional Government and how this created an opportunity for the Bolsheviks to rise to power.

Answer:

The Provisional Government failed due to several critical reasons:

  • It continued Russia's participation in World War I, which was unpopular among soldiers and civilians suffering from shortages and casualties.
  • It delayed land reforms, angering peasants who demanded redistribution of land owned by the nobility.
  • It lacked strong leadership and was seen as ineffective in addressing economic crises like food shortages and inflation.

This failure created an opportunity for the Bolsheviks because:

  • They promised immediate peace, land, and better living conditions, gaining widespread support.
  • Lenin's April Theses called for an end to the war and transfer of power to the Soviets, aligning with public sentiment.
  • The Bolsheviks' organized and decisive actions during the October Revolution contrasted with the Provisional Government's indecisiveness, leading to their eventual takeover.

Thus, the Provisional Government's shortcomings paved the way for the Bolsheviks' rise.

Question 19:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

In 1917, Russia was facing severe hardships due to World War I. The economy was collapsing, food shortages were rampant, and the Tsar's government was seen as ineffective. Workers and peasants began protesting, leading to the February Revolution, which forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate. Later, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power in the October Revolution.

Question: Explain how the conditions in Russia during World War I contributed to the outbreak of the February Revolution and the eventual rise of the Bolsheviks.
Answer:

The conditions in Russia during World War I created widespread discontent, which directly led to the February Revolution and later the October Revolution. Here’s how:

  • Economic Collapse: The war drained Russia’s resources, leading to food shortages, inflation, and unemployment. Factories focused on military supplies, causing civilian goods to become scarce.
  • Military Failures: Russia suffered heavy losses in the war, demoralizing soldiers and the public. The Tsar’s decision to take personal command worsened the situation.
  • Political Weakness: Tsar Nicholas II was seen as incompetent and out of touch. His reliance on advisors like Rasputin angered the people.
  • Social Unrest: Workers and peasants protested against poor living conditions. The February Revolution forced the Tsar to abdicate, but the Provisional Government failed to address key issues.
  • Bolshevik Rise: Lenin promised "Peace, Land, and Bread," gaining support. The Bolsheviks capitalized on anger against the war and inequality, leading to the October Revolution.

Thus, war-time hardships created a revolutionary atmosphere, allowing the Bolsheviks to seize power.

Question 20:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

After the Bolsheviks took power in 1917, they implemented radical changes. Land was redistributed to peasants, factories were taken over by workers, and Russia withdrew from World War I through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. However, these actions led to a civil war between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and their opponents (Whites).

Question: Analyze the immediate consequences of the Bolshevik policies after the October Revolution and how they triggered the Russian Civil War.
Answer:

The Bolshevik policies after the October Revolution had immediate consequences that sparked the Russian Civil War:

  • Land Redistribution: The Bolsheviks seized land from nobles and gave it to peasants, angering landowners and conservatives.
  • Worker Control: Factories were handed over to workers, disrupting industrial production and alienating factory owners.
  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): Russia exited World War I, but the treaty ceded large territories to Germany, seen as a betrayal by nationalists.
  • Political Repression: The Bolsheviks banned opposition parties and used the Cheka (secret police) to suppress dissent.

These policies angered various groups, including:

  • Monarchists (wanted the Tsar back)
  • Socialist Revolutionaries (opposed Bolshevik dictatorship)
  • Foreign Powers (feared communism would spread)

This opposition formed the White Army, leading to a brutal civil war (1918-1922). The Bolsheviks (Reds) eventually won, consolidating their power.

Question 21:
Analyze the given excerpt and answer the questions:

'The February Revolution of 1917 led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. A Provisional Government was formed, but it continued Russia's involvement in World War I. This decision angered the people, leading to further unrest.'

(a) What were the main causes of the February Revolution? (b) Why did the Provisional Government's decision to continue the war lead to unrest?
Answer:

(a) The main causes of the February Revolution were:

  • Economic hardships due to food shortages, inflation, and poor working conditions.
  • Military failures in World War I, which caused massive casualties and loss of public trust in the Tsar.
  • Autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II, who ignored the people's demands for reforms.
  • Strikes and protests by workers and soldiers, who were frustrated with the government's inefficiency.

(b) The Provisional Government's decision to continue the war led to unrest because:

  • People were exhausted from the war and wanted immediate peace.
  • The war worsened economic conditions, leading to more shortages and suffering.
  • It showed the government's disconnect from public sentiment, strengthening support for the Bolsheviks, who promised peace.
Question 22:
Read the following case study and answer the questions below:

In 1917, Russia was facing severe hardships due to World War I. The Tsarist government was unpopular, and food shortages were rampant. Workers in Petrograd went on strike, demanding 'Bread, Peace, and Land.' The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, capitalized on this unrest and overthrew the Provisional Government in the October Revolution.

(a) Why did the workers in Petrograd demand 'Bread, Peace, and Land'? (b) How did the Bolsheviks use this situation to their advantage?
Answer:

(a) The workers in Petrograd demanded 'Bread, Peace, and Land' because:

  • Bread symbolized the severe food shortages caused by World War I and poor economic policies under Tsar Nicholas II.
  • Peace reflected the people's exhaustion from the war, which had led to massive casualties and economic strain.
  • Land represented the peasants' desire for ownership, as most farmland was controlled by wealthy nobles.

(b) The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, used this situation to their advantage by:

  • Promising immediate peace, land redistribution, and better working conditions, which resonated with the masses.
  • Organizing the October Revolution to overthrow the weak Provisional Government, which had failed to address these issues.
  • Using propaganda and the slogan 'All Power to the Soviets' to gain support from workers, soldiers, and peasants.
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