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History: India and the Contemporary World – I (Continued) – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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History: India and the Contemporary World – I (Continued)

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9th

9th - Social Studies

History: India and the Contemporary World – I (Continued)

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Overview of the Chapter

This chapter continues the exploration of India's historical journey and its interaction with the contemporary world, as part of the CBSE Grade 9 Social Studies curriculum. It delves into significant events, movements, and transformations that shaped modern India and its global connections.

The chapter emphasizes the socio-political and economic changes during the colonial period and their lasting impact on India's development.

Key Themes Covered

  • Colonialism and its effects on Indian society and economy
  • The rise of nationalism and the freedom struggle
  • Social reforms and movements during the 19th and early 20th centuries
  • India's interaction with global events and ideologies

Detailed Summary

Colonialism and Its Impact

The chapter begins by examining the economic exploitation under British rule, including the drain of wealth, deindustrialization, and the transformation of agrarian structures. It highlights how colonial policies disrupted traditional livelihoods and created new social hierarchies.

Colonialism refers to the political and economic control of one country by another, often leading to exploitation and cultural domination.

The Rise of Nationalism

The emergence of Indian nationalism is traced through various phases, from early revolts like the 1857 uprising to the formation of the Indian National Congress. Key figures such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Mahatma Gandhi are discussed in the context of their contributions to the freedom movement.

Social Reforms and Movements

The chapter explores reform movements like the Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, and the efforts to abolish regressive practices such as sati and child marriage. It also covers the role of education and the press in spreading awareness and fostering a sense of unity.

Social reform movements aimed to address injustices and promote equality, often challenging traditional norms and colonial policies simultaneously.

Global Connections

India's participation in global events, such as World War I and the influence of international ideologies like socialism and communism, is analyzed. The chapter also discusses how global economic trends affected India's colonial economy.

Conclusion

This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of India's struggle against colonialism, the evolution of its national identity, and its engagement with global forces. It underscores the interconnectedness of local and global histories in shaping contemporary India.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Name the French military leader who crowned himself Emperor in 1804.
Answer:

Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 2:
Which revolutionary society was founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831?
Answer:

Young Italy

Question 3:
What was the main crop grown during the Champaran Satyagraha?
Answer:

Indigo

Question 4:
Who wrote ‘Hind Swaraj’ in 1909?
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi

Question 5:
Which British law allowed imprisonment without trial in India?
Answer:

Rowlatt Act

Question 6:
Name the tribal leader who led the Rampa Rebellion.
Answer:

Alluri Sitarama Raju

Question 7:
Where was the first jute mill in India established?
Answer:

Rishra (Bengal)

Question 8:
Which event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
Answer:

Storming of the Bastille

Question 9:
Who introduced the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in India?
Answer:

Lord Dalhousie

Question 10:
Which treaty ended the First World War?
Answer:

Treaty of Versailles

Question 11:
Name the peasant movement led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh.
Answer:

Oudh Kisan Sabha

Question 12:
Which British officer introduced the Ryotwari System?
Answer:

Thomas Munro

Question 13:
What was the capital of Vietnam under French rule?
Answer:

Hanoi

Question 14:
Who founded the ‘Ghadar Party’ in 1913?
Answer:

Lala Hardayal

Question 15:
What was the main objective of the Rowlatt Act of 1919?
Answer:

The main objective of the Rowlatt Act was to suppress political activities in India by allowing the British government to imprison Indians without trial. It aimed to curb the growing nationalist movement.

Question 16:
Name the two leaders who formed the Swaraj Party after leaving the Indian National Congress.
Answer:

The two leaders were Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru. They formed the Swaraj Party to contest elections and oppose British policies from within the legislative councils.

Question 17:
What was the significance of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in the Indian freedom struggle?
Answer:

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre exposed the brutality of British rule, uniting Indians against colonial oppression. It intensified the demand for self-rule and fueled the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 18:
Who was the founder of the Khilafat Movement in India?
Answer:

The Khilafat Movement was founded by Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali). It aimed to protect the Ottoman Caliphate and unite Muslims against British policies.

Question 19:
What was the main demand of the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi?
Answer:

The main demand was self-government (Swaraj). Gandhi urged Indians to boycott British institutions, schools, courts, and goods to weaken colonial authority.

Question 20:
Why did the Simon Commission face protests in India?
Answer:

The Simon Commission faced protests because it had no Indian members. Indians saw it as a denial of their right to self-determination and shouted the slogan 'Simon Go Back'.

Question 21:
What was the role of Alluri Sitarama Raju in the Indian freedom struggle?
Answer:

Alluri Sitarama Raju led the Rampa Rebellion in Andhra Pradesh against British forest laws. He mobilized tribal communities to fight for their rights and inspired anti-colonial resistance.

Question 22:
Name the treaty that ended the First World War.
Answer:

The treaty was the Treaty of Versailles (1919). It imposed harsh penalties on Germany and redrew national boundaries, shaping post-war geopolitics.

Question 23:
What was the Dandi March, and who led it?
Answer:

The Dandi March was a 240-mile protest against the British salt tax. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, marking the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 24:
How did the Champaran Satyagraha influence the Indian freedom struggle?
Answer:

The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Gandhi's first successful protest in India. It empowered farmers against oppressive indigo planters and established non-violent resistance as a key strategy.

Question 25:
What was the Poona Pact, and why was it significant?
Answer:

The Poona Pact (1932) was an agreement between Gandhi and Ambedkar to reserve seats for Dalits in legislatures. It prevented separate electorates and promoted social unity.

Question 26:
Name the British Viceroy who announced the August Offer in 1940.
Answer:

The Viceroy was Lord Linlithgow. The August Offer promised limited Indian participation in governance but was rejected due to its vague terms.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Name the two leaders who formed the Swaraj Party after leaving the Congress.
Answer:

The two leaders were Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das. They formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 to contest elections and oppose British policies from within the legislative councils.

Question 2:
Why did Gandhiji call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?
Answer:

Gandhiji called off the movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, where violent clashes occurred. He believed in non-violence and felt the movement had strayed from its peaceful principles.

Question 3:
What was the Khilafat Movement? How did it unite Indians?
Answer:

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a protest by Indian Muslims against the unjust treatment of the Ottoman Caliph. It united Hindus and Muslims under a common anti-British platform, strengthening the freedom struggle.

Question 4:
Explain the term Civil Disobedience Movement in one sentence.
Answer:

The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) was a mass protest led by Gandhiji, where Indians defied British laws (like the salt tax) to demand complete independence through non-violent resistance.

Question 5:
Who was the founder of the Forward Bloc? What was its aim?
Answer:

Subhas Chandra Bose founded the Forward Bloc in 1939. Its aim was to consolidate leftist forces and achieve India's independence through radical means, differing from Gandhian methods.

Question 6:
What role did women play in the Salt Satyagraha?
Answer:

Women actively participated by:
1. Making salt illegally
2. Leading protests and picketing shops
3. Facing arrests, breaking gender stereotypes in the freedom struggle.

Question 7:
Name the pact signed between Gandhiji and Ambedkar in 1932. What did it ensure?
Answer:

The Poona Pact (1932) ensured reserved seats for Depressed Classes (Dalits) in provincial legislatures, rejecting separate electorates to maintain Hindu unity.

Question 8:
Why was the Simon Commission boycotted by Indians?
Answer:

It was boycotted because:
1. It had no Indian members
2. It ignored demands for self-governance
3. It symbolized British disregard for Indian opinions.

Question 9:
What was the Quit India Movement? When was it launched?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement (1942) was a mass protest demanding immediate British withdrawal from India. Gandhiji gave the slogan 'Do or Die', marking a turning point in the freedom struggle.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the significance of the Rowlatt Act in the Indian freedom struggle.
Answer:

The Rowlatt Act (1919) was a repressive law passed by the British, allowing them to imprison Indians without trial.
It sparked widespread protests, uniting people against British rule.
This led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, further fueling the freedom movement.
The Act exposed British injustice, strengthening the demand for self-rule.

Question 2:
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement impact India's struggle for independence?
Answer:

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) encouraged Indians to boycott British institutions, goods, and titles.
It promoted Swadeshi and unity among Hindus and Muslims.
Though suspended after Chauri Chaura, it marked mass participation in the freedom struggle.
It showed the power of peaceful resistance against colonial rule.

Question 3:
Describe the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi led the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) by breaking the salt law at Dandi.
He mobilized masses through peaceful protests, boycotts, and marches.
His emphasis on non-violence and civil disobedience inspired nationwide participation.
The movement pressured the British to negotiate, advancing India's demand for freedom.

Question 4:
What were the main features of the Government of India Act, 1935?
Answer:

The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy but retained British control.
It established a federal structure and separate electorates, deepening communal divisions.
Though it expanded voting rights, the British Governor-General held veto powers.
It was rejected by Congress as it fell short of granting full independence.

Question 5:
Why was the Quit India Movement a turning point in India's freedom struggle?
Answer:

The Quit India Movement (1942) demanded immediate British withdrawal from India.
It saw mass protests, strikes, and underground resistance despite severe repression.
The movement united Indians across regions and communities.
It weakened British authority, making independence inevitable after World War II.

Question 6:
Explain how the Partition of Bengal in 1905 affected the national movement.
Answer:

The Partition of Bengal (1905) divided the province on communal lines to weaken nationalism.
It sparked widespread protests, leading to the Swadeshi Movement and boycott of British goods.
The unity among Hindus and Muslims against the partition alarmed the British.
Though revoked in 1911, it strengthened anti-colonial sentiments in India.

Question 7:
Describe the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:

Women played a crucial role by:

  • Participating in salt marches, protests, and boycotts, breaking traditional barriers.
  • Organizing pickets outside shops selling foreign goods and liquor.
  • Inspiring others through leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru.

Their involvement challenged societal norms and highlighted their contribution to the freedom struggle.

Question 8:
What were the main causes of the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
Answer:

The Partition of Bengal was driven by:

  • British 'Divide and Rule' policy to weaken nationalist unity by separating Hindu-majority and Muslim-majority areas.
  • Administrative convenience due to Bengal's large size.
  • To curb the growing influence of Bengali nationalism.

It sparked widespread protests, leading to the Swadeshi Movement and its eventual reversal in 1911.

Question 9:
How did the Khilafat Movement contribute to the Indian freedom struggle?
Answer:

The Khilafat Movement (1919-24):

  • United Hindus and Muslims against British injustice to the Ottoman Caliphate.
  • Merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement, strengthening anti-colonial unity.
  • Highlighted Gandhiji's strategy of combining religious and political issues for mass mobilization.

Though it faded after the Caliphate was abolished, it reinforced Hindu-Muslim solidarity temporarily.

Question 10:
Explain the economic impact of British colonial rule on Indian agriculture.
Answer:

British policies ruined Indian agriculture by:

  • Imposing high revenue demands, forcing farmers into debt.
  • Promoting cash crops (indigo, cotton) over food crops, causing famines.
  • Introducing zamindari system, exploiting peasants.

This led to widespread poverty and agrarian unrest, fueling nationalist sentiments.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain how the French Revolution influenced the rise of nationalism in Europe. Provide examples from our textbook.
Answer:
Historical Context

The French Revolution (1789) introduced ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, challenging monarchies. Our textbook shows how it inspired people across Europe.

Key Developments
  • Spread of revolutionary ideals through Napoleonic Wars.
  • Formation of Jacobins Clubs in other countries.
  • Unification movements in Germany and Italy.
Socio-economic Impact

Peasants and middle classes demanded rights, leading to revolts like the 1830 and 1848 revolutions.

Current Relevance

Modern democracies reflect these principles, showing its lasting legacy.

Question 2:
Describe the role of Gandhiji in the Indian National Movement with reference to Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience movements.
Answer:
Historical Context

Gandhiji emerged as a leader post-WWI, advocating non-violence. Our textbook highlights his mass mobilization strategies.

Key Developments
  • Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Boycott of schools, courts, and foreign goods.
  • Salt March (1930): Defying British salt laws.
  • Quit India Movement (1942): Demand for immediate independence.
Socio-economic Impact

These movements united Indians across castes and classes.

Current Relevance

Gandhian principles inspire global peace movements today.

Question 3:
Analyze the impact of colonial forest policies on tribal communities in India.
Answer:
Historical Context

British introduced forest laws to exploit timber, disrupting tribal livelihoods. Our textbook mentions the 1878 Forest Act.

Key Developments
  • Restricted access to forests for shifting cultivation.
  • Forced labor under forest departments.
  • Revolts like Bastar Rebellion (1910).
Socio-economic Impact

Tribals faced displacement and poverty, altering their traditional ways.

Current Relevance

Modern policies like Forest Rights Act aim to address these injustices.

Question 4:
How did the Industrial Revolution transform the lives of workers in Britain? Discuss with examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

The 18th-century Industrial Revolution shifted production to factories. Our textbook describes harsh working conditions.

Key Developments
  • Long hours in textile mills with low wages.
  • Child labor in coal mines.
  • Rise of trade unions for workers' rights.
Socio-economic Impact

Urban slums expanded, but later reforms improved living standards.

Current Relevance

Labor laws today trace their origins to these struggles.

Question 5:
Compare the Nazism and Fascism ideologies during the interwar period.
Answer:
Historical Context

Post-WWI, dictators like Hitler and Mussolini rose. Our textbook explains their ideologies.

Key Developments
  • Nazism: Racial supremacy (Aryans), anti-Semitism.
  • Fascism: National glory, suppression of opposition.
  • Both used propaganda (e.g., Hitler’s speeches, Mussolini’s marches).
Socio-economic Impact

They led to WWII and Holocaust, causing global devastation.

Current Relevance

Modern democracies reject such extremist ideologies.

Question 6:
Explain how the French Revolution influenced the rise of nationalism in Europe. Provide examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

The French Revolution (1789) introduced ideas like liberty, equality, and fraternity, which inspired people across Europe.

Key Developments
  • Napoleonic reforms spread nationalist ideals.
  • Our textbook shows how German and Italian states unified.
  • Poland's struggle against Russia reflected nationalist aspirations.
Socio-economic Impact

Middle classes demanded constitutional rights, leading to revolutions in 1830 and 1848.

Current Relevance

Modern democracies uphold these principles, like India's freedom struggle.

Question 7:
Describe the role of Gandhiji in the Non-Cooperation Movement. How did it unite Indians?
Answer:
Historical Context

Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) to oppose British rule peacefully.

Key Developments
  • He encouraged boycotting schools, courts, and foreign goods.
  • Our textbook mentions the Chauri Chaura incident.
  • Peasants and students participated widely.
Socio-economic Impact

It unified Hindus and Muslims, as seen in the Khilafat Movement.

Current Relevance

Gandhian methods inspire global movements like environmental protests.

Question 8:
Analyze the effects of colonial forest policies on tribal communities in India.
Answer:
Historical Context

British laws restricted tribal access to forests for commercial exploitation.

Key Developments
  • Our textbook cites the rebellion of Birsa Munda.
  • Shifting cultivation was banned.
  • Forest Acts displaced tribes from their lands.
Socio-economic Impact

Tribals faced poverty and loss of cultural practices.

Current Relevance

Today, laws like FRA (2006) aim to restore tribal rights.

Question 9:
How did the Industrial Revolution transform urban life in Britain? Give examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

The Industrial Revolution (18th century) shifted economies from agriculture to factories.

Key Developments
  • Our textbook describes Manchester's cotton mills.
  • Cities like London grew rapidly.
  • Child labor became widespread.
Socio-economic Impact

Workers faced poor living conditions, leading to labor unions.

Current Relevance

Modern automation echoes these changes, raising similar debates.

Question 10:
Discuss the significance of the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre in India's freedom struggle.
Answer:
Historical Context

The Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed arrests without trial, angering Indians.

Key Developments
  • Gandhiji called for a hartal.
  • Our textbook details General Dyer's brutality at Jallianwala Bagh.
  • 400+ civilians were killed.
Socio-economic Impact

It fueled nationwide protests and distrust in British rule.

Current Relevance

Such events remind us of the cost of freedom globally.

Question 11:
Explain the impact of the French Revolution on the world, with special reference to the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Answer:

The French Revolution (1789) had a profound impact on the world by spreading the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These ideas inspired movements for democracy and human rights globally.

  • Liberty: The revolution emphasized individual freedoms, challenging monarchies and feudal systems. It encouraged people to fight against oppression, leading to independence movements in colonies.
  • Equality: The revolution abolished feudal privileges, promoting equal rights for all citizens. This influenced later reforms, such as the abolition of slavery and women's rights movements.
  • Fraternity: The sense of brotherhood united people against tyranny, fostering nationalism and collective identity in other nations.

These principles reshaped political systems, inspiring revolutions like the Haitian Revolution and influencing modern constitutions, including India's.

Question 12:
Describe the role of Gandhiji in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22). How did it strengthen India's freedom struggle?
Answer:

Gandhiji played a pivotal role in the Non-Cooperation Movement by mobilizing masses through peaceful resistance against British rule.

  • He urged Indians to boycott British institutions like schools, courts, and goods, promoting Swadeshi and self-reliance.
  • His emphasis on non-violence (Ahimsa) and civil disobedience united diverse groups, including peasants, workers, and students.
  • The movement saw widespread participation, such as the surrender of titles and resignations from government jobs.

Though suspended after the Chauri Chaura incident, it strengthened India's freedom struggle by:
1. Demonstrating mass mobilization.
2. Establishing Gandhiji as a national leader.
3. Inspiring future movements like the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 13:
Analyze the causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. How did it transform society and the economy?
Answer:

The Industrial Revolution (18th-19th century) began in Britain due to several factors:

  • Causes: Availability of capital from colonies, technological innovations (e.g., steam engine), and a growing labor force due to the Agricultural Revolution.
  • Consequences:
    1. Economic: Shift from agrarian to industrial economy, rise of factories, and global trade expansion.
    2. Social: Urbanization led to overcrowded cities, poor working conditions, and the rise of labor movements.
    3. Environmental: Increased pollution and resource exploitation.

It transformed society by creating a new middle class and widening the rich-poor gap, while also laying the foundation for modern capitalism and industrialization worldwide.

Question 14:
Discuss the significance of the Rowlatt Act (1919) and its impact on India's freedom struggle. How did Indians respond to it?
Answer:

The Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed the British to imprison Indians without trial, curbing civil liberties. Its significance lies in:

  • Exposing the repressive nature of British rule, uniting Indians against colonial policies.
  • Leading to widespread protests, including Gandhiji's call for a Hartal (strike), which marked the entry of mass agitation into the freedom struggle.

Indians responded with:
1. Peaceful demonstrations, but the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (April 1919) escalated tensions.
2. Strengthened nationalist sentiment, paving the way for the Non-Cooperation Movement.
3. Highlighted the need for unity, as seen in the Khilafat Movement alliance.

This act became a turning point, proving that British rule could only be challenged through mass participation.

Question 15:
Explain the impact of the French Revolution on the world, with special reference to its influence on colonial countries like India.
Answer:

The French Revolution (1789) had a profound impact on the world, inspiring movements for liberty, equality, and fraternity. Its ideals spread globally, influencing political systems and revolutions.

Impact on Colonial Countries like India:

  • The Revolution popularized the ideas of democracy and nationalism, which later inspired Indian leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dadabhai Naoroji.
  • The concept of people's rights against oppressive rule motivated Indians to challenge British colonialism.
  • Revolutionary slogans like Liberty, Equality, Fraternity were echoed in India's freedom struggle, shaping demands for self-rule.

Global Influence:

  • It ended feudalism in Europe and promoted constitutional governments.
  • Inspired revolutions like the Haitian Revolution (1791) and Latin American independence movements.

Thus, the French Revolution not only transformed Europe but also sowed the seeds of anti-colonial struggles worldwide, including India.

Question 16:
Describe the role of Gandhiji in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22). How did his methods differ from earlier nationalist leaders?
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in the Non-Cooperation Movement by introducing mass participation and non-violent resistance (Satyagraha).

Key contributions:

  • He mobilized peasants, workers, and students, making it a mass movement.
  • Promoted boycott of British goods, schools, and courts to weaken colonial authority.
  • Encouraged Swadeshi and Khadi to revive Indian industries.

Differences from earlier leaders:

  • Earlier leaders like Moderates relied on petitions, while Gandhiji adopted direct action.
  • He emphasized non-violence and moral strength, unlike extremist leaders who sometimes supported radical methods.
  • Gandhiji's approach united diverse groups, making the movement more inclusive.

His leadership marked a shift from elite-driven protests to a people's movement.

Question 17:
Explain the impact of the French Revolution on the world, with special reference to its influence on colonial countries like India. (5 marks)
Answer:

The French Revolution (1789) had a profound impact on the world, inspiring movements for liberty, equality, and fraternity. Its influence extended to colonial countries like India in the following ways:

  • Ideological Inspiration: The revolution popularized ideas of democracy and nationalism, which later influenced Indian leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and later freedom fighters.
  • Anti-Colonial Movements: The revolution's emphasis on self-rule motivated Indians to challenge British dominance, leading to early rebellions like the Revolt of 1857.
  • Legal Reforms: The revolutionary ideals pressured the British to introduce reforms like the Charter Acts, though they were limited.
  • Global Solidarity: The revolution encouraged international solidarity against oppression, shaping India's later alliances in the freedom struggle.

Thus, the French Revolution acted as a catalyst for anti-colonial sentiments worldwide, including India.

Question 18:
Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian National Movement with special reference to the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in the Indian National Movement by introducing mass participation and non-violent methods of protest. His leadership transformed the freedom struggle into a widespread movement involving people from all sections of society.

During the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), Gandhi urged Indians to:

  • Boycott British institutions like schools, courts, and councils.
  • Renounce British titles and honors.
  • Refuse to buy foreign goods, especially British textiles, and promote Swadeshi.

This movement united Indians across regions and communities, but it was called off after the Chauri Chaura incident due to Gandhi's commitment to non-violence.

In the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934), Gandhi led the famous Dandi March to break the salt law, symbolizing defiance against British oppression. Key aspects included:

  • Peaceful protests like refusing to pay taxes and boycotting British goods.
  • Mass participation, including women and peasants, which strengthened national unity.
  • Global attention on India's struggle, pressuring the British.

Gandhi's methods of Satyagraha (truth-force) and non-violence inspired future movements and laid the foundation for India's independence.

Question 19:
Explain the impact of the French Revolution on the world, with special reference to the rise of nationalism. Support your answer with relevant examples.
Answer:

The French Revolution (1789-1799) had a profound impact on the world, particularly in spreading the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. One of its most significant effects was the rise of nationalism, which inspired people across Europe and beyond to fight for their rights and self-rule.

Key impacts include:

  • Spread of Revolutionary Ideas: The French Revolution introduced concepts like democracy and constitutional rights, which motivated other nations to challenge monarchies and colonial rule. For example, the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was directly influenced by these ideals.
  • Rise of Nationalism: The revolution fostered a sense of collective identity among people, leading to movements for unification (e.g., Germany and Italy in the 19th century) and independence (e.g., Latin American countries under leaders like Simón Bolívar).
  • Decline of Feudalism: The abolition of feudal privileges in France encouraged similar reforms in other parts of Europe, reducing the power of the aristocracy.

In conclusion, the French Revolution acted as a catalyst for global change, promoting nationalism and reshaping political systems worldwide.

Question 20:
Explain the impact of the French Revolution on the world, with special reference to the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. How did these ideas influence other nations? (5 marks)
Answer:

The French Revolution (1789) had a profound impact on the world, spreading the revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These principles challenged the existing social and political order globally.

Liberty emphasized freedom from oppressive rule, inspiring movements against monarchy and colonialism. Equality promoted the end of feudal privileges and discrimination, encouraging demands for equal rights. Fraternity fostered a sense of unity among people, leading to nationalist movements.

These ideas influenced:

  • Europe: Revolutions in 1830 and 1848 sought democratic reforms.
  • Latin America: Leaders like Simón Bolívar fought for independence from Spanish rule.
  • India: Inspired early nationalist thinkers against British colonialism.

The Revolution also led to the abolition of slavery and the rise of modern democracies, making it a turning point in world history.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Analyze how the French Revolution influenced the colonial policies of European powers in India. Use examples from the subsidiary alliance and doctrine of lapse.
Answer:
Case Context

The French Revolution (1789) spread ideas of liberty and equality, alarming European colonial powers.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • British introduced subsidiary alliance (e.g., Hyderabad 1798) to control Indian states.
  • Doctrine of lapse (e.g., Satara 1848) denied Indian rulers adoption rights.
Current Relevance

Such policies shaped modern federalism, as seen in India’s state autonomy debates.

Question 2:
Explain how forest laws under British rule affected tribal communities. Refer to the Santhal Rebellion and Bastar uprising.
Answer:
Case Context

British forest laws restricted tribal access to forests for timber and agriculture.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Santhal Rebellion (1855) opposed land grabs in Jharkhand.
  • Bastar uprising (1910) resisted forest bans in Chhattisgarh.
Current Relevance

Today, Forest Rights Act (2006) addresses similar tribal land rights issues.

Question 3:
Compare the economic impact of British land revenue systems in Bengal and Maharashtra. Use Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari system examples.
Answer:
Case Context

British land systems aimed to maximize revenue but harmed farmers.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Permanent Settlement (Bengal, 1793) fixed high taxes, leading to zamindar exploitation.
  • Ryotwari system (Maharashtra) taxed farmers directly, causing widespread debt.
Current Relevance

Modern MSP policies reflect lessons from these exploitative systems.

Question 4:
Describe how print culture in colonial India fueled nationalist movements. Cite examples from Kesari newspaper and Amrita Bazar Patrika.
Answer:
Case Context

Vernacular newspapers spread nationalist ideas against British rule.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Kesari (Marathi, 1881) by Tilak criticized colonial policies.
  • Amrita Bazar Patrika (Bengali/English) exposed famines and oppression.
Current Relevance

Today, social media plays a similar role in mobilizing public opinion.

Question 5:
Analyze how the French Revolution influenced the rise of nationalism in Europe. Refer to our textbook examples.
Answer:
Case Context

The French Revolution (1789) promoted ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which spread across Europe.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook shows how Napoleon’s reforms (like the Civil Code) unified regions under common laws.
  • Revolutionary wars inspired German and Italian states to seek unification.
  • Poland’s struggle for independence mirrored French ideals.
Current Relevance

Today, democratic movements globally still reference these principles.

Question 6:
Explain the role of forests in tribal revolts like the Birsa Munda movement. Use NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Tribal communities depended on forests for livelihood, which colonial policies disrupted.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook mentions Birsa Munda’s rebellion (1895-1900) against forest laws in Chotanagpur.
  • Santhals (1855) revolted when British restricted forest access.
  • Bastar rebellion (1910) opposed reserved forests.
Current Relevance

Modern tribal rights movements, like against mining, reflect similar concerns.

Question 7:
Compare the economic policies of the British in India with their impact on Indian weavers. Provide NCERT evidence.
Answer:
Case Context

British policies like heavy taxes and cheap imports ruined India’s textile industry.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook highlights how Manchester cloth flooded markets, undercutting handlooms.
  • Weavers in Bengal (18th century) faced starvation due to export bans.
  • Surat and Masulipatam ports declined as trade shifted to Bombay.
Current Relevance

Today, ‘Make in India’ aims to revive local industries.

Question 8:
Describe how railways under British rule affected India’s economy and society. Cite textbook examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Railways were introduced in 1853 primarily to serve colonial interests.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook notes how railways helped transport raw materials (cotton, coal) to ports.
  • It connected regions but caused deforestation for tracks.
  • Peasants migrated for work, altering rural societies.
Current Relevance

Today, railways remain vital for India’s transport and economy.

Question 9:
Explain the role of forests in the lives of tribal communities during colonial rule, citing NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Forests were vital for tribal livelihoods, but colonial policies disrupted their access.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook mentions the Santhals relying on forests for food and shelter.
  • The British declared forests as reserved, forcing tribes into labor.
  • Birsa Munda led rebellions against these restrictions.
Current Relevance

Modern forest rights acts (2006) aim to restore tribal access, reflecting past struggles.

Question 10:
Compare the economic policies of the British in India with their impact on Indian industries, using textbook cases.
Answer:
Case Context

British policies like heavy taxes and raw material exports crippled Indian industries.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook highlights the decline of Bengal’s textile industry due to cheap British imports.
  • Indigo planters faced exploitation under the ryoti system.
  • Iron and steel industries were suppressed to favor British goods.
Current Relevance

Today, India’s 'Make in India' initiative counters such colonial-era exploitation.

Question 11:
Describe how the Rowlatt Act (1919) became a turning point in India’s freedom struggle, with NCERT references.
Answer:
Case Context

The Rowlatt Act allowed arrests without trial, angering Indians.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook shows Gandhi’s call for Satyagraha against the Act.
  • Protests led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, uniting Indians.
  • It fueled the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).
Current Relevance

Similar laws today, like anti-terror acts, are debated for civil rights violations.

Question 12:

Read the following case study carefully and answer the question that follows:

During the French Revolution, the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity spread across Europe. These ideas influenced many colonies, including India, where people began questioning British rule.

Question: How did the French Revolution inspire Indian nationalists during the freedom struggle? Provide examples to support your answer.

Answer:

The French Revolution inspired Indian nationalists by introducing the powerful concepts of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These ideas encouraged Indians to challenge British colonial rule and demand self-governance.

  • Liberty: Indian leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru emphasized the right to freedom from foreign domination, similar to the French struggle against monarchy.
  • Equality: The revolution's emphasis on equal rights influenced Indian reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who fought against social inequalities such as the caste system.
  • Fraternity: The idea of unity among citizens inspired Indian nationalists to promote solidarity among diverse communities to oppose British rule collectively.

For example, the Indian National Congress adopted these principles in its demand for Swaraj (self-rule), reflecting the revolutionary spirit of the French people.

Question 13:

Read the following case study carefully and answer the question that follows:

The Industrial Revolution transformed economies in Europe, leading to the rise of factories and urbanization. However, it also created harsh working conditions for laborers, including women and children.

Question: Compare the impact of the Industrial Revolution on workers in Europe with the conditions of laborers in colonial India. Highlight key similarities and differences.

Answer:

The Industrial Revolution in Europe and colonial India both exploited laborers, but there were key differences in their working conditions.

  • Similarities:
    1. Long working hours: Workers in both regions endured 12-16 hour shifts.
    2. Low wages: Laborers were paid poorly, barely enough for survival.
    3. Child labor: Children were employed in factories and plantations in Europe and India.
  • Differences:
    1. Urbanization: Europe saw rapid growth of industrial cities, while India's laborers mostly worked in rural plantations (e.g., indigo, cotton).
    2. Worker rights: European workers gradually formed trade unions, but Indian laborers faced stricter colonial laws suppressing protests.
    3. Technological advancement: Europe mechanized production, whereas India relied on manual labor due to British policies discouraging industrialization.

For example, British textile mills exploited Indian raw materials while suppressing local industries, worsening poverty among Indian workers.

Question 14:

Read the following excerpt from a traveler's account about the French Revolution:

"The streets of Paris were filled with people chanting for liberty and equality. The Bastille, a symbol of tyranny, was stormed by the commoners."

Based on the excerpt and your understanding of the chapter, answer the following:

  • Why was the Bastille considered a symbol of tyranny?
  • How did the storming of the Bastille mark the beginning of the French Revolution?
Answer:

The Bastille was considered a symbol of tyranny because it was a prison where the French monarchy imprisoned people without trial, often for political reasons. It represented the oppressive power of King Louis XVI and the Ancien Régime.

The storming of the Bastille marked the beginning of the French Revolution because:

  • It showed the people's defiance against the monarchy.
  • The event inspired widespread rebellion across France, leading to the overthrow of feudal privileges.
  • It symbolized the power of the common people to challenge authority.

This event became a turning point, leading to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the eventual fall of the monarchy.

Question 15:

Examine the given data about the Industrial Revolution in Britain:

  • Rise of factories and urbanization
  • Exploitation of workers, including children
  • Growth of capitalist economy

Answer the following:

  • How did the Industrial Revolution change the social structure of Britain?
  • What were the consequences of child labor during this period?
Answer:

The Industrial Revolution changed Britain's social structure by:

  • Creating a new working class (factory laborers) and a middle class (factory owners, merchants).
  • Reducing dependence on agriculture, leading to mass migration to cities.
  • Increasing economic disparities between the rich and the poor.

The consequences of child labor were severe:

  • Children worked in dangerous conditions for long hours, affecting their health.
  • They were denied education, trapping them in poverty.
  • Public outrage later led to labor reforms, such as the Factory Acts, to protect workers.

This period laid the foundation for modern industrial society but also highlighted the need for workers' rights.

Question 16:

Read the following case study carefully and answer the question that follows:

During the French Revolution, the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity spread across Europe. These ideas influenced many colonies, including India, where people began questioning British rule. The Revolt of 1857 was one such event where Indians from different regions united against the British.

Question: How did the French Revolution inspire Indian freedom fighters during the Revolt of 1857? Explain with examples.

Answer:

The French Revolution (1789-1799) introduced revolutionary ideas like liberty, equality, and fraternity, which inspired Indian freedom fighters during the Revolt of 1857.

  • Liberty: Indians were inspired to fight for their freedom from British colonial rule, just as the French fought against monarchy.
  • Equality: The revolution emphasized equal rights, which motivated Indians to oppose the discriminatory policies of the British, such as the Doctrine of Lapse and heavy taxation.
  • Fraternity: The unity among Indians during the revolt, where soldiers, peasants, and rulers came together, mirrored the collective spirit of the French Revolution.

For example, leaders like Rani Lakshmibai and Nana Saheb were influenced by these ideas and fought for India's independence.

Question 17:

Read the following case study carefully and answer the question that follows:

The Industrial Revolution in Britain led to the establishment of factories and mass production. This created a demand for raw materials, which Britain sourced from its colonies, including India. The Drain of Wealth theory suggests that India's resources were exploited for Britain's industrial growth.

Question: How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the Drain of Wealth from India? Provide two examples.

Answer:

The Industrial Revolution (18th-19th century) intensified Britain's exploitation of India's resources, leading to the Drain of Wealth.

  • Raw Materials: India supplied cheap raw materials like cotton, indigo, and jute to British factories, which were then processed into finished goods and sold back to India at high prices.
  • Revenue Drain: Heavy taxes were imposed on Indian farmers and artisans, and the revenue was sent to Britain to fund industrialization, leaving India economically weakened.

For example:
1. Indian cotton was exported to British textile mills, while Indian weavers faced unemployment due to cheap machine-made British cloth.
2. The Permanent Settlement forced Indian farmers to pay fixed revenues, leading to widespread poverty.

Question 18:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

During the French Revolution, the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity spread across Europe. These ideas also influenced Indian thinkers and reformers in the 19th century. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, inspired by these principles, advocated for social reforms like the abolition of Sati and promotion of women's education.

Question: How did the French Revolution influence social reforms in India? Provide examples.
Answer:

The French Revolution had a profound impact on Indian social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who were inspired by its ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These principles encouraged them to challenge oppressive traditions and advocate for progressive changes in Indian society.

  • Abolition of Sati: Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned against the practice of Sati, emphasizing women's rights and dignity, aligning with the revolutionary idea of equality.
  • Promotion of Education: He supported women's education, establishing schools to empower them, reflecting the revolutionary value of fraternity (unity).
  • Legal Reforms: His efforts led to laws banning Sati (1829), showcasing how revolutionary ideals could drive legal change.

Thus, the French Revolution indirectly shaped India's social reform movements by inspiring leaders to fight for justice and human rights.

Question 19:
Read the case study and answer:

The Industrial Revolution in Britain led to the mass production of goods like textiles. This created a demand for raw materials, such as cotton, which was sourced from India. British policies forced Indian farmers to grow cash crops, disrupting traditional agriculture and causing famines.

Question: Analyze the impact of the Industrial Revolution on Indian agriculture and economy.
Answer:

The Industrial Revolution in Britain severely affected Indian agriculture and economy in the following ways:

  • Shift to Cash Crops: Indian farmers were forced to grow cotton and indigo for British factories, reducing food crop cultivation and leading to famines.
  • Decline of Handicrafts: Cheap machine-made British goods flooded Indian markets, destroying local industries like handloom weaving.
  • Economic Exploitation: Raw materials were exported at low prices, while finished goods were sold back at high costs, draining India's wealth.
  • Land Revenue Policies: Heavy taxes imposed by the British forced farmers into debt, worsening rural poverty.

Overall, the Industrial Revolution transformed India into a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods, crippling its self-sufficient economy.

Question 20:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

During the French Revolution, the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity spread across Europe. These ideas also influenced Indian thinkers and leaders during the colonial period.

How did the French Revolution inspire Indian nationalists in their struggle against British rule? Provide examples.

Answer:

The French Revolution deeply inspired Indian nationalists by introducing the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. These ideas encouraged Indians to question colonial oppression and demand self-rule.

  • Leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy were influenced by revolutionary ideals and advocated for social reforms, such as abolishing Sati and promoting education.
  • The concept of popular sovereignty (power to the people) motivated movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement, where Indians asserted their rights against British authority.
  • Revolutionary slogans like 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity' were echoed in Indian nationalist writings and speeches, fostering unity and resistance.

Thus, the French Revolution served as a moral and ideological foundation for India's freedom struggle.

Question 21:
Analyze the given case and answer:

The Industrial Revolution in Britain led to the rise of factories and urbanization. However, it also created harsh working conditions for laborers, including women and children.

Compare the impact of the Industrial Revolution on workers in Britain with the condition of Indian laborers under British colonial rule. Highlight key similarities and differences.

Answer:

The Industrial Revolution in Britain and colonial exploitation in India both exploited laborers, but with distinct characteristics:

  • Similarities:
    - Workers in both regions faced long hours, low wages, and unsafe conditions.
    - Child labor was prevalent in British factories and Indian plantations (e.g., indigo, cotton).
    - Lack of legal protections left laborers vulnerable to exploitation.
  • Differences:
    - In Britain, workers gradually gained rights through trade unions and reforms (e.g., Factory Acts).
    - In India, colonial policies prioritized British profits, worsening poverty (e.g., deindustrialization destroyed traditional livelihoods).
    - British workers contributed to industrial growth, while Indian laborers were forced into cash-crop agriculture, leading to famines.

Thus, while both systems oppressed workers, colonial rule intensified suffering in India without offering reforms.

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