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Natural Vegetation and Wildlife – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Study Materials

9th

9th - Social Studies

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

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Overview of the Chapter: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

This chapter explores the diverse natural vegetation and wildlife found in India, their distribution, and the factors influencing them. It also discusses the importance of conserving these natural resources for ecological balance and sustainable development.

Natural Vegetation: Plant life that grows naturally without human intervention and adapts to the climatic and soil conditions of a region.

Wildlife: Animals, birds, and other organisms that live in the wild and are not domesticated by humans.

Types of Natural Vegetation in India

India has a wide variety of natural vegetation due to its diverse climate and topography. The major types include:

  • Tropical Evergreen Forests
  • Tropical Deciduous Forests
  • Thorn Forests and Scrubs
  • Montane Forests
  • Mangrove Forests

Factors Affecting Natural Vegetation

The distribution of natural vegetation depends on several factors:

  • Climate: Temperature and rainfall influence the type of vegetation.
  • Soil: Different soils support different plant species.
  • Relief: Altitude and slope affect vegetation patterns.

Wildlife in India

India is home to a rich variety of wildlife, including tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, and numerous bird species. The country has established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves to protect these species.

Conservation of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Conservation efforts are essential to maintain biodiversity. Some measures include:

  • Establishing protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries.
  • Implementing laws to prevent hunting and deforestation.
  • Promoting awareness about the importance of conservation.

Conclusion

Natural vegetation and wildlife are vital for ecological balance and human survival. Understanding their distribution and conservation helps in sustainable development and preserving biodiversity for future generations.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
What is natural vegetation?
Answer:

Plants growing without human interference.

Question 2:
Name the type of forest found in the Amazon basin.
Answer:

Tropical evergreen forest.

Question 3:
Which animal is the national heritage of India?
Answer:

Royal Bengal Tiger.

Question 4:
What is the main threat to wildlife?
Answer:

Habitat destruction.

Question 5:
Name one biosphere reserve in India.
Answer:

Sunderbans.

Question 6:
Which tree is commonly found in mangrove forests?
Answer:

Sundari tree.

Question 7:
What is the climate of thorn forests?
Answer:

Hot and dry.

Question 8:
Name a protected animal under Project Tiger.
Answer:

Indian rhinoceros.

Question 9:
Which state has the largest area under forests?
Answer:

Madhya Pradesh.

Question 10:
What is the importance of wetlands?
Answer:

They support biodiversity.

Question 11:
Name a bird sanctuary in India.
Answer:

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary.

Question 12:
What conservation method is used for forests?
Answer:

Afforestation.

Question 13:
Define natural vegetation.
Answer:

Natural vegetation refers to plant communities that grow naturally without human intervention and are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions. Examples include forests, grasslands, and deserts.

Question 14:
Name the two types of tropical evergreen forests found in India.
Answer:

The two types are tropical wet evergreen forests (found in heavy rainfall areas like the Western Ghats) and tropical semi-evergreen forests (found in regions with slightly less rainfall).

Question 15:
What is the main characteristic of mangrove forests?
Answer:

Mangrove forests are characterized by their ability to grow in saline coastal waterlogged soils. They have unique roots called pneumatophores that help them breathe in waterlogged conditions.

Question 16:
Why are the thorn forests found in Rajasthan?
Answer:

Thorn forests are found in Rajasthan due to the region's arid climate and low rainfall, which support plants like cacti and acacias that have adapted to conserve water.

Question 17:
Name one endemic species of wildlife found in the Himalayas.
Answer:

The snow leopard is an endemic species found in the Himalayan region, adapted to cold and high-altitude environments.

Question 18:
What is the significance of biosphere reserves?
Answer:

Biosphere reserves protect biodiversity, promote research, and support sustainable development while conserving ecosystems. Examples include Sundarbans and Nilgiri.

Question 19:
Differentiate between flora and fauna.
Answer:

Flora refers to the plant life of a region, while fauna refers to the animal life. For example, teak is flora, and tiger is fauna.

Question 20:
Why are tropical deciduous forests called monsoon forests?
Answer:

Tropical deciduous forests are called monsoon forests because they shed their leaves during the dry season to conserve water and depend on seasonal monsoon rains for growth.

Question 21:
Name one protected animal under Project Tiger.
Answer:

The Royal Bengal Tiger is a protected animal under Project Tiger, aimed at conserving their population in reserves like Ranthambore.

Question 22:
What are the major threats to wildlife in India?
Answer:

Major threats include habitat loss, poaching, pollution, and climate change, leading to endangerment of species like the one-horned rhinoceros.

Question 23:
How do forests help in maintaining ecological balance?
Answer:

Forests maintain ecological balance by:
1. Producing oxygen
2. Preventing soil erosion
3. Regulating climate
4. Providing habitat for wildlife.

Question 24:
Name one national park in India known for its rhinoceros population.
Answer:

Kaziranga National Park in Assam is famous for its one-horned rhinoceros population and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Define natural vegetation and give an example.
Answer:

Natural vegetation refers to plant communities that grow naturally without human intervention and are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions.
Example: Tropical Evergreen Forests in the Western Ghats.

Question 2:
Name two states in India where thorn forests are commonly found.
Answer:

Two states where thorn forests are found are Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Question 3:
What is the significance of mangrove forests?
Answer:

Mangrove forests protect coastal areas from erosion, act as a buffer against cyclones, and provide habitat for diverse wildlife like the Royal Bengal Tiger.

Question 4:
Differentiate between flora and fauna with examples.
Answer:

Flora refers to plant life (e.g., Teak trees), while fauna refers to animal life (e.g., Indian Elephant).

Question 5:
Why are Montane Forests found at higher altitudes?
Answer:

Montane Forests grow at higher altitudes due to cooler temperatures and heavy rainfall, supporting trees like Pine and Deodar.

Question 6:
List two animals found in the Tropical Deciduous Forests.
Answer:

Animals found here include the Tiger and Spotted Deer.

Question 7:
What are the main threats to wildlife in India?
Answer:

Major threats include habitat loss, poaching, and climate change.

Question 8:
Name one biosphere reserve in India and its location.
Answer:

Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve is located in West Bengal.

Question 9:
What type of vegetation is found in the Deccan Plateau?
Answer:

The Deccan Plateau has tropical thorn forests and dry deciduous forests.

Question 10:
Why are protected areas like national parks important?
Answer:

Protected areas conserve endangered species, maintain ecosystems, and promote eco-tourism.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the significance of tropical evergreen forests in maintaining ecological balance.
Answer:

Tropical evergreen forests are vital for maintaining ecological balance due to their dense vegetation and biodiversity.
These forests:

  • Act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and reducing global warming.
  • Support a wide variety of flora and fauna, preserving genetic diversity.
  • Regulate rainfall patterns and prevent soil erosion.
Their preservation is crucial for sustaining life on Earth.

Question 2:
Differentiate between thorn forests and mangrove forests based on their climatic conditions and vegetation.
Answer:

Thorn forests and mangrove forests differ significantly:

  • Climate: Thorn forests thrive in arid regions with low rainfall, while mangroves grow in coastal areas with high salinity and tidal influence.
  • Vegetation: Thorn forests have sparse, thorny bushes like cacti, whereas mangroves feature salt-tolerant trees with stilt roots, like Sundari.
Both adapt uniquely to their harsh environments.

Question 3:
Describe the role of wildlife sanctuaries in conserving endangered species.
Answer:

Wildlife sanctuaries play a key role in conservation by:

  • Providing a protected habitat free from human interference.
  • Promoting breeding programs for endangered species like the Bengal tiger.
  • Educating the public on biodiversity and sustainable practices.
They ensure the survival of species at risk due to habitat loss or poaching.

Question 4:
How do montane forests change with increasing altitude? Provide examples.
Answer:

Montane forests exhibit vertical zonation:

  • At lower altitudes (1000-2000m), broad-leaved trees like oaks dominate.
  • At mid-altitudes (2000-3000m), coniferous trees like pines and deodars appear.
  • At higher altitudes (>3000m), grasslands and alpine shrubs replace trees.
Examples include the Himalayan temperate and alpine zones.

Question 5:
Why are mangroves considered a natural shield against coastal disasters?
Answer:

Mangroves protect coastlines by:

  • Acting as a barrier against cyclones and tsunamis due to their dense root systems.
  • Reducing soil erosion by stabilizing sediments with their stilt roots.
  • Absorbing excess water during floods, minimizing damage.
The Sundarbans, for instance, safeguard the Bengal delta from frequent storms.

Question 6:
Explain how deforestation impacts the water cycle and local climate.
Answer:

Deforestation disrupts the water cycle and climate by:

  • Reducing transpiration, leading to decreased rainfall.
  • Causing soil dryness as tree roots no longer retain moisture.
  • Increasing temperature due to loss of shade and CO2 accumulation.
This creates a ripple effect, harming agriculture and biodiversity.

Question 7:
Explain the term natural vegetation and its significance in maintaining ecological balance.
Answer:

Natural vegetation refers to plant communities that grow naturally without human intervention and have adapted to the local climate and soil conditions over time. Ecological balance is maintained as natural vegetation:

  • Supports biodiversity by providing habitats for wildlife.
  • Regulates climate by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
  • Prevents soil erosion and maintains groundwater levels.

For example, forests act as carbon sinks, while grasslands support herbivores, forming a balanced food chain.

Question 8:
Differentiate between tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests based on their characteristics.
Answer:

Tropical evergreen forests and tropical deciduous forests differ in the following ways:

  • Leaf shedding: Evergreen forests remain green year-round, while deciduous forests shed leaves in dry seasons.
  • Rainfall: Evergreen forests thrive in areas with >200 cm rainfall, whereas deciduous forests grow in 70-200 cm rainfall regions.
  • Species diversity: Evergreen forests have dense, multi-layered flora (e.g., mahogany), while deciduous forests have teak and sal trees.

Deciduous forests are more common in India due to seasonal rainfall patterns.

Question 9:
Describe any three measures to conserve wildlife in India.
Answer:

Wildlife conservation in India involves:

  • Protected areas: Establishing national parks and sanctuaries like Kaziranga for rhinos.
  • Legal frameworks: Enforcing the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) to ban hunting and trade.
  • Community participation: Initiatives like Project Tiger involve locals in habitat preservation.

Additionally, awareness programs and eco-tourism promote sustainable coexistence.

Question 10:
How do altitude and slope influence the distribution of natural vegetation in mountainous regions?
Answer:

Altitude and slope affect vegetation distribution as follows:

  • Altitude: Temperature drops with height, creating zones like alpine (conifers) and tundra (mosses).
  • Slope: Steeper slopes have faster drainage, supporting grasses, while gentler slopes retain moisture for forests.

For example, the Himalayas show tropical (foothills) to alpine (higher up) transitions.

Question 11:
Why are mangroves ecologically important? Name one mangrove-rich region in India.
Answer:

Mangroves are vital due to:

  • Coastal protection: Their roots reduce erosion from tides and cyclones.
  • Biodiversity: They serve as nurseries for fish and crustaceans.
  • Carbon sequestration: They store more carbon than terrestrial forests.

The Sundarbans in West Bengal is India’s largest mangrove region, home to the Royal Bengal Tiger.

Question 12:
Explain how human activities have led to the degradation of natural vegetation.
Answer:

Human activities degrade vegetation through:

  • Deforestation: Clearing forests for agriculture or urbanisation reduces habitats.
  • Overgrazing: Livestock depletes grasslands, causing desertification.
  • Pollution: Industrial waste and pesticides harm plant growth.

For instance, the Aravalli Hills face soil degradation due to mining. Sustainable practices like afforestation can mitigate this.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the importance of natural vegetation in maintaining ecological balance with examples from India.
Answer:
Historical Context

Natural vegetation plays a crucial role in sustaining ecosystems. Our textbook shows how forests like the Sundarbans protect coastal areas from cyclones.

Key Developments
  • Forests prevent soil erosion, as seen in the Western Ghats.
  • They support wildlife, like tigers in Ranthambore.
  • They regulate climate, such as the Amazon rainforest.
Current Relevance

Deforestation in India, like in the Aravallis, threatens biodiversity. Conservation efforts, like Project Tiger, highlight its importance.

Question 2:
Describe the major types of forests found in India and their geographical distribution.
Answer:
Historical Context

India has diverse forests due to varied climates. Our textbook classifies them into tropical, montane, and tidal types.

Key Developments
  • Tropical rainforests in the Western Ghats and Northeast.
  • Deciduous forests in Central India, like Madhya Pradesh.
  • Montane forests in the Himalayas, with rhododendrons.
Current Relevance

Deforestation in Assam threatens tropical forests. Initiatives like Van Mahotsav promote afforestation.

Question 3:
How do wildlife conservation projects in India protect endangered species? Provide examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

India launched projects like Project Tiger in 1973 to save endangered species. Our textbook mentions the success in increasing tiger numbers.

Key Developments
  • Project Elephant protects habitats in Kerala.
  • Gir Forest safeguards Asiatic lions.
  • Keoladeo National Park conserves migratory birds.
Current Relevance

Recent reports show rising tiger populations. However, poaching remains a threat in Kaziranga.

Question 4:
Analyze the impact of human activities on India's natural vegetation and wildlife.
Answer:
Historical Context

Human activities like agriculture and urbanization have reduced forest cover. Our textbook cites the shrinking Aravalli range.

Key Developments
  • Deforestation for farming in Punjab.
  • Mining destroying habitats in Odisha.
  • Pollution harming wetlands like Chilika Lake.
Current Relevance

Recent afforestation drives, like Haritha Haram in Telangana, aim to restore green cover.

Question 5:
Compare the flora and fauna of the Himalayan region with the Western Ghats.
Answer:
Historical Context

The Himalayas and Western Ghats are biodiversity hotspots. Our textbook highlights their unique species.

Key Developments
  • Himalayas: Snow leopards, deodar trees.
  • Western Ghats: Lion-tailed macaques, teak trees.
  • Both regions have endemic species like Nilgiri tahr.
Current Relevance

Climate change threatens both regions, as seen in melting glaciers and erratic monsoons.

Question 6:
Explain the importance of biodiversity in India with examples from different vegetation zones.
Answer:

Historical Context
India's biodiversity has evolved over centuries due to varied climate and topography. Our textbook shows how the Western Ghats and Himalayan forests host unique species.

Key Developments

  • Sundarbans: Mangroves protect coastal areas and house Royal Bengal Tigers.
  • Thar Desert: Adaptations like cacti and desert foxes.
  • Nilgiri Biosphere: Endemic species like Nilgiri Tahr.

Current Relevance
Biodiversity supports agriculture, medicine, and ecotourism, making conservation vital.

Question 7:
Compare the tropical evergreen and deciduous forests of India in terms of climate, flora, and fauna.
Answer:

Historical Context
Both forest types are shaped by India's monsoon climate. Our textbook highlights their distribution in Western Ghats (evergreen) and Central India (deciduous).

Key Developments

  • Climate: Evergreen forests need year-round rain; deciduous shed leaves in dry seasons.
  • Flora: Evergreen has mahogany; deciduous has teak.
  • Fauna: Evergreen hosts elephants; deciduous has tigers.

Socio-economic Impact
Both support timber industries but face deforestation threats.

Question 8:
Describe how human activities threaten wildlife in India. Provide examples from NCERT.
Answer:

Historical Context
Human encroachment has reduced wildlife habitats since colonial times. Our textbook cites Project Tiger as a response.

Key Developments

  • Deforestation: Loss of Assam forests endangers rhinos.
  • Pollution: Ganges pollution affects dolphins.
  • Poaching: Illegal trade threatens Bengal tigers.

Current Relevance
Initiatives like Wildlife Protection Act aim to mitigate these threats.

Question 9:
Analyze the role of protected areas like national parks in conserving India's natural vegetation.
Answer:

Historical Context
India established its first national park, Jim Corbett, in 1936. Our textbook notes its success in tiger conservation.

Key Developments

  • Kaziranga: Protects one-horned rhinos.
  • Gir Forest: Only home to Asiatic lions.
  • Periyar: Safeguards elephants and spices.

Socio-economic Impact
These parks boost tourism but require balancing local livelihoods.

Question 10:
How do altitude and latitude influence India's natural vegetation? Use Himalayan examples.
Answer:

Historical Context
The Himalayas show vertical zonation due to altitude changes. Our textbook explains tropical to alpine shifts.

Key Developments

  • Altitude: Shivaliks have sal forests; higher up, conifers dominate.
  • Latitude: Southern slopes are wetter, hosting rhododendrons.
  • Wildlife: Snow leopards adapt to alpine zones.

Current Relevance
Climate change is altering these zones, affecting biodiversity.

Question 11:
Explain the importance of natural vegetation and wildlife in maintaining ecological balance. Support your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:

Natural vegetation and wildlife play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and ensuring sustainability. Here’s how:

  • Biodiversity Conservation: Forests and wildlife habitats are home to countless species. For example, the Amazon Rainforest hosts diverse flora and fauna, preserving genetic resources.
  • Climate Regulation: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, reducing global warming. The Western Ghats in India help maintain regional rainfall patterns.
  • Soil Protection: Roots of plants prevent soil erosion. The Himalayan forests reduce landslides by holding soil together.
  • Water Cycle: Vegetation aids in groundwater recharge. Wetlands like Keoladeo National Park support aquatic life and water purification.
  • Economic Value: Forests provide timber, medicines, and tourism opportunities. For instance, Sundarbans mangroves protect coastal areas and support livelihoods.

Without natural vegetation and wildlife, ecosystems collapse, leading to disasters like droughts, floods, and species extinction. Conservation efforts like afforestation and wildlife sanctuaries are essential for a sustainable future.

Question 12:
Explain the importance of natural vegetation and wildlife in maintaining ecological balance. Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

Natural vegetation and wildlife play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and sustaining life on Earth. Here’s a detailed explanation:

  • Biodiversity Conservation: Natural vegetation provides habitats for wildlife, ensuring the survival of various species. For example, the Amazon Rainforest is home to millions of species, many of which are not found anywhere else.
  • Climate Regulation: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and releasing oxygen. The Himalayan forests help regulate regional climate and prevent soil erosion.
  • Soil Conservation: Roots of plants bind the soil, preventing erosion. The Western Ghats vegetation protects fertile topsoil from being washed away during monsoons.
  • Water Cycle: Vegetation influences rainfall patterns and groundwater recharge. The Sundarbans mangroves maintain freshwater flow and prevent saltwater intrusion.
  • Economic & Cultural Value: Wildlife and forests provide resources like timber, medicines, and tourism opportunities. For instance, Kaziranga National Park supports the one-horned rhinoceros and attracts tourists globally.

Without natural vegetation and wildlife, ecosystems would collapse, leading to desertification, loss of livelihoods, and climate crises. Protecting them is essential for a sustainable future.

Question 13:
Explain the significance of natural vegetation in maintaining ecological balance. Support your answer with examples from different regions of India.
Answer:

Natural vegetation plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by regulating climate, preventing soil erosion, and supporting biodiversity.

Climate regulation: Forests like the Amazon rainforest act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and releasing oxygen. In India, the Western Ghats influence monsoon patterns.

Soil conservation: The roots of plants bind soil, preventing erosion. For example, the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans protect coastal areas from tidal waves.

Biodiversity support: Natural vegetation provides habitats for wildlife. The Himalayan region is home to species like the snow leopard, while the Thar Desert supports unique flora and fauna adapted to arid conditions.

Thus, preserving natural vegetation is essential for sustaining life on Earth.

Question 14:
Compare and contrast the tropical evergreen forests and deciduous forests of India in terms of their characteristics, distribution, and economic importance.
Answer:

Tropical evergreen forests and deciduous forests differ in several aspects:

Characteristics:

  • Tropical evergreen forests are dense, with trees shedding leaves year-round, e.g., mahogany and ebony.
  • Deciduous forests shed leaves in dry seasons, featuring teak and sal trees.


Distribution:
  • Evergreen forests are found in high-rainfall areas like the Western Ghats and Northeast India.
  • Deciduous forests dominate central India, e.g., Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.


Economic importance:
  • Evergreen forests provide timber, medicinal plants, and support tourism.
  • Deciduous forests are vital for agriculture, as their fertile soil supports crops like cotton and sugarcane.


Both forest types are ecologically and economically significant but serve different purposes.

Question 15:
Explain the significance of natural vegetation in maintaining ecological balance. Support your answer with examples from India.
Answer:

Natural vegetation plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by regulating climate, conserving soil, and supporting biodiversity.

1. Climate Regulation: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and releasing oxygen. For example, the Western Ghats help maintain rainfall patterns in peninsular India.

2. Soil Conservation: Roots of plants bind soil, preventing erosion. The Himalayan forests reduce landslides and siltation in rivers like the Ganga.

3. Biodiversity Support: Natural habitats shelter diverse species. The Sundarbans mangroves protect the Royal Bengal Tiger and other wildlife.

4. Water Cycle: Vegetation aids groundwater recharge. The Thar Desert relies on scattered vegetation to retain moisture.

Without natural vegetation, ecosystems collapse, leading to desertification, loss of wildlife, and climate extremes.

Question 16:
Compare the tropical evergreen and tropical deciduous forests of India based on their characteristics, distribution, and economic importance.
Answer:

Tropical Evergreen Forests and Tropical Deciduous Forests differ in several ways:

  • Characteristics:
    - Evergreen forests remain green year-round due to high rainfall (>200 cm). Trees like mahogany and ebony grow tall (up to 60m).
    - Deciduous forests shed leaves in dry seasons. Trees like teak and sal are shorter (30-45m).

  • Distribution:
    - Evergreen forests are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Northeast India.
    - Deciduous forests cover MP, Chhattisgarh, and parts of the Deccan Plateau.

  • Economic Importance:
    - Evergreen forests provide timber, medicinal plants, and support tourism (e.g., Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary).
    - Deciduous forests supply teak for furniture and lac for industries. They are also ideal for agriculture after deforestation.

Both forests are vital for biodiversity and livelihoods, but deciduous forests are more exploited due to accessibility.

Question 17:
Explain the significance of natural vegetation in maintaining ecological balance. Discuss how human activities have impacted it, with examples.
Answer:

Natural vegetation plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by regulating the climate, preventing soil erosion, and supporting biodiversity. It acts as a carbon sink, absorbing CO2 and releasing oxygen, which is vital for life. Forests also help in maintaining the water cycle by influencing rainfall patterns.

Human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization have severely impacted natural vegetation. For example:

  • Deforestation for agriculture or logging reduces forest cover, leading to habitat loss and climate change.
  • Urbanization replaces green spaces with concrete, disrupting local ecosystems.
  • Industrial pollution damages plant life through acid rain and soil degradation.

To mitigate these effects, conservation efforts like afforestation and sustainable land use must be prioritized.

Question 18:
Describe the different types of forests found in India and their characteristics. How do they contribute to the economy and environment?
Answer:

India has diverse forest types, each with unique characteristics:

  • Tropical Evergreen Forests: Found in heavy rainfall areas like the Western Ghats. They have dense, multi-layered vegetation and house species like mahogany and elephants.
  • Deciduous Forests: Common in central India, these shed leaves in dry seasons. Teak and sal are prominent trees, supporting wildlife like tigers.
  • Thorn Forests: Found in arid regions like Rajasthan, with hardy plants like cacti and animals like desert foxes.
  • Mangrove Forests: Coastal regions like the Sundarbans host these salt-tolerant trees, crucial for protecting shorelines.

These forests contribute to the economy by providing timber, medicinal plants, and tourism opportunities. Environmentally, they prevent soil erosion, regulate climate, and sustain biodiversity.

Question 19:
Explain the importance of natural vegetation in maintaining ecological balance. Support your answer with examples from India.
Answer:

Natural vegetation plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and preventing soil erosion. Here’s how:

  • Biodiversity: Forests like the Sundarbans in India are home to species like the Bengal tiger and mangroves, which maintain food chains.
  • Climate Regulation: The Western Ghats act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and reducing global warming.
  • Soil Conservation: The Himalayan forests prevent landslides and soil erosion by holding soil with their roots.

Additionally, vegetation like the Thar Desert's scrub forests supports local livelihoods and prevents desertification. Thus, conserving natural vegetation is vital for sustainability.

Question 20:
Describe the major threats to wildlife in India and suggest measures to protect it.
Answer:

Wildlife in India faces several threats due to human activities and environmental changes:

  • Habitat Destruction: Deforestation for agriculture or urbanization, like in the Amazon basin, reduces animal habitats.
  • Poaching: Illegal hunting of species like the Indian rhinoceros for horns threatens their survival.
  • Pollution: Water pollution in rivers like the Ganga affects aquatic species such as the Ganges river dolphin.

To protect wildlife, measures include:

  • Establishing protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries (e.g., Kaziranga National Park).
  • Strict enforcement of laws like the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
  • Promoting community awareness and eco-tourism to reduce human-wildlife conflict.

These steps ensure the conservation of India’s rich biodiversity for future generations.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot. Explain how deforestation here affects wildlife and local communities.
Answer:
Case Context

The Western Ghats are home to species like the lion-tailed macaque and Nilgiri tahr. Our textbook shows they rely on dense forests.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Deforestation for agriculture reduces habitats.
  • Example: Kerala’s Silent Valley was saved in 1980s after protests.
Current Relevance

Recent landslides in Maharashtra (2021) linked to tree loss. Tribes like Irulas lose medicinal plants.

Question 2:
Compare tropical evergreen and deciduous forests using NCERT examples. How do they support different wildlife?
Answer:
Case Context

We studied evergreen forests in Andamans (heavy rainfall) and deciduous in Madhya Pradesh (seasonal).

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Evergreens: Hornbills, orchids.
  • Deciduous: Tigers, teak trees.
Current Relevance

Project Tiger (1973) saved deciduous habitats. Evergreens now threatened by palmoil plantations.

Question 3:
Analyze how Rajasthan’s desert vegetation adapts to arid conditions. Include human uses of these plants.
Answer:
Case Context

Our textbook mentions khejri trees and cacti in Thar Desert.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Deep roots (babool) conserve water.
  • Example: Bishnois protected khejri in 1730.
Current Relevance

Today, desert parks like Jaisalmer promote ecotourism. Locals use sewan grass for fodder.

Question 4:
Why are mangroves like the Sundarbans critical for coastal protection? Link to recent cyclones.
Answer:
Case Context

Sundarbans’ mangroves reduce cyclone impact. NCERT shows they host Royal Bengal tigers.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Roots bind soil, prevent erosion.
  • Example: 1999 Odisha cyclone damage was higher where mangroves were cut.
Current Relevance

Cyclone Amphan (2020) proved intact mangroves saved villages. UNESCO lists them as endangered.

Question 5:
The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot. Explain how deforestation affects wildlife here, using examples from NCERT.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied that the Western Ghats host species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Deforestation for agriculture reduces habitats.
  • Our textbook shows how tea plantations replaced forests.
Current Relevance

Recent landslides in Kerala highlight soil erosion due to tree loss. Projects like Save Silent Valley show conservation efforts.

Question 6:
Compare tropical evergreen and deciduous forests using NCERT examples. How do they support different wildlife?
Answer:
Case Context

We studied that Amazon rainforests (evergreen) and Madhya Pradesh teak forests (deciduous) differ in climate.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Evergreen forests house toucans; deciduous host tigers.
  • NCERT mentions Mahogany (evergreen) and Sal (deciduous).
Current Relevance

Deforestation in Amazon threatens biodiversity, while Project Tiger protects deciduous species.

Question 7:
How do mangroves like the Sundarbans protect coastal regions? Use NCERT and current events.
Answer:
Case Context

Our textbook shows mangroves act as buffers against cyclones.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Sundarbans protect Bengal from storms like Aila (2009).
  • They host Royal Bengal Tigers and saltwater crocodiles.
Current Relevance

Recent cyclones Amphan (2020) proved their role. UNESCO lists them as World Heritage Sites.

Question 8:
Why are Himalayan species like the Snow Leopard endangered? Link to climate change and human activities.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied that Himalayas have fragile ecosystems.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • NCERT mentions glacial melt reduces habitats.
  • Poaching and tourism disturb wildlife.
Current Relevance

Recent reports show Snow Leopard numbers dropping. Project Snow Leopard (2009) aims to conserve them.

Question 9:
The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot. Explain how deforestation here affects wildlife and local climate.
Answer:
Case Context

We studied how the Western Ghats host unique species like the Lion-tailed Macaque. Deforestation disrupts their habitat.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Loss of trees reduces rainfall, as seen in Kerala’s 2018 drought.
  • Endangered species like Nilgiri Tahr lose shelter.
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows afforestation projects like Green India Mission aim to restore such regions.

Question 10:
Compare the tropical evergreen forests of Amazon and Western Ghats. How do they differ in biodiversity?
Answer:
Case Context

Both regions are rich in biodiversity but have distinct species.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Amazon has jaguars, while Western Ghats have Bengal tigers.
  • Amazon’s forests are larger, hosting 40,000 plant species vs. 7,000 in Ghats.
Current Relevance

Deforestation threatens both, as seen in Brazil’s 2022 fires and India’s Nilgiri landslides.

Question 11:
How do mangrove forests like the Sundarbans protect coastal areas from natural disasters?
Answer:
Case Context

Mangroves act as natural barriers against cyclones and tsunamis.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • During 2020 Cyclone Amphan, Sundarbans reduced wave intensity by 30%.
  • They prevent soil erosion, as seen in Bangladesh’s coastal villages.
Current Relevance

Our textbook highlights India’s Mangrove Protection Scheme to conserve these ecosystems.

Question 12:
Why are thorn forests found in Rajasthan’s desert regions? Describe their adaptations.
Answer:
Case Context

Thorn forests survive in arid conditions with unique adaptations.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Plants like Khejri have deep roots to access groundwater.
  • Animals like desert foxes are nocturnal to avoid heat.
Current Relevance

Rajasthan’s Project Great Indian Bustard protects such ecosystems from overgrazing.

Question 13:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

The Sundarbans, located in the delta region of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and a variety of mangrove species. Due to rising sea levels and human encroachment, the ecosystem is under threat.

Question: Explain how the destruction of the Sundarbans' natural vegetation can impact the wildlife and local communities. Suggest two measures to conserve this ecosystem.

Answer:

Impact on Wildlife: Destruction of natural vegetation like mangroves disrupts the habitat of the Royal Bengal Tiger and other species, leading to loss of biodiversity. Mangroves act as nurseries for fish, so their loss affects aquatic life.

Impact on Local Communities: Communities depend on mangroves for timber, honey, and fishing. Their destruction increases vulnerability to cyclones and floods, as mangroves act as natural barriers.

Conservation Measures:

  • Implement strict laws against deforestation and poaching.
  • Promote eco-tourism to generate awareness and funds for conservation.

Question 14:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot with tropical evergreen forests and endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque. However, deforestation for agriculture and urbanization is reducing forest cover.

Question: Describe the importance of the Western Ghats' natural vegetation in maintaining ecological balance. How can afforestation help restore this region?

Answer:

Ecological Importance: The tropical evergreen forests of the Western Ghats regulate rainfall, prevent soil erosion, and support diverse flora and fauna. They are crucial for water conservation, feeding rivers like the Godavari and Krishna.

Role of Afforestation:

  • Planting native tree species can revive habitats for endangered species like the Lion-tailed Macaque.
  • Afforestation reduces carbon dioxide levels, combating climate change.

Additionally, involving local communities in tree-planting drives ensures sustainable conservation efforts.

Question 15:
The Sundarbans delta is known for its unique mangrove forests and rich biodiversity. However, rising sea levels due to climate change are threatening this ecosystem. Based on this case, answer the following:
(a) Why are mangrove forests ecologically significant?
(b) Suggest two measures to protect the Sundarbans from further degradation.
Answer:

(a) Ecological significance of mangrove forests:

  • Mangroves act as a natural barrier against coastal erosion and protect inland areas from storms and tsunamis.
  • They serve as a breeding and nursery ground for aquatic species, supporting marine biodiversity.
  • Mangroves help in carbon sequestration, absorbing large amounts of CO2 and mitigating climate change.
  • Their roots filter pollutants, improving water quality in coastal regions.

(b) Measures to protect the Sundarbans:

  • Implementing afforestation programs to restore degraded mangrove areas.
  • Promoting sustainable tourism to reduce human interference and pollution.
  • Strengthening community awareness programs to involve locals in conservation efforts.
  • Enforcing strict anti-poaching laws to protect endangered species like the Royal Bengal Tiger.
Question 16:
A group of students visited the Western Ghats and observed that certain regions had dense evergreen forests while others had deciduous forests. Analyze the factors responsible for this variation in vegetation.
Answer:

The variation in vegetation in the Western Ghats is influenced by several factors:

  • Altitude: Higher altitudes support evergreen forests due to cooler temperatures and higher rainfall, while lower regions have deciduous forests.
  • Rainfall: The windward side receives heavy rainfall, fostering evergreen forests, whereas the leeward side has less rainfall, leading to deciduous vegetation.
  • Soil type: Rich, loamy soil retains moisture, supporting dense forests, while rocky or laterite soil limits growth to deciduous trees.
  • Human activities: Deforestation and agriculture have replaced some evergreen areas with deciduous or scrub vegetation.

Understanding these factors helps in conservation planning to protect the unique biodiversity of the Western Ghats.

Question 17:
The Sundarbans delta is known for its unique mangrove forests and rich biodiversity. However, rising sea levels and human activities threaten this ecosystem. Analyze the importance of the Sundarbans and suggest two measures to protect its natural vegetation and wildlife.
Answer:

The Sundarbans delta is crucial for maintaining ecological balance due to its mangrove forests, which act as a natural barrier against cyclones and coastal erosion. It is also a habitat for the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger and numerous aquatic species.

To protect this ecosystem:

  • Afforestation: Planting more mangrove saplings to restore degraded areas and prevent soil erosion.
  • Strict Regulations: Enforcing laws against illegal logging, poaching, and unsustainable fishing practices to conserve wildlife.

Community awareness programs can also help locals understand the importance of preserving this unique ecosystem.

Question 18:
A group of students visited the Western Ghats and observed diverse vegetation zones from tropical rainforests to grasslands. Explain how altitude and rainfall influence the distribution of natural vegetation in this region.
Answer:

The Western Ghats exhibit varied vegetation due to changes in altitude and rainfall:

  • Altitude: As elevation increases, temperature drops, leading to transitions from tropical rainforests (at lower levels) to montane forests (at higher altitudes).
  • Rainfall: The windward side receives heavy rainfall, supporting dense tropical evergreen forests, while the leeward side has drier conditions, resulting in grasslands and deciduous forests.

This variation creates unique habitats for species like the Nilgiri tahr and Malabar giant squirrel, highlighting the region's ecological significance.

Question 19:
The Sundarbans delta is known for its unique mangrove forests and rich biodiversity. However, rising sea levels and human activities are threatening this ecosystem. Analyze the importance of the Sundarbans and suggest two measures to protect its natural vegetation and wildlife.
Answer:

The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. Its mangrove forests act as a natural barrier against cyclones and tsunamis, protecting coastal areas. They also provide habitat for endangered species like the Royal Bengal Tiger and saltwater crocodile.

To protect this ecosystem:

  • Afforestation: Planting more mangrove saplings to restore degraded areas and prevent soil erosion.
  • Strict Wildlife Protection: Enforcing laws against poaching and illegal logging to safeguard endangered species.

Community awareness programs can also help locals understand the importance of conservation.

Question 20:
A group of students visited the Western Ghats and observed dense tropical evergreen forests. Explain why these forests are found in this region and describe their significance for the environment.
Answer:

The Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall (over 250 cm annually) due to their proximity to the Arabian Sea and orographic rainfall. This supports the growth of tropical evergreen forests, characterized by tall trees, dense canopies, and diverse flora and fauna.

Their environmental significance includes:

  • Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • Water Regulation: Forests act as watersheds, feeding rivers like the Godavari and Krishna.

These forests also help in carbon sequestration, mitigating climate change.

Question 21:
A group of students visited the Western Ghats and observed dense tropical evergreen forests. Explain why these forests are found in this region and describe their significance in maintaining ecological balance.
Answer:

The Western Ghats host tropical evergreen forests due to:

  • High annual rainfall (over 200 cm) and consistent warm temperatures, creating ideal conditions.
  • The region's topography retains moisture, supporting lush growth.

Their ecological significance includes:

  • They are biodiversity hotspots, housing species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • These forests prevent soil erosion and regulate water flow in rivers.
  • They contribute to oxygen production and act as carbon sinks.
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