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Contemporary India - I: Forest and Wildlife Resources – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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10th

10th - Social Studies

Contemporary India - I: Forest and Wildlife Resources

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Overview of the Chapter

This chapter explores the importance of forests and wildlife in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life. It discusses the various types of forests and wildlife resources in India, their conservation, and the challenges they face due to human activities.

Types of Forests in India

India has a diverse range of forests, classified based on climate, soil, and topography:

  • Tropical Evergreen Forests
  • Tropical Deciduous Forests
  • Thorn Forests and Scrubs
  • Montane Forests
  • Mangrove Forests

Tropical Evergreen Forests: Dense forests found in areas with heavy rainfall, characterized by tall trees and rich biodiversity.

Wildlife Resources in India

India is home to a variety of wildlife species, including tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, and numerous bird species. These resources are vital for ecological balance and tourism.

Endangered Species: Species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, poaching, or climate change.

Conservation of Forests and Wildlife

Conservation efforts include:

  • Establishment of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
  • Community-based conservation programs
  • Legal protections like the Wildlife Protection Act (1972)

Challenges to Forest and Wildlife Resources

Major challenges include deforestation, poaching, habitat destruction, and climate change. Sustainable practices and awareness are essential to mitigate these threats.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Define biodiversity.
Answer:

Variety of life forms in an ecosystem.

Question 2:
Name one endangered species in India.
Answer:

Bengal Tiger.

Question 3:
What is the main cause of deforestation?
Answer:

Human activities like agriculture.

Question 4:
Which act protects wildlife in India?
Answer:

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

Question 5:
Give an example of a protected area in India.
Answer:

Jim Corbett National Park.

Question 6:
What is Joint Forest Management?
Answer:

Community involvement in forest conservation.

Question 7:
Name one endemic species of India.
Answer:

Lion-tailed Macaque.

Question 8:
What is the role of Chipko Movement?
Answer:

Forest conservation through tree hugging.

Question 9:
Which state has the largest forest cover in India?
Answer:

Madhya Pradesh.

Question 10:
What is biosphere reserve?
Answer:

Protected area for conservation of ecosystems.

Question 11:
Name one project for wildlife conservation in India.
Answer:

Project Tiger.

Question 12:
What is the impact of mining on forests?
Answer:

Deforestation and habitat destruction.

Question 13:
Which type of forest is found in Sundarbans?
Answer:

Mangrove forests.

Question 14:
What is the purpose of Social Forestry?
Answer:

Meeting local needs through tree planting.

Question 15:
Name any one endemic species found in India.
Answer:

The Lion-tailed Macaque is an endemic species found in the Western Ghats of India.

Question 16:
What is the main objective of the Project Tiger?
Answer:

The main objective of Project Tiger is to ensure a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats and protect them from extinction.

Question 17:
Define biodiversity in one sentence.
Answer:

Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Question 18:
Which state in India has the largest area under forest cover?
Answer:

Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forest cover in India.

Question 19:
What is the significance of sacred groves in conservation?
Answer:

Sacred groves are patches of forests protected by local communities due to religious beliefs, helping conserve biodiversity and rare species.

Question 20:
Name one critically endangered animal species in India.
Answer:

The Great Indian Bustard is a critically endangered species in India.

Question 21:
What is the role of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980?
Answer:

The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 aims to regulate deforestation and ensure sustainable use of forest resources by requiring central government approval for forest land diversion.

Question 22:
How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
Answer:

Deforestation increases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere as trees absorb CO2, leading to global warming and climate change.

Question 23:
What is the difference between Reserved and Protected Forests?
Answer:
  • Reserved Forests: Fully controlled by the government; no public activities allowed without permission.
  • Protected Forests: Managed by the government but local communities have limited rights.
Question 24:
Name one biosphere reserve in India.
Answer:

The Sunderbans in West Bengal is a famous biosphere reserve in India.

Question 25:
Why are migratory birds important for ecosystems?
Answer:

Migratory birds help in seed dispersal and maintaining ecological balance by controlling pests and acting as pollinators.

Question 26:
What is the purpose of Joint Forest Management (JFM)?
Answer:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) involves local communities in forest conservation and sustainable resource use, ensuring mutual benefits for both forests and people.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Define biodiversity and explain its importance in forest ecosystems.
Answer:

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, in a particular habitat. In forest ecosystems, it ensures ecological balance, supports food chains, and provides resources like timber, medicines, and oxygen. It also enhances resilience against climate change.

Question 2:
Name two endangered species found in India and state one reason for their declining population.
Answer:

Two endangered species in India are the Bengal Tiger and the Asiatic Lion. Their populations are declining due to habitat loss caused by deforestation and human encroachment.

Question 3:
What is the role of Joint Forest Management (JFM) in conservation?
Answer:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) involves local communities in protecting and managing forests. It promotes sustainable use, reduces conflicts, and ensures livelihood support through activities like controlled grazing and afforestation.

Question 4:
Differentiate between reserved and protected forests.
Answer:
  • Reserved forests: Fully controlled by the government; no public activities allowed without permission.
  • Protected forests: Managed with some restrictions; local communities can use resources sustainably.
Question 5:
How does deforestation contribute to soil erosion?
Answer:

Deforestation removes tree roots that bind soil, making it vulnerable to wind and water erosion. This leads to loss of fertile topsoil, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased sedimentation in rivers.

Question 6:
List two measures to conserve wildlife in India.
Answer:
  • Establishing wildlife sanctuaries and national parks to protect habitats.
  • Implementing strict anti-poaching laws and awareness programs.
Question 7:
Explain the term afforestation and its benefits.
Answer:

Afforestation is planting trees in barren areas to create forests. Benefits include:
1. Combating climate change by absorbing CO2.
2. Preventing soil erosion and enhancing groundwater recharge.

Question 8:
Why are mangrove forests ecologically significant?
Answer:

Mangrove forests protect coastlines from erosion, act as nurseries for marine life, and filter pollutants. They also buffer against cyclones and tsunamis, making them vital for coastal ecosystems.

Question 9:
What is the Chipko Movement? State its objective.
Answer:

The Chipko Movement was a forest conservation initiative where people hugged trees to prevent logging. Its objective was to protect forest rights of communities and promote sustainable resource use.

Question 10:
How do forests help in maintaining the water cycle?
Answer:

Forests absorb rainfall, reduce runoff, and recharge groundwater. Trees release water vapor through transpiration, forming clouds and ensuring consistent rainfall patterns.

Question 11:
Name two biosphere reserves in India and their locations.
Answer:
  • Sundarbans: West Bengal (mangrove forests).
  • Nilgiri: Spread across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka (Western Ghats).

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the term biodiversity and its importance in maintaining ecological balance.
Answer:

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, found in a particular habitat or on Earth as a whole. It is crucial for maintaining ecological balance because:

  • It ensures stability in ecosystems by supporting food chains and webs.
  • It helps in nutrient cycling and soil formation.
  • It provides resources like food, medicine, and raw materials for human survival.
  • It contributes to climate regulation and pollution control.

Loss of biodiversity can disrupt these processes, leading to environmental degradation.

Question 2:
Describe the role of sacred groves in conserving forest and wildlife resources.
Answer:

Sacred groves are patches of forests protected by local communities due to religious or cultural beliefs. They play a significant role in conservation by:

  • Preserving rare and endemic species that might otherwise be extinct.
  • Maintaining traditional ecological knowledge and practices.
  • Acting as natural biodiversity hotspots without human interference.
  • Providing a habitat for wildlife and preventing soil erosion.

Examples include the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, where sacred groves are still prevalent.

Question 3:
Differentiate between endangered and extinct species with examples.
Answer:

Endangered species are those facing a high risk of extinction in the near future, while extinct species are those that no longer exist anywhere on Earth.

  • Endangered: Example - Bengal Tiger (due to habitat loss and poaching).
  • Extinct: Example - Dodo (hunted to extinction in the 17th century).

Conservation efforts like Project Tiger aim to protect endangered species from becoming extinct.

Question 4:
How does deforestation contribute to the loss of wildlife? Suggest two measures to combat it.
Answer:

Deforestation leads to wildlife loss by destroying habitats, disrupting food chains, and reducing biodiversity. Two measures to combat it are:

  • Afforestation: Planting trees to restore degraded forests and create new habitats.
  • Protected Areas: Establishing national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to conserve ecosystems.

For example, Jim Corbett National Park protects species like tigers and elephants.

Question 5:
What are the effects of overgrazing on forest resources?
Answer:

Overgrazing occurs when livestock consume vegetation faster than it can regenerate, leading to:

  • Soil erosion due to loss of ground cover.
  • Reduction in plant diversity, affecting herbivores and predators.
  • Desertification in extreme cases, making land barren.

Solutions include rotational grazing and promoting alternative fodder sources to reduce pressure on forests.

Question 6:
Explain the concept of Joint Forest Management (JFM) and its benefits.
Answer:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a partnership between local communities and the government to manage and protect forests. Its benefits include:

  • Empowering local people by involving them in decision-making.
  • Improving forest cover through collective efforts like planting and patrolling.
  • Providing livelihood opportunities through sustainable resource use.

For instance, Odisha successfully implemented JFM to restore degraded forests.

Question 7:
What are the major causes of deforestation in India? Explain any three.
Answer:

The major causes of deforestation in India include:

  • Agricultural Expansion: Forests are cleared for farming to meet the growing demand for food.
  • Urbanization and Infrastructure: Roads, industries, and cities replace forest land.
  • Mining: Extraction of minerals leads to large-scale forest destruction, as seen in Jharkhand and Odisha.

These activities disrupt habitats, leading to loss of wildlife and biodiversity.

Question 8:
How do forests help in maintaining the quality of air and soil?
Answer:

Forests play a vital role in sustaining air and soil quality through:

  • Air Purification: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, reducing pollution.
  • Soil Conservation: Roots bind soil, preventing erosion, while leaf litter enriches soil fertility.
  • Water Regulation: Forests maintain the water cycle, ensuring clean groundwater recharge.

For example, the Western Ghats forests are critical for monsoon patterns and soil stability.

Question 9:
Explain the concept of Joint Forest Management (JFM) and its significance.
Answer:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a partnership between the government and local communities to manage and protect forests. Its significance includes:

  • Empowering villagers to conserve forests while benefiting from resources like fodder and fruits.
  • Reducing conflicts between forest departments and communities.
  • Successful examples include Arabari in West Bengal, where JFM revived degraded forests.

This approach promotes sustainable use and conservation of forest resources.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the importance of biodiversity in India with examples from forest and wildlife resources.
Answer:
Historical Context

India is a mega-diverse country with 8% of the world's biodiversity. Our textbook shows how forests like the Western Ghats and Sundarbans host unique species.

Key Developments
  • Tigers in Sundarbans maintain ecological balance.
  • Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve protects endemic species.
  • Keoladeo National Park shelters migratory birds.
Socio-economic Impact

Biodiversity supports livelihoods through tourism and resources like honey.

Current Relevance

Projects like Project Tiger highlight conservation efforts.

Question 2:
Describe the causes of deforestation in India and its impact on wildlife.
Answer:
Historical Context

Deforestation increased post-independence due to agriculture and urbanization. NCERT cites the Himalayan region's forest loss.

Key Developments
  • Mining in Saranda forests displaced elephants.
  • Dams like Tehri submerged habitats.
  • Expanding farms reduced Gir lion corridors.
Socio-economic Impact

Species like the Great Indian Bustard face extinction.

Current Relevance

Government initiatives like Green India Mission aim to restore forests.

Question 3:
How do community-based conservation programs help protect forests? Give three examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

Local communities have conserved forests for centuries, like the Bishnois of Rajasthan.

Key Developments
  • Chipko Movement saved Uttarakhand's trees.
  • Joint Forest Management in Odisha involved villagers.
  • Sacred groves in Meghalaya preserve biodiversity.
Socio-economic Impact

These programs empower locals and sustain resources.

Current Relevance

NCERT highlights their role in achieving sustainable development goals.

Question 4:
Analyze the role of government in wildlife protection with laws and projects.
Answer:
Historical Context

India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) after alarming species decline.

Key Developments
  • Project Tiger (1973) increased tiger numbers.
  • Protected areas like Kaziranga safeguard rhinos.
  • CAMPA funds afforestation.
Socio-economic Impact

Laws curb poaching, but human-animal conflicts persist.

Current Relevance

Recent amendments strengthen conservation, as per NCERT.

Question 5:
Compare the flora and fauna of Himalayan and Western Ghats forests with examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

Both regions are biodiversity hotspots with distinct species due to climate variations.

Key Developments
  • Himalayas: Snow leopards, deodar trees.
  • Western Ghats: Lion-tailed macaque, teak.
  • Both host UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Socio-economic Impact

Tourism and medicinal plants boost local economies.

Current Relevance

NCERT emphasizes their global ecological significance.

Question 6:
Explain the importance of forests and wildlife in maintaining ecological balance with reference to India. Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

Forests and wildlife play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and preserving natural resources. In India, forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and reducing global warming. They also prevent soil erosion and maintain the water cycle through transpiration.

For example, the Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot, home to endangered species like the Bengal Tiger and Lion-Tailed Macaque. Similarly, the Sundarbans mangrove forests protect coastal areas from cyclones while supporting the Royal Bengal Tiger.

Wildlife contributes to food chains and genetic diversity, ensuring ecosystem stability. The decline of vultures in India due to diclofenac poisoning disrupted waste disposal systems, showing their ecological importance.

Question 7:
Discuss the major causes of deforestation in India and suggest measures to conserve forests effectively.
Answer:

The major causes of deforestation in India include:

  • Agricultural Expansion: Farmers clear forests for farming, especially in states like Assam and Madhya Pradesh.
  • Urbanization: Cities and infrastructure projects encroach on forest land, e.g., Mumbai’s Aarey Forest.
  • Mining & Industries: Activities like coal mining in Jharkhand destroy large forest areas.
  • Illegal Logging: Timber smuggling for furniture and paper industries depletes forests.

To conserve forests, India can adopt:

  • Afforestation: Planting trees under schemes like Van Mahotsav.
  • Strict Laws: Enforcing the Forest Conservation Act (1980) to prevent illegal activities.
  • Community Participation: Involving locals through Joint Forest Management (JFM).
  • Eco-Tourism: Promoting sustainable tourism to generate awareness and funds.
Question 8:
Explain the importance of forests and wildlife in maintaining ecological balance. Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

Forests and wildlife play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and preserving natural resources. Here’s how:

  • Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to numerous species of plants and animals. For example, the Amazon Rainforest hosts millions of species, many of which are yet to be discovered.
  • Climate Regulation: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and releasing oxygen. The Sundarbans mangroves help mitigate climate change by storing carbon.
  • Soil and Water Conservation: Tree roots prevent soil erosion, while forests regulate water cycles. The Western Ghats forests, for instance, influence monsoon patterns in India.
  • Economic and Cultural Value: Forests provide resources like timber, medicinal plants, and support livelihoods. Tribal communities, such as the Bishnois, rely on forests for their cultural and economic survival.

Thus, protecting forests and wildlife ensures a sustainable environment for future generations.

Question 9:
Describe the major threats to forest and wildlife resources in India and suggest measures to conserve them.
Answer:

Threats to forest and wildlife resources in India include:

  • Deforestation: Due to agriculture, urbanization, and logging. For example, the Nilgiri Biosphere faces habitat loss from tea plantations.
  • Poaching and Illegal Trade: Animals like tigers and rhinos are hunted for their body parts.
  • Pollution: Industrial waste and pesticides harm aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
  • Climate Change: Rising temperatures affect species like the Royal Bengal Tiger in the Sundarbans.

Conservation Measures:

  • Protected Areas: Establishing national parks (e.g., Jim Corbett National Park) and wildlife sanctuaries.
  • Afforestation: Programs like Van Mahotsav promote tree plantation.
  • Community Participation: Involving locals, as seen in the Chipko Movement, to protect forests.
  • Strict Laws: Enforcing the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and Forest Conservation Act (1980).

These steps can help preserve India’s rich biodiversity for future generations.

Question 10:
Explain the importance of forests and wildlife in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life. Provide examples to justify your answer.
Answer:

Forests and wildlife play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life in multiple ways:

  • Oxygen Production: Forests are the 'lungs of the Earth' as they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through photosynthesis. For example, the Amazon rainforest alone produces 20% of the world's oxygen.
  • Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to diverse flora and fauna, ensuring genetic diversity. The Sundarbans, for instance, host the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger.
  • Soil Conservation: Tree roots prevent soil erosion, and leaf litter enriches soil fertility. The Himalayan forests prevent landslides and maintain river systems like the Ganga.
  • Climate Regulation: Forests act as carbon sinks, mitigating climate change. The Western Ghats forests help regulate monsoon patterns in India.
  • Economic Benefits: Forests provide timber, medicinal plants (e.g., neem and tulsi), and livelihood opportunities through ecotourism, like in Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary.

Thus, forests and wildlife are indispensable for sustaining life on Earth, and their conservation is vital for future generations.

Question 11:
Explain the importance of forests and wildlife resources in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life. Provide examples to justify your answer.
Answer:

Forests and wildlife resources play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life in multiple ways:

  • Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to a vast variety of flora and fauna, which help sustain ecosystems. For example, the Amazon rainforest hosts millions of species, many of which are yet to be discovered.
  • Climate Regulation: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and releasing oxygen, thus combating climate change. The Western Ghats in India help regulate rainfall patterns.
  • Soil and Water Conservation: Tree roots prevent soil erosion, while forests recharge groundwater. The Himalayan forests protect rivers like the Ganga by maintaining water flow.
  • Economic Benefits: Forests provide timber, medicinal plants, and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) like honey and rubber, supporting livelihoods. For instance, tribes in Central India depend on forest produce for income.
  • Cultural and Recreational Value: Many indigenous communities worship forests, while national parks like Jim Corbett attract tourism, boosting local economies.

Thus, forests and wildlife are indispensable for ecological stability and human survival, making their conservation a priority.

Question 12:
Explain the importance of forests and wildlife in maintaining the ecological balance. Discuss any three measures to conserve them.
Answer:

Forests and wildlife play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by:

  • Providing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide, thus regulating the climate.
  • Supporting biodiversity by offering habitats to numerous species, ensuring genetic diversity.
  • Preventing soil erosion and maintaining water cycles through transpiration and groundwater recharge.
  • Acting as a natural resource for livelihoods, medicine, and raw materials for industries.

Three measures to conserve forests and wildlife:

  • Afforestation and Reforestation: Planting trees in deforested areas and restoring degraded forests to enhance green cover.
  • Protected Areas: Establishing national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves to safeguard endangered species.
  • Community Participation: Involving local communities in conservation through programs like Joint Forest Management (JFM) to ensure sustainable use of resources.

Conservation efforts must balance human needs with environmental protection to ensure long-term sustainability.

Question 13:
Explain the importance of forests and wildlife in maintaining the ecological balance. Support your answer with examples from India.
Answer:

Forests and wildlife play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and providing essential resources. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to numerous species of plants and animals. For example, the Sundarbans in India host the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger and act as a vital ecosystem.

2. Climate Regulation: Forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, helping to combat climate change. The Western Ghats forests, for instance, influence monsoon patterns and stabilize temperatures.

3. Soil and Water Conservation: Tree roots prevent soil erosion, and forests act as natural water filters. The Himalayan forests protect rivers like the Ganga by maintaining water flow and quality.

4. Economic and Cultural Value: Forests provide timber, medicinal plants, and livelihood opportunities. Tribes like the Bishnois in Rajasthan rely on forests for their cultural and economic survival.

In conclusion, forests and wildlife are indispensable for ecological stability, and their conservation is vital for sustainable development in India.

Question 14:
Explain the importance of forests and wildlife resources in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life. Provide examples to justify your answer.
Answer:

Forests and wildlife resources play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life in multiple ways:

  • Oxygen Production & Carbon Sequestration: Forests act as the 'lungs of the Earth' by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. For example, the Amazon rainforest alone produces 20% of the world's oxygen.
  • Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to diverse flora and fauna, such as tigers in Sundarbans or medicinal plants in the Western Ghats, which are vital for ecological stability.
  • Soil Conservation & Water Regulation: Tree roots prevent soil erosion, while forests regulate water cycles. The Himalayan forests, for instance, maintain river systems like the Ganga.
  • Economic & Livelihood Support: Many communities depend on forests for resources like timber, honey, and herbs. Tribes like the Bishnois of Rajasthan rely on forests for survival.
  • Climate Regulation: Forests moderate temperatures and rainfall patterns. Deforestation in areas like Central India has led to irregular monsoons.

Thus, forests and wildlife are indispensable for sustaining life on Earth, and their conservation is critical for future generations.

Question 15:
Explain the importance of forests in maintaining the ecological balance. Discuss any three measures taken by the government to conserve forests in India.
Answer:

Forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by:

  • Providing habitat for diverse flora and fauna, ensuring biodiversity.
  • Acting as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 and reducing global warming.
  • Regulating the water cycle by preventing soil erosion and recharging groundwater.
  • Supporting livelihoods of tribal and rural communities through resources like timber, fruits, and medicinal plants.

The Indian government has implemented several measures for forest conservation, including:

  • Afforestation Programs: Initiatives like Van Mahotsav promote tree plantation to increase forest cover.
  • Protected Areas: Establishing national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves to safeguard ecosystems.
  • Legal Frameworks: Enforcing the Forest Conservation Act (1980) to prevent deforestation and regulate land use.

These efforts ensure sustainable development while preserving India's natural heritage.

Question 16:
Describe the major threats to wildlife resources in India. Suggest any three strategies to protect endangered species with examples.
Answer:

The major threats to wildlife resources in India include:

  • Habitat Destruction: Deforestation for agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure projects displaces species.
  • Poaching and Illegal Trade: Animals like tigers and rhinoceroses are hunted for skin, horns, and other body parts.
  • Climate Change: Altered weather patterns affect migration and breeding cycles of species like the Olive Ridley turtle.
  • Pollution: Water and air pollution harm aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.

Strategies to protect endangered species:

  • Project Tiger (1973): A conservation initiative to protect tigers and their habitats, increasing their population.
  • Captive Breeding: Programs like the one for the Great Indian Bustard help revive dwindling populations.
  • Community Participation: Involving locals in conservation, such as the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program, ensures sustainable protection.

These measures highlight the importance of collective action in wildlife preservation.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
The Sundarbans Delta is a unique ecosystem with rich biodiversity. How do mangrove forests protect coastal areas and support wildlife? Provide examples from India.
Answer:
Case Context

The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and mangrove forests.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Mangroves act as natural barriers against cyclones and tsunamis.
  • They prevent soil erosion and filter pollutants.
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows mangroves in Bhitarkanika (Odisha) and Pichavaram (Tamil Nadu) also protect coasts. The Sundarbans support fishing communities and ecotourism.

Question 2:
Analyze how deforestation in the Western Ghats impacts water resources and tribal communities. Refer to NCERT examples.
Answer:
Case Context

The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot facing deforestation due to agriculture and dams.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Loss of forests reduces rainfall and river flow (e.g., Godavari drying).
  • Tribals like the Kadar lose medicinal plants and habitat.
Current Relevance

Our textbook mentions Silent Valley (Kerala) was saved from deforestation in 1980s. Recent landslides in Uttarakhand show similar risks.

Question 3:
Compare the conservation methods used in Jim Corbett National Park and Ranthambore National Park. How do they balance tourism and protection?
Answer:
Case Context

Both parks are tiger reserves under Project Tiger but have different approaches.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Corbett (Uttarakhand) restricts tourist zones to protect grasslands.
  • Ranthambore (Rajasthan) uses guided safaris to monitor tigers.
Current Relevance

We studied how Corbett bans plastic, while Ranthambore involves locals in conservation. Both face challenges like poaching.

Question 4:
Explain how joint forest management (JFM) in Odisha’s Simlipal Forest benefits both forests and villagers. Give three outcomes.
Answer:
Case Context

Simlipal, a biosphere reserve, uses JFM where villagers help protect forests.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Villagers collect honey and herbs sustainably.
  • Forest fires reduced due to patrols by locals.
  • Regeneration of sal trees improved.
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows JFM succeeded in Arabari (West Bengal) too. It’s a model for community-based conservation.

Question 5:
Analyze how deforestation in the Amazon rainforest impacts biodiversity and climate change. Refer to examples from India like the Western Ghats.
Answer:
Case Context

Deforestation reduces habitats, endangering species like the Amazon's jaguars. In India, the Western Ghats lost 25% forest cover (1990-2020), threatening endemic species like the lion-tailed macaque.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Amazon: 17% forest loss since 1970, releasing CO₂.
  • Western Ghats: 350+ species at risk due to logging.
  • Sunderbans: Rising salinity from mangrove loss.
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows afforestation projects like 'Green India Mission' combat these effects by restoring ecosystems.

Question 6:
Compare conservation methods in India's Project Tiger and Kenya's community-based wildlife management. Highlight one success each.
Answer:
Case Context

Project Tiger (1973) increased India's tiger population from 1,411 (2006) to 2,967 (2018). Kenya's Maasai conservancies reduced poaching by 50%.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • India: Protected areas like Ranthambore expanded.
  • Kenya: Local communities profit from eco-tourism.
  • Bhutan: Carbon-negative via forest reserves.
Current Relevance

We studied how such models inspire global policies, like COP15's 30x30 biodiversity target.

Question 7:
Explain how sacred groves in India (e.g., Khasi Hills) preserve endemic species. Link to similar global practices.
Answer:
Case Context

Sacred groves in Khasi Hills protect 300+ medicinal plants. Japan's 'Chinju no Mori' shrines similarly conserve biodiversity.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • India: 13,000+ groves (e.g., Kerala's Kavus).
  • Greece: Ancient Olympia's sacred forests.
  • Ghana: Community-protected Tano Sacred Grove.
Current Relevance

Our textbook highlights these as low-cost conservation models, aligning with SDG 15 (Life on Land).

Question 8:
Assess the role of joint forest management (JFM) in reducing human-wildlife conflict using cases from Odisha and Uttarakhand.
Answer:
Case Context

Odisha's JFM (1988) reduced elephant conflicts by 40% via corridors. Uttarakhand's Van Panchayats minimized leopard attacks through community patrols.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Odisha: Similipal Tiger Reserve success.
  • Uttarakhand: 12,000+ Van Panchayats.
  • Nepal: Community forests revived rhino populations.
Current Relevance

We studied how JFM aligns with India's Forest Rights Act (2006), empowering tribal communities.

Question 9:
Case: The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan protects wildlife and forests. Analyze their role and compare it with modern conservation efforts.
Answer:
Case Context

The Bishnoi community follows a 500-year-old tradition of protecting khejri trees and wildlife, inspired by Guru Jambheshwar.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • In 1730, Amrita Devi sacrificed her life to save trees, inspiring the Chipko Movement.
  • Their practices align with in-situ conservation.
Current Relevance

Modern efforts like Project Tiger and community reserves (e.g., Sariska) adopt similar participatory approaches.

Question 10:
Case: Deforestation in the Amazon and India’s Western Ghats threatens biodiversity. Compare causes and impacts in both regions.
Answer:
Case Context

Both regions are biodiversity hotspots facing habitat loss.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Amazon: Logging for agriculture (soybean farms).
  • Western Ghats: Dams (Silent Valley protest) and plantations.
Current Relevance

India’s Forest Rights Act (2006) empowers tribes, while Brazil struggles with illegal mining. Both regions show declining endemic species like lion-tailed macaques.

Question 11:
Case: Project Tiger (1973) increased tiger numbers. Evaluate its strategies and challenges like human-wildlife conflict.
Answer:
Case Context

Launched to protect Bengal tigers, now covering 53 reserves.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Success: Tiger numbers rose from 1,411 (2006) to 2,967 (2018).
  • Challenge: Villagers near Ranthambore face attacks.
Current Relevance

New measures like eco-development (e.g., Periyar Reserve) balance conservation and livelihoods.

Question 12:
Case: Sacred groves in Meghalaya and Kerala preserve flora/fauna. Explain their ecological and cultural significance.
Answer:
Case Context

These are forest patches protected by local communities for religious reasons.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Meghalaya’s Law Lyngdoh groves shelter rare orchids.
  • Kerala’s groves (kavus) conserve medicinal plants.
Current Relevance

They inspire Joint Forest Management (e.g., Odisha) and are recognized as Biosphere Reserves (Nilgiris).

Question 13:

Read the following case study and answer the question below:

The Sundarbans, a unique mangrove forest in India, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and several endangered species. However, rising sea levels due to climate change and illegal logging are threatening its biodiversity. The government has implemented measures like the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve to protect this ecosystem.

Question: Explain any two measures that can be taken to conserve the Sundarbans, apart from the existing government initiatives. Justify your answer with suitable reasons.

Answer:

Two measures to conserve the Sundarbans:

  • Community Participation: Involving local communities in conservation efforts through awareness programs and eco-tourism can reduce human-wildlife conflict and illegal activities like poaching. Joint Forest Management (JFM) can empower locals to protect their natural resources.
  • Afforestation: Planting more mangrove species can combat soil erosion and provide a habitat for marine life. Mangroves act as natural barriers against cyclones and tsunamis, protecting both wildlife and human settlements.

Justification: Community participation ensures sustainable conservation, while afforestation strengthens the ecosystem's resilience against climate change.

Question 14:

Read the following case study and answer the question below:

In a village near the Western Ghats, farmers have been practicing slash-and-burn agriculture, leading to deforestation. The government introduced the Social Forestry Program to promote tree plantation on unused lands. However, some farmers are reluctant to adopt it due to lack of awareness.

Question: Suggest two ways to encourage farmers to participate in the Social Forestry Program. Explain how these methods can benefit both the environment and the farmers.

Answer:

Two ways to encourage farmers:

  • Financial Incentives: Providing subsidies or payments for planting trees can motivate farmers. For example, carbon credit programs can offer additional income while reducing deforestation.
  • Training Programs: Educating farmers about the long-term benefits of social forestry, such as improved soil fertility and alternative income from fruits/timber, can change their perspective.

Benefits: Financial incentives ensure immediate gains, while training fosters sustainable practices. Environmentally, it reduces soil degradation and increases green cover, benefiting biodiversity.

Question 15:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

The Sundarbans, a mangrove forest in India, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and numerous other species. However, rising sea levels due to climate change and illegal logging are threatening this ecosystem. Local communities depend on the forest for resources like honey and fish.

Question: Explain how the conservation of the Sundarbans can benefit both biodiversity and local communities. Provide two measures to protect this forest.
Answer:

The conservation of the Sundarbans is crucial for both biodiversity and local communities. Here’s how:

  • Biodiversity Benefits: The Sundarbans is a biodiversity hotspot housing species like the Royal Bengal Tiger, saltwater crocodiles, and rare birds. Conservation ensures their survival and maintains ecological balance.
  • Community Benefits: Local communities rely on the forest for livelihood (fishing, honey collection) and protection from natural disasters like cyclones.

Two measures to protect the Sundarbans:

  • Strict Anti-Poaching Laws: Enforcing laws against illegal logging and hunting to preserve wildlife.
  • Eco-Tourism Promotion: Encouraging responsible tourism to generate income for locals while raising awareness about conservation.
Question 16:
Analyze the given case and answer:

In a village near the Western Ghats, farmers have been clearing forests for agriculture, leading to soil erosion and loss of native species like the Lion-Tailed Macaque. The government has introduced a Joint Forest Management program involving villagers in conservation.

Question: How does Joint Forest Management help in balancing economic needs of farmers and forest conservation? Suggest two ways villagers can contribute to this program.
Answer:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) balances economic needs and forest conservation by involving local communities in decision-making. Here’s how:

  • Sustainable Livelihoods: Villagers gain alternative income sources (e.g., non-timber forest products) without harming forests.
  • Conservation Ownership: By participating in protection activities, villagers ensure long-term forest health, which supports agriculture through soil and water conservation.

Two ways villagers can contribute:

  • Plantation Drives: Growing native trees to restore degraded areas and prevent soil erosion.
  • Wildlife Monitoring: Reporting illegal activities (like poaching) and protecting endangered species like the Lion-Tailed Macaque.
Question 17:
Read the case below and answer the question that follows:

The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and numerous mangrove species. However, rising sea levels and illegal logging threaten its biodiversity. Local communities depend on the forest for honey collection and fishing.

How does the conservation of the Sundarbans benefit both ecological balance and local livelihoods? Provide specific examples.
Answer:

The conservation of the Sundarbans is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting local livelihoods in the following ways:

  • Ecological Balance: The mangroves act as a natural barrier against cyclones and coastal erosion, protecting inland areas. They also serve as a carbon sink, mitigating climate change. The presence of the Royal Bengal Tiger maintains the food chain, ensuring biodiversity.
  • Local Livelihoods: Communities rely on the forest for honey collection and fishing, which are primary sources of income. Sustainable practices, like regulated honey harvesting, ensure long-term resource availability. Ecotourism also generates employment opportunities.

Thus, conservation efforts safeguard both the environment and the economic stability of local residents.

Question 18:
Analyze the given case and answer:

In Madhya Pradesh, the 'Bharat Van' initiative promotes afforestation and involves school students in tree plantation drives. The project aims to restore degraded forests and raise awareness about wildlife conservation.

Explain how such community-based initiatives contribute to forest resource management and environmental education.
Answer:

The Bharat Van initiative is a model for community-based forest resource management and environmental education due to:

  • Forest Resource Management: Afforestation helps restore degraded lands, improving soil fertility and water retention. Involving locals ensures sustainable use of resources, reducing dependence on illegal logging.
  • Environmental Education: By engaging students, the project fosters awareness about biodiversity and the importance of conservation. Practical activities, like tree plantation, instill a sense of responsibility toward nature.

Such initiatives create a ripple effect, encouraging wider participation and long-term ecological benefits.

Question 19:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and numerous mangrove species. However, rising sea levels due to climate change and illegal logging are threatening this ecosystem. Local communities depend on the forest for honey collection and fishing.

How can sustainable development practices help conserve the Sundarbans while supporting local livelihoods? Provide specific measures.

Answer:

Sustainable development can balance conservation and livelihood needs in the Sundarbans through:

  • Eco-tourism: Promoting responsible tourism to generate income while raising awareness about conservation.
  • Community-based forest management: Involving locals in protecting mangroves and monitoring illegal activities.
  • Alternative livelihoods: Training communities in sustainable fishing or organic farming to reduce over-dependence on forests.
  • Climate adaptation: Planting salt-tolerant mangrove species to combat rising sea levels.

These measures ensure long-term ecological health while improving socio-economic conditions.

Question 20:
Analyze the given case:

In a village near the Jim Corbett National Park, farmers frequently face crop damage by wild elephants. This leads to conflicts between humans and wildlife. The government has proposed building solar-powered fences and creating buffer zones.

Explain how these solutions can reduce human-wildlife conflict while protecting biodiversity.

Answer:

The proposed solutions address human-wildlife conflict through:

  • Solar-powered fences: These act as non-lethal barriers to deter elephants without harming them, unlike traditional electric fences.
  • Buffer zones: Creating transitional areas with native vegetation reduces animal encroachment into farms by providing natural habitat.

Additional benefits include:

  • Promoting coexistence by minimizing crop loss and retaliatory killings of elephants.
  • Enhancing ecological balance as elephants play a key role in seed dispersal.
  • Using renewable energy (solar) aligns with sustainable practices.

This integrated approach safeguards both livelihoods and biodiversity.

Question 21:
The Sundarbans, a unique mangrove forest in India, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger. However, rising sea levels due to climate change and human activities like deforestation threaten its ecosystem. Based on this case, answer the following:

(a) Why are mangrove forests like the Sundarbans ecologically significant?
(b) Suggest two measures to protect such fragile ecosystems.
Answer:

(a) Mangrove forests like the Sundarbans are ecologically significant because:

  • They act as a natural barrier against cyclones and tsunamis, protecting coastal areas.
  • They provide a unique habitat for diverse species, including the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger and saltwater crocodiles.
  • They help in carbon sequestration, reducing the impact of climate change.
  • Their roots stabilize coastal soil, preventing erosion.

(b) Two measures to protect fragile ecosystems like the Sundarbans are:

  • Afforestation programs: Planting more mangrove saplings to restore degraded areas.
  • Strict enforcement of wildlife laws: Preventing illegal activities like poaching and deforestation through patrols and community awareness.

Question 22:
A village near the Jim Corbett National Park faces frequent human-wildlife conflicts as elephants often raid crops. Farmers are frustrated, and some suggest clearing forest land for agriculture. Analyze this situation and answer:

(a) What are the long-term consequences of clearing forests for agriculture?
(b) Propose two sustainable solutions to reduce human-wildlife conflicts in such areas.
Answer:

(a) The long-term consequences of clearing forests for agriculture include:

  • Loss of biodiversity as habitats for wildlife are destroyed.
  • Increased soil erosion and reduced water retention capacity due to deforestation.
  • Disruption of ecological balance, leading to more human-wildlife conflicts as animals lose their natural food sources.
  • Contribution to climate change due to reduced carbon absorption by trees.

(b) Two sustainable solutions to reduce human-wildlife conflicts are:

  • Creating buffer zones: Planting crops that are less attractive to elephants, like chili or ginger, around the forest edges.
  • Community-based conservation: Involving locals in eco-tourism or bee-keeping to provide alternative livelihoods and reduce dependence on agriculture near forests.

Question 23:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

The Sundarbans, a vast mangrove forest in India and Bangladesh, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and numerous other species. However, rising sea levels due to climate change and illegal logging are threatening this ecosystem. The Indian government has implemented measures like the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve and community-based conservation programs.

Based on the case, explain two ecological and two economic benefits of conserving the Sundarbans.

Answer:

Ecological Benefits:

  • Biodiversity Conservation: The Sundarbans is a critical habitat for endangered species like the Royal Bengal Tiger, estuarine crocodiles, and rare bird species. Protecting it ensures their survival.
  • Carbon Sequestration: Mangrove forests absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide, helping mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gases.

Economic Benefits:

  • Fisheries Support: The Sundarbans provides breeding grounds for fish and shellfish, sustaining the livelihoods of local fishermen and the fishing industry.
  • Ecotourism: The unique ecosystem attracts tourists, generating revenue and employment opportunities for communities.

Conservation efforts like the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve also promote sustainable development while preserving natural resources.

Question 24:
Analyze the given case and answer:

In a village near the Jim Corbett National Park, farmers often face crop damage by wild animals like elephants and deer. To address this, the government introduced solar-powered fences and promoted bee-keeping as alternative livelihoods.

How do these measures help in balancing wildlife conservation and human needs? Provide two points for each measure.

Answer:

Solar-Powered Fences:

  • Human Benefit: Prevents crop damage by deterring wild animals, ensuring farmers' income and food security.
  • Wildlife Benefit: Non-lethal method reduces human-animal conflict, protecting endangered species like elephants from retaliation.

Bee-Keeping Promotion:

  • Human Benefit: Provides an alternative livelihood, reducing dependence on agriculture and increasing economic stability.
  • Wildlife Benefit: Bees act as natural deterrents to elephants (who avoid beehives), minimizing encounters while supporting pollination and biodiversity.

These measures align with sustainable development by addressing both conservation and community welfare.

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