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Contemporary India - I: Agriculture – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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10th

10th - Social Studies

Contemporary India - I: Agriculture

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Overview of the Chapter: Agriculture

This chapter explores the significance of agriculture in India's economy, its types, cropping patterns, major crops, and the challenges faced by the sector. Agriculture is a primary activity that produces most of the food and raw materials for industries.

Agriculture: The science and art of cultivating plants and livestock for human use.

Types of Farming

Agriculture in India can be classified into several types based on geographical conditions, demand, and technology:

  • Primitive Subsistence Farming: Practiced on small patches of land using primitive tools.
  • Intensive Subsistence Farming: High labor input on small landholdings for maximum output.
  • Commercial Farming: Crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in the market.

Cropping Seasons

India has three major cropping seasons:

  • Rabi: Sown in winter (October-December) and harvested in summer (April-June).
  • Kharif: Sown with the onset of monsoon (June-July) and harvested in September-October.
  • Zaid: Short season between Rabi and Kharif (March-July).

Major Crops

India produces a variety of crops due to its diverse agro-climatic conditions:

  • Food Crops: Rice, wheat, millets, maize, and pulses.
  • Cash Crops: Sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee, rubber, and cotton.
  • Horticulture Crops: Fruits and vegetables.

Technological and Institutional Reforms

To improve agricultural productivity, the government has introduced various reforms:

  • Land reforms to consolidate holdings.
  • Introduction of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds.
  • Expansion of irrigation facilities.
  • Credit facilities through banks and cooperatives.

Challenges in Agriculture

Despite its importance, agriculture faces several challenges:

  • Dependence on monsoon rains.
  • Small and fragmented landholdings.
  • Lack of modern technology in some regions.
  • Soil degradation and water scarcity.

Conclusion

Agriculture remains the backbone of India's economy, supporting livelihoods and ensuring food security. Sustainable practices and technological advancements are essential for its future growth.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
What is primitive subsistence farming?
Answer:

Farming using primitive tools on small land.

Question 2:
Name one Rabi crop grown in India.
Answer:

Wheat.

Question 3:
Which state is the largest producer of rice?
Answer:

West Bengal.

Question 4:
What is slash and burn agriculture called in Northeast India?
Answer:

Jhumming.

Question 5:
Which soil is best suited for cotton cultivation?
Answer:

Black soil.

Question 6:
Name one Kharif crop.
Answer:

Paddy.

Question 7:
What is the main feature of plantation agriculture?
Answer:

Single crop on large estates.

Question 8:
Which state is the largest producer of sugarcane?
Answer:

Uttar Pradesh.

Question 9:
What is Bhoodan-Gramdan movement?
Answer:

Land gift movement by Vinoba Bhave.

Question 10:
Name one Zaid crop.
Answer:

Watermelon.

Question 11:
Which type of farming depends on monsoon?
Answer:

Rainfed farming.

Question 12:
What is the main objective of Green Revolution?
Answer:

Increase foodgrain production.

Question 13:
Which state leads in tea production?
Answer:

Assam.

Question 14:
What is Horticulture?
Answer:

Cultivation of fruits and vegetables.

Question 15:
What is the primary objective of Green Revolution in India?
Answer:

The primary objective of the Green Revolution was to increase food grain production through the use of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency in food.

Question 16:
Name any two rabi crops grown in India.
Answer:

Two rabi crops grown in India are wheat and mustard.

Question 17:
What is the main characteristic of plantation agriculture?
Answer:

The main characteristic of plantation agriculture is the cultivation of a single cash crop (like tea, coffee, or rubber) on large estates using capital-intensive methods and modern technology.

Question 18:
Which state is the largest producer of rice in India?
Answer:

West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India due to its favorable climate and fertile soil.

Question 19:
What is the significance of organic farming?
Answer:

Organic farming avoids the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, promoting sustainable agriculture and maintaining soil fertility while reducing environmental pollution.

Question 20:
Define intensive subsistence farming.
Answer:

Intensive subsistence farming is a type of agriculture where farmers grow crops on small plots using high labor and simple tools to maximize output for family needs.

Question 21:
Name one major kharif crop of India.
Answer:

One major kharif crop of India is paddy (rice), grown during the monsoon season.

Question 22:
Why is agricultural diversification important?
Answer:

Agricultural diversification helps reduce dependence on a single crop, increases income sources for farmers, and improves food security by growing a variety of crops.

Question 23:
What is the role of irrigation in Indian agriculture?
Answer:

Irrigation ensures water supply for crops in areas with uncertain rainfall, helping in multiple cropping and increasing agricultural productivity.

Question 24:
Which crop is known as the golden fiber and why?
Answer:

Jute is called the golden fiber because of its shiny, golden color and its importance as a cash crop used in making ropes, bags, and textiles.

Question 25:
What are the two main types of soil found in India suitable for agriculture?
Answer:

The two main types of soil suitable for agriculture are alluvial soil (fertile, found in plains) and black soil (retains moisture, ideal for cotton).

Question 26:
How does monsoon affect Indian agriculture?
Answer:

The monsoon provides essential rainfall for crops, but its uncertainty can lead to droughts or floods, impacting agricultural output and farmers' livelihoods.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
What is shifting cultivation?
Answer:

Shifting cultivation is a primitive farming method where farmers clear a patch of forest by cutting and burning trees, cultivate crops for a few years, and then move to a new area when soil fertility declines. It is also called slash-and-burn agriculture.

Question 2:
Name two states where intensive subsistence farming is practiced.
Answer:

Two states where intensive subsistence farming is practiced are West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. This farming involves high labor input and small landholdings to maximize output.

Question 3:
Why is agriculture called the backbone of the Indian economy?
Answer:

Agriculture is called the backbone of the Indian economy because:

  • It provides employment to over 50% of the workforce.
  • It contributes significantly to the GDP and ensures food security.
  • It supplies raw materials to industries like textiles and food processing.

Question 4:
What are rabi crops? Give two examples.
Answer:

Rabi crops are winter-season crops sown in October-November and harvested in March-April. Examples include wheat and mustard.

Question 5:
Define plantation agriculture.
Answer:

Plantation agriculture is a large-scale farming system where a single cash crop (like tea, coffee, or rubber) is grown for commercial purposes using capital-intensive methods and modern technology.

Question 6:
What is the main characteristic of dryland farming?
Answer:

The main characteristic of dryland farming is that it relies on rainfall rather than irrigation. Crops like millets and pulses are grown in regions with low water availability.

Question 7:
Name two kharif crops grown in India.
Answer:

Two kharif crops grown in India are rice and cotton. These crops are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October.

Question 8:
What is the significance of horticulture in India?
Answer:

Horticulture is significant because:

  • It includes fruits, vegetables, and flowers, which have high nutritional and economic value.
  • India is a leading producer of mangoes, bananas, and spices.
  • It supports agro-based industries and exports.

Question 9:
Why is organic farming gaining popularity?
Answer:

Organic farming is gaining popularity because:

  • It avoids chemical fertilizers and pesticides, ensuring healthier food.
  • It improves soil fertility and sustains the environment.
  • There is a growing global demand for organic products.

Question 10:
What are the major challenges faced by Indian agriculture?
Answer:

Major challenges include:

  • Soil degradation due to overuse of chemicals.
  • Unpredictable monsoons affecting crop yields.
  • Small landholdings leading to low productivity.
  • Lack of modern technology in rural areas.

Question 11:
How does irrigation contribute to agricultural productivity?
Answer:

Irrigation contributes by:

  • Ensuring water supply during dry spells, enabling multiple cropping.
  • Increasing crop yields and reducing dependence on monsoons.
  • Supporting high-yielding varieties of crops.

Question 12:
Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming.
Answer:

  • Subsistence farming: Small-scale farming where crops are grown mainly for family consumption using traditional methods.
  • Commercial farming: Large-scale farming where crops are grown for sale in markets using modern techniques.

Question 13:
Name two crops grown during the Rabi season.
Answer:

Two major crops grown during the Rabi season are wheat and mustard. These crops are sown in winter (October-December) and harvested in spring (April-June).

Question 14:
What is the significance of the Green Revolution in Indian agriculture?
Answer:

The Green Revolution (1960s) introduced high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation techniques, leading to a significant increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

Question 15:
Why is pulses production important in India?
Answer:

Pulses are important because:

  • They are a major source of vegetable protein.
  • They help in soil fertility by fixing nitrogen.
  • They are a staple in the Indian diet.

Question 16:
What is the role of organic farming in sustainable agriculture?
Answer:

Organic farming avoids synthetic chemicals, relying on natural fertilizers and pest control, ensuring:

  • Soil health preservation.
  • Environmentally friendly practices.
  • Chemical-free food production.

Question 17:
Name two government schemes to support Indian farmers.
Answer:

Two government schemes are:

  • PM-KISAN: Provides direct income support to farmers.
  • Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Offers affordable credit for agricultural needs.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the significance of agriculture in the Indian economy with three key points.
Answer:

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy due to the following reasons:

1. Employment: Over 50% of India's workforce depends on agriculture for livelihood, making it the largest employment sector.
2. Food Security: It ensures food supply for the population and raw materials for industries like textiles and sugar.
3. Contribution to GDP: Though its share in GDP has declined, agriculture still contributes around 15-20%, supporting rural economies.

Question 2:
Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming with three points.
Answer:

The key differences are:

1. Purpose: Subsistence farming is for family needs, while commercial farming focuses on profit through market sales.
2. Land Size: Subsistence farming uses small landholdings, whereas commercial farming requires large-scale land.
3. Inputs: Subsistence relies on traditional tools and family labor, while commercial uses modern machinery and hired labor.

Question 3:
Describe the Green Revolution and its impact on Indian agriculture.
Answer:

The Green Revolution (1960s-70s) introduced high-yielding seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to boost food production.

Impacts:
1. Increased Yield: Wheat and rice production rose significantly, making India self-sufficient.
2. Regional Disparities: Benefits were limited to Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP, neglecting other regions.
3. Environmental Issues: Overuse of chemicals degraded soil and groundwater.

Question 4:
What are the three major challenges faced by Indian agriculture today?
Answer:

The major challenges are:

1. Land Degradation: Soil erosion and waterlogging reduce fertility.
2. Small Landholdings: Fragmented farms hinder mechanization and productivity.
3. Climate Change: Erratic monsoons and droughts threaten crop yields.

Question 5:
Explain the concept of sustainable agriculture with two examples of practices.
Answer:

Sustainable agriculture focuses on eco-friendly farming to preserve resources for future generations.

Examples:
1. Crop Rotation: Alternating crops to maintain soil fertility.
2. Organic Farming: Using natural manure instead of chemicals to reduce pollution.

Question 6:
How does the monsoon influence Indian agriculture? Provide three points.
Answer:

The monsoon is crucial for Indian agriculture because:

1. Rainfed Farming: 60% of cropland depends on monsoon rains for irrigation.
2. Crop Calendar: Farmers time sowing (Kharif) based on monsoon onset.
3. Economic Impact: Poor monsoons lead to droughts, affecting food supply and prices.

Question 7:
Differentiate between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming.
Answer:

Primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming differ in the following ways:

1. Tools Used: Primitive farming relies on basic tools like hoe and digging sticks, while intensive farming uses modern inputs like fertilizers and irrigation.
2. Landholding: Primitive farming is practiced on small patches, whereas intensive farming is done on larger fields.
3. Productivity: Primitive farming has low productivity due to dependence on monsoon, while intensive farming achieves higher yields through better techniques.

Question 8:
Describe the Rabi and Kharif cropping seasons with examples of crops grown in each.
Answer:

Rabi and Kharif are two major cropping seasons in India:

1. Rabi Season (Winter): Crops like wheat, barley, and mustard are sown in October-November and harvested in March-April.
2. Kharif Season (Monsoon): Crops like rice, maize, and cotton are sown with the onset of monsoon (June-July) and harvested in September-October.

Question 9:
How does the Green Revolution impact Indian agriculture? Mention three effects.
Answer:

The Green Revolution had significant effects on Indian agriculture:

1. Increased Production: High-yielding varieties (HYV) of wheat and rice boosted food grain output.
2. Modern Techniques: Use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation improved productivity.
3. Regional Disparities: Benefits were concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP, leaving other regions behind.

Question 10:
Why is sustainable agriculture important? Give three reasons.
Answer:

Sustainable agriculture is essential for the following reasons:

1. Environmental Protection: It reduces soil degradation and water pollution by minimizing chemical use.
2. Long-term Productivity: Practices like crop rotation and organic farming maintain soil health.
3. Economic Stability: It ensures farmers' livelihoods by reducing dependency on expensive inputs.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the significance of Green Revolution in Indian agriculture with examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

The Green Revolution started in the 1960s to increase food production using HYV seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.

Key Developments
  • Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP became wheat bowls.
  • Use of tractors and tube wells expanded.
Socio-economic Impact

Farm incomes rose, but small farmers faced debt due to high input costs.

Current Relevance

Today, Punjab still leads in wheat production, but soil degradation is a concern.

Question 2:
Describe the types of farming practiced in India with regional examples.
Answer:
Historical Context

India has diverse farming methods due to varied climates.

Key Developments
  • Subsistence Farming: Bihar and Odisha grow rice for self-use.
  • Commercial Farming: Punjab grows wheat for markets.
  • Plantation Farming: Kerala produces tea and coffee.
Socio-economic Impact

Commercial farming boosts GDP, while subsistence farmers struggle.

Current Relevance

Our textbook shows how climate change affects these patterns.

Question 3:
Analyze the role of monsoon in Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Historical Context

Monsoons have shaped farming since ancient times.

Key Developments
  • Kharif crops (rice) depend on June-September rains.
  • Droughts in Rajasthan disrupt bajra production.
Socio-economic Impact

Good monsoons increase rural incomes, while failures cause migration.

Current Relevance

Our textbook links 2019 Kerala floods to monsoon variability.

Question 4:
Compare rabi and kharif crops with examples from NCERT.
Answer:
Historical Context

Seasonal crops evolved based on rainfall patterns.

Key Developments
CropSeasonExample
KharifMonsoonRice (West Bengal)
RabiWinterWheat (Punjab)
Socio-economic Impact

Kharif feeds more people, but rabi has higher market value.

Current Relevance

Climate change is altering these cycles.

Question 5:
Discuss how land degradation affects agriculture in India.
Answer:
Historical Context

Over-farming and deforestation have degraded 30% of land (NCERT).

Key Developments
  • Punjab faces soil salinity from over-irrigation.
  • Maharashtra loses topsoil to erosion.
Socio-economic Impact

Yields drop, forcing farmers into debt as seen in Vidarbha suicides.

Current Relevance

Government promotes organic farming to combat this.

Question 6:
Explain the significance of agriculture in the Indian economy with reference to employment and GDP contribution. How does it support the livelihood of rural India?
Answer:

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the Indian economy, contributing around 18-20% to the GDP and employing nearly 50% of the workforce. It is the backbone of rural India, providing livelihoods to millions of farmers, laborers, and their families.

The significance of agriculture can be understood through the following points:

  • Employment: Agriculture is the largest employer in India, especially in rural areas where alternative job opportunities are limited. It supports not only farmers but also workers in related sectors like agro-processing, transportation, and marketing.
  • GDP Contribution: Despite the growth of industries and services, agriculture remains a key contributor to the national income. It ensures food security and supplies raw materials to industries like textiles, sugar, and food processing.
  • Livelihood Support: Over 70% of rural households depend on agriculture for their income. It sustains small and marginal farmers, landless laborers, and artisans who rely on farming activities.

Additionally, agriculture promotes sustainable development by preserving traditional practices and biodiversity. Government schemes like PM-KISAN and MGNREGA further strengthen rural livelihoods by providing financial aid and employment opportunities.

Question 7:
Describe the major challenges faced by Indian agriculture today. Suggest any two sustainable practices that can help overcome these challenges.
Answer:

Indian agriculture faces several challenges, including:

  • Fragmented landholdings: Small and scattered plots reduce productivity.
  • Dependence on monsoon: Erratic rainfall affects crop yields.
  • Soil degradation: Overuse of fertilizers and pesticides harms soil health.
  • Low mechanization: Outdated farming techniques limit efficiency.

To address these, sustainable practices like organic farming and drip irrigation can be adopted:

  • Organic farming: Uses natural manure and biopesticides to improve soil fertility and reduce chemical dependency.
  • Drip irrigation: Conserves water by delivering it directly to plant roots, minimizing wastage.

These methods enhance productivity while protecting the environment, ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability.

Question 8:
Explain the significance of agriculture in the Indian economy with reference to its contribution to employment and GDP. Also, discuss two major challenges faced by Indian agriculture today.
Answer:

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the Indian economy due to its multifaceted contributions. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. Contribution to Employment: Agriculture employs nearly 50% of India’s workforce, making it the largest livelihood provider, especially in rural areas. It supports millions of farmers, laborers, and allied sector workers, ensuring food security and income generation.

2. Contribution to GDP: Though its share in GDP has declined over the years due to industrialization, it still contributes around 16-17% to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The sector also supplies raw materials to industries like textiles, sugar, and food processing.

Challenges Faced by Indian Agriculture:

  • Dependence on Monsoon: A large portion of Indian agriculture is rain-fed, making it vulnerable to erratic rainfall and droughts, which affect crop yields.
  • Small Landholdings: Most farmers own small and fragmented lands, limiting the use of modern machinery and economies of scale, leading to low productivity.

To improve agricultural output, the government has introduced schemes like PM-KISAN and Soil Health Cards, but sustainable practices and better infrastructure are needed for long-term growth.

Question 9:
Explain the significance of agriculture in the Indian economy with reference to its contribution to employment, GDP, and raw material supply for industries. Support your answer with relevant examples.
Answer:

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the Indian economy due to its multi-dimensional contributions. Below are the key aspects:

  • Employment: Over 50% of India's workforce is engaged in agriculture, making it the largest employment sector, especially in rural areas. For example, small farmers and landless laborers depend on farming for their livelihood.
  • GDP Contribution: Although the share of agriculture in India's GDP has declined to around 16-17%, it remains a vital sector for economic stability. Growth in agriculture directly impacts rural income and demand for goods.
  • Raw Material Supply: Many industries, such as textiles, sugar, and food processing, rely on agricultural produce. For instance, cotton from farms is essential for the textile industry, while sugarcane supports sugar mills.

Additionally, agriculture ensures food security and supports allied activities like dairy, poultry, and fisheries. The Green Revolution and government schemes like PM-KISAN further highlight its importance in sustaining economic growth and reducing poverty.

Question 10:
Compare and contrast primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming in India. Highlight their key features, advantages, and challenges.
Answer:

Primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming are two distinct agricultural practices in India, differing in scale, technology, and purpose.

Primitive Subsistence Farming:

  • Features: Small landholdings, use of traditional tools, dependence on monsoon, low productivity.
  • Advantages: Meets family food needs, low investment, eco-friendly practices.
  • Challenges: Vulnerable to climate, lack of surplus for sale, minimal income.

Commercial Farming:

  • Features: Large-scale production, use of HYV seeds, fertilizers, and machinery, market-oriented.
  • Advantages: High yields, profit-driven, supports agro-industries.
  • Challenges: High input costs, environmental degradation, dependency on market prices.

While subsistence farming ensures food security for farmers, commercial farming boosts economic growth. However, both face issues like soil degradation and climate risks, requiring sustainable practices for long-term viability.

Question 11:
Explain the significance of agriculture in the Indian economy with reference to employment and GDP contribution. Also, discuss two major challenges faced by Indian agriculture today.
Answer:

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the Indian economy, contributing around 17-18% to the GDP and providing employment to nearly 50% of the workforce. It supports livelihoods, especially in rural areas, and supplies raw materials to industries like textiles and food processing.

Two major challenges faced by Indian agriculture are:

  • Dependence on monsoon: Irregular rainfall affects crop yields, leading to uncertainty in production.
  • Small landholdings: Fragmented farms reduce productivity and limit the use of modern technology.

Additionally, issues like soil degradation and lack of credit facilities further hinder agricultural growth. Addressing these challenges through irrigation improvements and policy support can enhance sustainability.

Question 12:
Describe the Green Revolution and its impact on Indian agriculture. Highlight its positive effects as well as limitations.
Answer:

The Green Revolution (1960s-70s) introduced high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and modern irrigation techniques to boost food production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

Positive effects:

  • Increased wheat and rice production, making India self-sufficient in food grains.
  • Improved farmers' incomes due to higher yields.

Limitations:

  • Excessive use of fertilizers degraded soil fertility over time.
  • Benefits were limited to wealthier farmers and specific regions, widening regional disparities.

While the Green Revolution transformed Indian agriculture, sustainable practices are now needed to address its ecological and social drawbacks.

Question 13:
Describe the major challenges faced by Indian agriculture today. Suggest any three measures to overcome these challenges.
Answer:

Indian agriculture faces several challenges that hinder its growth and productivity. The major issues include:

  • Dependence on Monsoon: Over 60% of Indian agriculture is rain-fed, making it vulnerable to erratic rainfall and droughts.
  • Small Landholdings: The average farm size is shrinking due to inheritance laws, leading to fragmentation and reduced economies of scale.
  • Soil Degradation: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has degraded soil health, reducing fertility over time.
  • Lack of Modern Technology: Many farmers still rely on traditional methods due to limited access to advanced tools, credit, and knowledge.

To address these challenges, the following measures can be adopted:

  • Irrigation Facilities: Expanding micro-irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler irrigation can reduce dependence on monsoons and conserve water.
  • Land Consolidation: Encouraging cooperative farming or contract farming can help small farmers pool resources and increase productivity.
  • Sustainable Practices: Promoting organic farming and crop rotation can restore soil health and reduce input costs.

Government initiatives like Soil Health Cards and e-NAM (National Agricultural Market) are also steps in the right direction to modernize agriculture and ensure better returns for farmers.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Case: In Punjab, farmers grow wheat and rice intensively using tube wells. Analyze the environmental impact of this practice and suggest sustainable alternatives.
Answer:
Case Context

Punjab is India's grain bowl, but overuse of tube wells has depleted groundwater.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook shows Punjab's Green Revolution success increased water-intensive crops.
  • Water table dropped by 0.5m/year (Central Groundwater Board).
Current Relevance
  • Switch to drip irrigation and crop rotation with pulses.
  • Example: Andhra Pradesh's Zero Budget Natural Farming shows 30% water savings.
Question 2:
Case: Maharashtra faces frequent farmer suicides due to cotton crop failures. Identify the economic factors behind this crisis and government measures to address it.
Answer:
Case Context

Vidarbha region reports highest farmer distress despite being a cotton hub.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook mentions BT cotton seeds increased debt cycles.
  • 2015-20: 6,000+ suicides linked to crop failures (NCRB).
Current Relevance
  • PM-KISAN scheme provides ₹6,000/year support.
  • Example: Telangana's Rythu Bandhu gives ₹5,000/acre investment aid.
Question 3:
Case: Kerala promotes organic farming in spice plantations. Compare its advantages with conventional farming using interdisciplinary examples.
Answer:
Case Context

Kerala's Idukki district leads in organic black pepper and cardamom.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • We studied how Western Ghats ecology suits shade-grown spices.
  • Chemical-free farming preserves soil microbiome (Science link).
Current Relevance
  • 30% premium prices in EU markets.
  • Example: Sikkim's 100% organic status boosted tourism.
Question 4:
Case: Climate change alters coffee cultivation patterns in Karnataka. Explain the geographical shifts and adaptation strategies.
Answer:
Case Context

Kodagu district temperatures rose by 1.5°C in 20 years, affecting Arabica yields.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook shows coffee needs 15-28°C; now grown at higher altitudes.
  • 2018 floods destroyed 25% crop (Coffee Board data).
Current Relevance
  • Farmers planting Robusta varieties as they tolerate heat.
  • Example: Tamil Nadu's agroforestry model uses silver oak shade trees.
Question 5:
Case: In Punjab, farmers grow wheat and rice intensively using tube wells. Analyze the environmental impact and suggest sustainable alternatives.
Answer:
Case Context

Punjab is India's grain bowl, but overuse of groundwater for wheat-rice cycles is depleting resources.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Green Revolution (1960s) promoted tube wells
  • Water table dropped by 0.5m/year (NCERT)
  • Soil salinity increased in 40% areas
Current Relevance

We studied drip irrigation and crop rotation with pulses as alternatives. Example: Israel's water-efficient farming.

Question 6:
Case: Maharashtra faces frequent farmer suicides due to cotton crop failures. Identify economic factors and government measures.
Answer:
Case Context

Vidarbha region shows high distress among cotton growers dependent on rains.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Monsoon failures in 2015-2018 (NCERT)
  • High-interest loans from private lenders
  • BT cotton seed costs rose 300%
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows PMFBY (insurance scheme) and soil health cards as solutions. Example: Telangana's Rythu Bandhu.

Question 7:
Case: Compare plantation agriculture in Kerala (rubber) and Assam (tea) using geographical factors.
Answer:
Case Context

Both states have colonial-era plantations but different crops due to geography.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Kerala: Laterite soil, 200cm rainfall (rubber)
  • Assam: Brahmaputra valley, 150cm rainfall (tea)
  • Both need processing units nearby
Current Relevance

We studied how climate change affects both - rubber output fell 20% in 2022 floods.

Question 8:
Case: Explain how organic farming in Sikkim (India's 1st organic state) addresses food security and export potential.
Answer:
Case Context

Sikkim banned chemical fertilizers in 2016, shifting entirely to organic methods.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Traditional practices like alder-based farming
  • 300% increase in cardamom exports (NCERT)
  • Tourism linked to clean agriculture
Current Relevance

Our textbook shows Jaivik Kheti Portal helps farmers sell directly. Example: Bhutan's organic success.

Question 9:
Case: In Punjab, farmers grow wheat and rice using tube wells for irrigation. Analyze the impact of this practice on groundwater levels and suggest sustainable alternatives.
Answer:
Case Context

Punjab is India's grain bowl, heavily dependent on wheat and rice cultivation.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Our textbook shows 90% of Punjab's irrigation uses tube wells
  • Water table drops 0.5m/year in central Punjab
  • Similar depletion seen in Haryana and Western UP
Current Relevance

We studied sustainable options like:

  • Crop rotation with pulses
  • Drip irrigation adoption
  • Government's 'Per Drop More Crop' scheme
Question 10:
Case: Jhum cultivation is practiced in Northeastern states. Compare its ecological impact with terrace farming in Himachal Pradesh.
Answer:
Case Context

Shifting agriculture vs mountain farming techniques.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Jhum causes deforestation in Nagaland (NCERT example)
  • Terrace farming conserves soil in Himachal
  • Both adapt to steep slopes differently
Current Relevance

We studied:

  • Government's 'Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana' for organic alternatives
  • Sikkim's success with terrace farming
  • Mizoram's New Land Use Policy for jhum reduction
Question 11:
Case: Maharashtra faces frequent farmer suicides in cotton-growing regions. Identify three economic factors from our syllabus and link them to global market trends.
Answer:
Case Context

Vidarbha region's agrarian crisis.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • High input costs of Bt cotton (NCERT example)
  • Declining groundwater in Marathwada
  • 1980s shift from food to cash crops
Current Relevance

We studied:

  • Global cotton price fluctuations
  • Competition from US subsidies
  • China's reduced imports affecting demand
Question 12:
Case: Compare Green Revolution impacts in Punjab and Kerala using three parameters: cropping patterns, landholdings, and ecological effects.
Answer:
Case Context

Regional variations in agricultural modernization.

Historical/Geographical Analysis
  • Punjab: Wheat-rice monoculture (NCERT data)
  • Kerala: Mixed crops with spices
  • Punjab's large farms vs Kerala's small holdings
Current Relevance

We studied:

  • Punjab's soil degradation
  • Kerala's organic farming initiatives
  • Different state policies for MSP crops
Question 13:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

In a village in Punjab, farmers have been growing wheat and rice for decades using traditional methods. However, due to excessive use of groundwater and chemical fertilizers, the soil fertility has declined. The government has introduced a new scheme promoting sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation and organic farming.

Question: Explain two benefits of adopting organic farming for the farmers in this village, along with one challenge they might face during the transition.

Answer:

Benefits of Organic Farming:

  • Improves Soil Health: Organic farming avoids chemical fertilizers, relying instead on compost and manure, which enrich the soil with natural nutrients and improve its long-term fertility.
  • Reduces Water Pollution: Since no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers are used, groundwater contamination decreases, ensuring safer drinking water and a healthier ecosystem.

Challenge: Farmers may face lower yields initially as the soil takes time to recover from chemical-dependent practices, and organic methods require more labor and knowledge.

Question 14:

Read the following case study and answer the question:

A group of farmers in Maharashtra primarily grows sugarcane, a water-intensive crop. Due to erratic monsoons and depleting groundwater levels, they are struggling with low productivity. An agricultural expert suggests shifting to drip irrigation and cultivating drought-resistant crops like millets.

Question: How can drip irrigation and the cultivation of millets help these farmers? Provide two advantages for each.

Answer:

Advantages of Drip Irrigation:

  • Water Efficiency: Drip irrigation delivers water directly to plant roots, minimizing wastage and ensuring optimal usage, crucial in water-scarce regions.
  • Higher Crop Yield: Consistent water supply improves plant growth, leading to better productivity compared to traditional flood irrigation.

Advantages of Cultivating Millets:

  • Drought Resistance: Millets require less water and can thrive in dry conditions, making them ideal for regions with unreliable rainfall.
  • Nutritional Value: Millets are rich in nutrients like iron and fiber, offering health benefits and potentially higher market demand.
Question 15:
Read the following case study and answer the questions below:

In a village in Punjab, farmers primarily grow wheat and rice using high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation. Over the years, the water table has dropped significantly, and soil fertility has declined. The government is now promoting crop rotation and organic farming to address these issues.

(a) Why has the water table dropped in Punjab?
(b) How can organic farming help restore soil fertility?
Answer:

(a) The water table in Punjab has dropped due to over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation, especially for water-intensive crops like rice. The use of tube wells and lack of water conservation practices have worsened the situation.


(b) Organic farming can restore soil fertility by:

  • Reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers, which degrade soil health over time.
  • Using compost and manure to enrich the soil with natural nutrients.
  • Promoting microbial activity in the soil, improving its structure and water retention.
  • Preventing soil erosion through practices like mulching and cover cropping.
Question 16:
Analyze the given case and answer the questions:

A farmer in Maharashtra practices rainfed agriculture and grows jowar and bajra. Due to irregular monsoons, his crop yield is often low. The government has introduced a drought-resistant crop variety and drip irrigation to help farmers like him.

(a) Why is rainfed agriculture risky in Maharashtra?
(b) How does drip irrigation conserve water?
Answer:

(a) Rainfed agriculture is risky in Maharashtra because:

  • The region experiences erratic monsoons, leading to droughts or floods.
  • There is no assured irrigation, making crops dependent on rainfall variability.
  • Soil moisture is often insufficient, affecting crop growth and yield.

(b) Drip irrigation conserves water by:

  • Delivering water directly to the plant roots, minimizing wastage.
  • Reducing evaporation losses compared to traditional flood irrigation.
  • Allowing precise control over water usage, ensuring optimal supply.
  • Preventing waterlogging and soil salinity, common in over-irrigated areas.
Question 17:
Rahul, a farmer from Punjab, grows wheat and rice using modern farming techniques. However, he faces declining groundwater levels due to excessive irrigation. Analyze the situation and suggest sustainable agricultural practices he could adopt to conserve water.
Answer:

Rahul's situation highlights the challenge of groundwater depletion due to intensive farming in Punjab. To conserve water, he can adopt the following sustainable practices:

  • Drip Irrigation: This method delivers water directly to plant roots, reducing wastage.
  • Crop Rotation: Alternating rice with less water-intensive crops like pulses or maize can lower water demand.
  • System of Rice Intensification (SRI): This technique uses less water while increasing yield.
  • Rainwater Harvesting: Storing rainwater for irrigation can reduce dependency on groundwater.

Additionally, adopting organic farming improves soil moisture retention. These practices align with sustainable agriculture, ensuring long-term productivity and environmental balance.

Question 18:
In a village in Maharashtra, farmers primarily grow sugarcane, a water-intensive crop, despite frequent droughts. Explain the economic and environmental consequences of this practice and propose an alternative cropping pattern suitable for the region.
Answer:

Growing sugarcane in drought-prone Maharashtra has severe consequences:

  • Economic: High water costs and crop failures during droughts lead to farmer debt.
  • Environmental: Depletion of groundwater and soil degradation due to monoculture.

A suitable alternative cropping pattern includes:

  • Drought-resistant crops like millets (e.g., bajra, jowar) or pulses, which require less water.
  • Mixed farming: Combining crops with livestock to diversify income sources.

Shifting to sustainable crops reduces water stress, improves soil health, and ensures better economic stability for farmers. The government's PMKSY scheme also promotes such practices.

Question 19:
Read the following case study and answer the question:

In a village in Punjab, farmers primarily grow wheat and rice using high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation facilities. Over the years, the water table has significantly dropped, and soil fertility has declined due to excessive chemical use. The government is now promoting sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation and organic farming.

Question: Explain two benefits of adopting sustainable agriculture practices in this scenario.

Answer:

Adopting sustainable agriculture practices in Punjab's village would offer the following benefits:

  • Soil Health Improvement: Practices like crop rotation and organic farming reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, preventing soil degradation. Organic matter from compost or green manure enhances soil fertility naturally.
  • Water Conservation: Sustainable methods like drip irrigation or mulching reduce water wastage, helping replenish the declining water table. This ensures long-term availability of groundwater for farming.

Additionally, these practices reduce production costs for farmers and promote environmental balance, aligning with the government's goal of sustainable development.

Question 20:
Analyze the case below and answer:

A farmer in Maharashtra relies on rainfed agriculture for growing cotton. Due to erratic monsoons, his crop yield fluctuates yearly. The government introduced a weather-based crop insurance scheme to protect farmers from such risks.

Question: How does the weather-based crop insurance scheme support farmers like him? Provide two reasons.

Answer:

The weather-based crop insurance scheme supports Maharashtra's rainfed cotton farmers in the following ways:

  • Financial Security: It compensates farmers for crop losses caused by unpredictable weather (e.g., droughts or excess rain), ensuring they do not face severe economic distress.
  • Encourages Risk-Taking: With insurance coverage, farmers are more likely to adopt modern techniques or high-value crops without fear of total loss, boosting agricultural productivity.

This scheme also promotes climate-resilient farming by integrating technology (e.g., weather data) to assess payouts transparently, making it a reliable safety net.

Question 21:
Rahul, a farmer from Punjab, grows wheat and rice using modern farming techniques. However, he faces declining groundwater levels due to excessive irrigation. Analyze the situation and suggest sustainable agricultural practices he can adopt to conserve water while maintaining productivity.
Answer:

Rahul's situation highlights the challenge of groundwater depletion due to intensive farming in Punjab. To conserve water and ensure sustainability, he can adopt the following practices:

  • Drip Irrigation: This method delivers water directly to plant roots, reducing wastage by up to 60% compared to traditional flood irrigation.
  • Crop Rotation: Alternating rice with less water-intensive crops like pulses or maize can reduce water demand.
  • Laser Leveling: Ensures even water distribution, minimizing runoff and improving efficiency.
  • System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Uses less water and seeds while increasing yield by promoting healthier root systems.

Additionally, Rahul can adopt organic farming to improve soil moisture retention and reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, which degrade soil health over time.

Question 22:
In Karnataka, farmers traditionally grew ragi and jowar, but many have shifted to sugarcane due to higher profits. Discuss the economic and environmental implications of this shift, and suggest measures to balance profitability with sustainability.
Answer:

The shift from millets like ragi and jowar to sugarcane has both economic and environmental consequences:

  • Economic Impact: Sugarcane offers higher market prices and assured procurement, boosting farmers' income. However, it requires heavy investment in irrigation and fertilizers, increasing production costs.
  • Environmental Impact: Sugarcane is water-intensive, depleting groundwater and causing soil salinity. It also reduces biodiversity compared to traditional millets, which are drought-resistant and nutrient-rich.

To balance profitability and sustainability, farmers can:
1. Practice mixed cropping by growing sugarcane alongside millets to diversify income and reduce risk.
2. Adopt rainwater harvesting to mitigate water scarcity.
3. Leverage government schemes like PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana) to insure crops against climate risks.
4. Promote millet-based products in urban markets to revive demand for traditional crops.

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