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Weather and Climate – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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Weather and Climate

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5th

5th - Science (EVS)

Weather and Climate

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Weather and Climate - Grade 5 Science (EVS)

Chapter Overview

This chapter introduces students to the concepts of weather and climate, explaining the differences between them and the factors that influence both. Students will learn about various weather elements, how they are measured, and how climate varies across different regions.

Weather: The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, etc.

Climate: The average weather pattern taken over a long time (about 25 years) in a particular region.

Elements of Weather

The main elements of weather include:

  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Rainfall
  • Wind speed and direction
  • Atmospheric pressure

Measuring Weather

Different instruments are used to measure weather elements:

  • Thermometer - measures temperature
  • Hygrometer - measures humidity
  • Rain gauge - measures rainfall
  • Anemometer - measures wind speed
  • Wind vane - shows wind direction
  • Barometer - measures atmospheric pressure

Climate Zones

The Earth has three major climate zones:

  • Polar Zone (cold)
  • Temperate Zone (moderate)
  • Tropical Zone (hot)

Difference Between Weather and Climate

Weather Climate
Short-term atmospheric conditions Long-term weather patterns
Changes frequently (daily or hourly) Remains consistent over years
Describes current conditions Describes expected conditions

Factors Affecting Climate

Several factors influence the climate of a place:

  • Distance from the equator
  • Altitude (height above sea level)
  • Distance from the sea
  • Ocean currents
  • Wind patterns
  • Amount of rainfall

Adaptation to Climate

Living organisms adapt to their climate in different ways:

  • Plants have different leaf structures
  • Animals have different body coverings
  • Humans build different types of houses
  • People wear different types of clothing

Adaptation: The process by which organisms adjust to their environment to survive.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Name the instrument used to measure temperature.
Answer:

The instrument used to measure temperature is a thermometer. It can be digital or mercury-based.

Question 2:
Define humidity.
Answer:

Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air. High humidity makes the air feel sticky, while low humidity feels dry.

Question 3:
Which gas is most abundant in the Earth's atmosphere?
Answer:

The most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen (about 78%). Oxygen is the second most common (21%).

Question 4:
What is the role of the ozone layer?
Answer:

The ozone layer acts as a shield in the stratosphere, absorbing harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the Sun, protecting living organisms.

Question 5:
How does a rain gauge work?
Answer:

A rain gauge collects rainfall in a measuring cylinder. The amount is measured in millimeters (mm) to record precipitation.

Question 6:
Why do coastal areas have moderate climates?
Answer:

Coastal areas have moderate climates because water bodies absorb and release heat slowly, keeping temperatures stable compared to inland regions.

Question 7:
What is global warming?
Answer:

Global warming is the gradual increase in Earth's average temperature due to excess greenhouse gases like CO2, trapping heat in the atmosphere.

Question 8:
Name the three main types of clouds.
Answer:

The three main types of clouds are:
1. Cirrus (wispy, high-altitude)
2. Cumulus (fluffy, mid-altitude)
3. Stratus (layered, low-altitude).

Question 9:
How does deforestation affect climate?
Answer:

Deforestation reduces oxygen production and increases carbon dioxide, leading to higher temperatures and disrupted rainfall patterns.

Question 10:
What is the water cycle?
Answer:

The water cycle is the continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. It ensures freshwater supply on Earth.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
What is the difference between weather and climate?
Answer:

Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions like temperature, rain, or wind in a specific place at a given time. Climate is the average weather pattern of a region over a long period (usually 30 years or more).
For example, today's rain is weather, but a desert having hot and dry conditions yearly describes its climate.

Question 2:
Name the instrument used to measure wind speed.
Answer:

The instrument used to measure wind speed is called an anemometer. It has cups that rotate with the wind, and the speed is calculated based on their rotation.

Question 3:
How does the water cycle influence weather patterns?
Answer:

The water cycle drives weather by:
1. Evaporation: Water turns into vapor and rises.
2. Condensation: Vapor forms clouds.
3. Precipitation: Rain or snow falls, affecting temperature and humidity.
This cycle creates changes like storms or droughts.

Question 4:
Why do coastal areas have milder climates compared to inland regions?
Answer:

Coastal areas have milder climates because water bodies absorb and release heat slowly, keeping temperatures stable. Inland regions heat up and cool down faster due to land's lower heat retention.

Question 5:
What causes the formation of clouds?
Answer:

Clouds form when water vapor cools and condenses into tiny droplets around dust particles in the air. This happens during evaporation and rising air currents.

Question 6:
List two factors that affect the climate of a place.
Answer:

Two factors affecting climate are:
1. Distance from the equator (latitude).
2. Altitude (height above sea level).
For example, mountains are cooler than plains.

Question 7:
How does deforestation impact local weather?
Answer:

Deforestation reduces transpiration (water release by plants), leading to less rainfall and higher temperatures. It also increases carbon dioxide, worsening heat and air quality.

Question 8:
What role does the sun play in weather changes?
Answer:

The sun drives weather by:
1. Heating the Earth unevenly, creating wind.
2. Evaporating water to form clouds.
3. Causing seasonal shifts due to Earth's tilt.
Without the sun, there would be no weather systems.

Question 9:
Name two instruments used to measure weather.
Answer:
  • Thermometer: Measures temperature.
  • Anemometer: Measures wind speed.
Question 10:
Why do coastal areas have moderate climate compared to inland areas?
Answer:

Coastal areas have water bodies like oceans that absorb and release heat slowly, keeping temperatures stable. Inland areas lack this effect, leading to hotter summers and colder winters.

Question 11:
What causes wind to blow?
Answer:

Wind blows due to the uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun. Warm air rises, creating low pressure, and cooler air rushes in to fill the gap.

Question 12:
How does humidity affect weather?
Answer:

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. High humidity makes the air feel hotter because sweat evaporates slowly, while low humidity can make the air feel cooler and drier.

Question 13:
What is the role of the sun in weather changes?
Answer:

The sun heats the Earth unevenly, causing temperature differences. This leads to wind, clouds, rain, and other weather phenomena.

Question 14:
Why do mountains often have cooler climates than plains?
Answer:

As altitude increases, air becomes thinner and holds less heat, making mountains cooler. Plains are closer to sea level and retain more warmth.

Question 15:
Name two factors that influence climate.
Answer:
  • Distance from the equator: Places near the equator are hotter.
  • Altitude: Higher areas are cooler.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Name the instrument used to measure rainfall and explain how it works.
Answer:

The instrument used to measure rainfall is called a rain gauge.

It works by collecting rainwater in a cylindrical container with a funnel at the top.
The collected water is measured using a marked scale, usually in millimeters (mm).
This helps determine the amount of rainfall over a specific period.

Question 2:
How does the sun influence weather and climate?
Answer:

The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's weather and climate.
It heats the Earth unevenly, causing temperature differences that lead to wind and ocean currents.
Regions near the equator receive more sunlight, making them warmer, while polar regions are colder.
Over time, these patterns determine a region's climate.

Question 3:
Explain why coastal areas have moderate temperatures compared to inland regions.
Answer:

Coastal areas have moderate temperatures because of the sea breeze and land breeze effect.
Water heats up and cools down slower than land, so during the day, the sea keeps the coast cooler.
At night, the sea releases heat slowly, keeping coastal areas warmer than inland regions.

Question 4:
What are the three main types of clouds, and how do they differ?
Answer:

The three main types of clouds are:

  • Cumulus clouds - Fluffy, white clouds that indicate fair weather but can grow into storm clouds.
  • Stratus clouds - Flat, gray layers that cover the sky like a blanket, often bringing light rain or drizzle.
  • Cirrus clouds - Thin, wispy clouds high in the sky, made of ice crystals, usually signaling fair weather.
Question 5:
How do winds form, and what role do they play in weather changes?
Answer:

Winds form due to differences in air pressure caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface.
Warm air rises, creating low pressure, while cool air sinks, creating high pressure.
Air moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas, forming wind.

Winds help distribute heat and moisture, influencing weather patterns like storms, rain, and temperature changes.

Question 6:
Name three instruments used to measure weather and state their purposes.
Answer:
  • Thermometer: Measures temperature.
  • Anemometer: Measures wind speed.
  • Rain gauge: Measures rainfall amount.

These instruments help meteorologists predict daily weather conditions accurately.

Question 7:
How does the sun influence weather and climate?
Answer:

The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's weather systems.
It heats the atmosphere unevenly, creating wind and ocean currents.
Over time, this heating pattern determines a region's climate.
Example: Equatorial regions receive direct sunlight, making them warmer, while polar regions are colder.

Question 8:
Explain why coastal areas have moderate climates compared to inland regions.
Answer:

Coastal areas have water bodies like oceans that absorb and release heat slowly, keeping temperatures stable.
Inland regions lack this effect, so they experience extreme heat in summer and cold in winter.
Example: Mumbai (coastal) has milder summers than Delhi (inland).

Question 9:
What are the three main types of rainfall? Briefly describe each.
Answer:
  • Convectional rainfall: Occurs when the sun heats the ground, causing warm air to rise and cool, forming clouds.
  • Orographic rainfall: Happens when moist air rises over mountains, cools, and condenses.
  • Cyclonic rainfall: Caused by large-scale weather systems like cyclones, where warm and cold air masses meet.
Question 10:
How do human activities affect climate? Give two examples.
Answer:

Human activities like burning fossil fuels release greenhouse gases, trapping heat and causing global warming.
Deforestation reduces trees that absorb CO2, worsening climate change.
Example: Rising temperatures and melting glaciers are effects of these activities.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the difference between weather and climate with examples. How do they affect our daily lives?
Answer:

Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific place at a given time, such as temperature, rainfall, or wind. For example, a sunny day or a sudden thunderstorm describes the weather. On the other hand, climate is the average weather pattern of a region over a long period (usually 30 years or more). For instance, a desert has a hot and dry climate, while a coastal area may have a humid climate.

Weather affects our daily activities, like deciding whether to carry an umbrella or wear warm clothes. Climate influences long-term decisions, such as the types of crops grown in a region or the design of houses to withstand local conditions.

Key differences:

  • Weather changes frequently, while climate remains consistent over years.
  • Weather is measured daily, whereas climate is studied over decades.

Question 2:
Describe how the water cycle influences weather and climate. Include a labeled diagram to support your answer.
Answer:

The water cycle plays a crucial role in shaping weather and climate by continuously moving water between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. The main stages are:

  • Evaporation: Sun heats water bodies, turning liquid water into vapor.
  • Condensation: Water vapor cools and forms clouds.
  • Precipitation: Clouds release rain, snow, or hail.
  • Collection: Water returns to rivers, lakes, or oceans.

Weather is affected when these processes cause rainstorms, droughts, or humidity. Climate is influenced by long-term patterns, such as regions with high rainfall (tropical climates) or low rainfall (desert climates).

Diagram (description for drawing):
1. Draw the sun at the top, heating a water body (arrow labeled Evaporation).
2. Show water vapor rising to form clouds (Condensation).
3. Illustrate rain falling from clouds (Precipitation).
4. Add arrows showing water flowing back into the ocean (Collection).

Question 3:
Explain the difference between weather and climate with suitable examples. How do they affect our daily lives?
Answer:

Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place, such as temperature, rainfall, or wind, which can change within hours or days. For example, a sunny morning turning into a rainy afternoon shows changing weather.

Climate, on the other hand, is the average weather pattern of a place observed over a long period (usually 30 years or more). For instance, Rajasthan has a hot and dry climate because it experiences high temperatures and low rainfall consistently over the years.

Both weather and climate impact our daily lives:

  • Weather affects our clothing choices (e.g., wearing a raincoat on a rainy day) and outdoor activities.
  • Climate influences the types of crops grown in a region (e.g., wheat in Punjab’s moderate climate) and the design of houses (e.g., sloping roofs in heavy rainfall areas).

Understanding these differences helps us prepare for seasonal changes and long-term environmental planning.

Question 4:
Describe the role of the Sun in determining weather and climate. How does it influence wind patterns?
Answer:

The Sun is the primary source of energy that drives weather and climate on Earth. Here’s how:

1. Heating the Earth: The Sun’s rays heat the Earth unevenly. Equatorial regions receive direct sunlight and become warmer, while polar regions get slanting rays and stay cooler. This temperature difference creates wind patterns.

2. Formation of Winds: Warm air near the equator rises, creating low pressure, while cold air near the poles sinks, creating high pressure. Air moves from high-pressure to low-pressure areas, forming winds like trade winds and monsoon winds.

3. Water Cycle: The Sun’s heat evaporates water from oceans, forming clouds that cause rain, snow, or storms, shaping daily weather.

4. Climate Zones: Over time, the Sun’s consistent heating divides Earth into climate zones (tropical, temperate, polar), affecting long-term weather patterns.

Without the Sun, there would be no weather or climate as we know it!

Question 5:
Describe the role of the Sun in determining weather and climate. How does it influence wind patterns and rainfall?
Answer:

The Sun is the primary source of energy that drives weather and climate on Earth. Here’s how:

1. Heating the Earth: The Sun’s rays warm the land, water, and air unevenly, creating temperature differences.
2. Wind Formation: Warm air rises, and cooler air rushes in to replace it, causing winds. For example, sea breezes occur during the day when the land heats up faster than water.
3. Rainfall: When the Sun heats water bodies, evaporation occurs. The water vapor rises, cools, and condenses into clouds, leading to rain.

The Sun also affects climate by determining temperature zones:
- Places near the Equator receive direct sunlight and are warmer (tropical climate).
- Polar regions get slanting rays and remain cold (polar climate).

Without the Sun, there would be no weather changes or climatic variations, making life on Earth impossible.

Question 6:
Describe how the water cycle influences weather and climate. Include a labeled diagram to support your answer.
Answer:

The water cycle is a continuous process that plays a crucial role in shaping weather and climate. It involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.


How it affects weather:

  • When water evaporates from oceans and rivers, it forms clouds through condensation.
  • These clouds cause rainfall or snowfall (precipitation), leading to daily weather changes like storms or clear skies.

How it affects climate:

  • Regions with high evaporation (like near the equator) experience frequent rainfall, creating a wet climate.
  • Areas with low evaporation (like deserts) remain dry, resulting in a hot and arid climate.

Diagram (Description):

1. Evaporation: Sun heats water bodies → water turns into vapor.
2. Condensation: Vapor rises, cools, and forms clouds.
3. Precipitation: Clouds release rain/snow.
4. Collection: Water flows back into rivers/oceans, restarting the cycle.


This cycle ensures a balance of moisture in the atmosphere, directly influencing both short-term weather and long-term climate patterns.

Question 7:
Describe the role of the Sun in determining weather and climate. How does it influence wind patterns?
Answer:

The Sun is the primary source of energy that drives weather and climate on Earth. Here’s how:

1. Heating the Earth: The Sun’s rays heat the Earth unevenly, creating temperature differences.
2. Evaporation: Heat from the Sun causes water to evaporate, forming clouds and leading to rainfall.
3. Wind Formation: Warm air rises, and cooler air rushes in to replace it, creating winds.

The Sun also influences global wind patterns like trade winds and monsoons due to uneven heating:

  • Near the equator, intense heating causes warm air to rise, forming low-pressure zones.
  • At the poles, cold air sinks, creating high-pressure zones.
  • Wind flows from high-pressure to low-pressure areas, creating global wind systems.

Without the Sun, there would be no weather or climate as we know it!

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Rahul observed that during summer, his city experiences hot and dry weather, while in winter, it becomes cold and foggy. However, his cousin in Mumbai enjoys moderate weather throughout the year.

Explain the difference between weather and climate using this example. Also, state why Mumbai's weather remains moderate compared to Rahul's city.

Answer:

Weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity, and rainfall in a specific place at a given time (e.g., hot summer or cold winter in Rahul's city). Climate is the average weather pattern of a region over a long period (e.g., Mumbai's moderate climate year-round).

Mumbai remains moderate due to its coastal location. The sea absorbs heat slowly in summer and releases it slowly in winter, keeping temperatures stable. Rahul's city, being inland, lacks this regulating effect, leading to extreme seasonal changes.

Question 2:
A weather report showed that Delhi had a maximum temperature of 42°C and a minimum of 28°C on a summer day, while Shimla recorded 25°C and 12°C on the same day.

Analyze how altitude affects temperature and explain why Shimla is cooler than Delhi despite being in the same country.

Answer:

Altitude (height above sea level) affects temperature because air becomes thinner at higher altitudes, holding less heat.
Shimla is cooler than Delhi because:

  • Shimla is located in the mountains (higher altitude), where air pressure is lower, and temperatures drop.
  • Delhi is on plains (lower altitude), where denser air traps more heat, causing higher temperatures.

For every 1 km increase in altitude, temperature drops by about 6.5°C (lapse rate). This is why hilly areas like Shimla stay cooler.

Question 3:
Priya noticed that her grandmother's knee pain increases when the weather is about to change, especially before rain.

Describe how changes in air pressure and humidity before rainfall might cause this effect. Also, name the instrument used to measure these two factors.

Answer:

Before rain, air pressure drops, and humidity rises. This affects joints because:

  • Low air pressure causes tissues to expand slightly, pressing on nerves and increasing pain.
  • High humidity makes the air feel heavier, worsening inflammation in sensitive joints.

The instruments used are:
- Barometer (measures air pressure)
- Hygrometer (measures humidity)
These changes signal approaching rain, explaining why some people feel discomfort before weather shifts.

Question 4:
Rahul observed that his city experiences heavy rainfall during June to September, while his cousin in another city has dry weather during the same period.

Explain why different places in India have different weather patterns during the same season. Also, mention the role of monsoon winds in this variation.

Answer:

Different places in India have different weather patterns because of factors like geographical location, distance from the sea, and monsoon winds. For example, coastal areas receive more rainfall due to moisture-laden winds, while inland regions may stay dry.


The monsoon winds play a key role in bringing seasonal rains. During summer, warm air over land creates low pressure, pulling in moist winds from the ocean. These winds cause heavy rainfall in some regions (like Rahul's city), while other areas (like his cousin's city) may lie in the rain shadow of mountains, receiving less rain.


Additionally, the Himalayas block cold winds, making northern India warmer, whereas southern India stays cooler due to sea breezes.

Question 5:
Priya noticed that the temperature in her city drops significantly at night in winter but remains moderate in coastal areas.

Explain the difference in temperature variations between inland cities and coastal regions. Also, describe how water bodies influence climate.

Answer:

Inland cities experience large temperature variations because land heats up and cools down quickly. During the day, the land absorbs heat, making it hot, but at night, it loses heat rapidly, causing temperatures to drop sharply.


Coastal areas, however, have moderate temperatures because water bodies absorb and release heat slowly. The sea keeps the nearby land cooler during the day and warmer at night, reducing extreme changes.


This happens because water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it takes more time to heat up or cool down compared to land. Thus, coastal regions enjoy a more stable climate, while inland areas face greater temperature swings.

Question 6:
During a field trip, students recorded weather data for a week and noticed that humidity levels were higher on rainy days.

Explain the relationship between humidity and rainfall. Also, describe how evaporation and condensation contribute to this process.

Answer:

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. On rainy days, humidity is higher because more water evaporates from wet surfaces, increasing moisture in the air.


Rainfall occurs when this moist air rises, cools, and reaches its dew point, causing condensation (water vapor turning into tiny droplets). These droplets form clouds and eventually fall as rain.


The process involves:

  • Evaporation: Sun heats water bodies, turning liquid water into vapor.
  • Condensation: Vapor cools and forms clouds.
  • Precipitation: When clouds become heavy, rain falls.
Thus, higher humidity often leads to rainfall, completing the water cycle.

Question 7:
Rahul observed that his city experiences heavy rainfall during July to September, while his cousin in another city faces dry weather during the same period.

Explain the possible reasons for this difference using the terms monsoon and climate.

Answer:

The difference in weather is due to the monsoon winds and climate variations.

1. Monsoon refers to seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall to certain regions. Rahul's city likely lies in the path of the southwest monsoon, which brings rain from July to September.

2. His cousin's city might be in a rain shadow area (like parts of Rajasthan) or outside the monsoon belt, resulting in dry weather.

3. Climate is the long-term weather pattern of a region. Coastal areas often receive more rain than inland regions due to moisture-laden winds.

Question 8:
A weather report showed the following data for two cities:
City A: Day 32°C, Night 18°C
City B: Day 38°C, Night 28°C

Analyze which city has a higher temperature range and how this affects daily life.

Answer:

City A has a higher temperature range (32°C - 18°C = 14°C) compared to City B (38°C - 28°C = 10°C).

Effects on daily life:

  • City A: People may wear layers of clothing to adjust to the large day-night difference.
  • City B: Consistently high temperatures may lead to higher use of cooling devices.

Temperature range depends on factors like humidity (City B is likely coastal, reducing the range) and distance from the sea (City A is probably inland).

Question 9:
A farmer noticed that unseasonal rains damaged his crops.

Suggest two ways he can use weather forecasts to protect his farm in the future, and explain how climate change affects such events.

Answer:

Ways to use weather forecasts:

  • Plan sowing/harvesting dates based on predicted rain to avoid crop damage.
  • Use protective covers or greenhouses when storms are forecasted.

Role of climate change:

1. Rising global temperatures cause erratic rainfall patterns, leading to unseasonal rains.

2. Increased frequency of extreme weather events (like cyclones) makes farming riskier.

Farmers can also adopt drought-resistant crops as a long-term solution.

Question 10:
Riya observed that her city experiences heavy rainfall during July to September, while her cousin in another city has dry weather during the same period.

Explain the possible reasons for this difference using weather and climate concepts.

Answer:

The difference in weather between Riya's city and her cousin's city is due to the monsoon winds and geographical location. Monsoon is a seasonal wind pattern that brings heavy rainfall to certain regions.


Riya's city likely lies in the windward side of a mountain or coastal area, where moist monsoon winds rise, cool, and cause heavy rain. Her cousin's city might be in the leeward side (rain shadow area) or a region where monsoon winds do not reach, resulting in dry weather.


Additionally, climate (long-term weather patterns) plays a role—some regions have tropical climates with distinct wet and dry seasons, while others may have arid climates with little rainfall.

Question 11:
A weather report showed the following data for two consecutive days:
Day 1: Temperature 32°C, Humidity 85%, Wind Speed 10 km/h
Day 2: Temperature 28°C, Humidity 95%, Wind Speed 25 km/h

Predict the weather conditions on Day 2 and explain how the changes in temperature, humidity, and wind speed might affect it.

Answer:

On Day 2, the weather is likely to be rainy or stormy. Here's why:

  • Temperature drop (32°C to 28°C): Colder air can hold less moisture, leading to condensation and rain.
  • High humidity (95%): Air is saturated with water vapor, increasing chances of precipitation.
  • Increased wind speed (25 km/h): Strong winds often accompany storms or weather fronts.

These changes suggest an approaching low-pressure system, which brings cloudy skies and rain. The combination of high humidity and wind speed indicates unstable weather conditions.

Question 12:
A farmer in Rajasthan relies on traditional methods to predict rainfall, like observing ant behavior and cloud patterns.

Compare these methods with modern weather forecasting techniques and explain the advantages of scientific tools.

Answer:

Traditional Methods:
Farmers observe nature, like ants building higher hills (indicating rain) or dark clouds. These are based on experience but lack accuracy.


Modern Weather Forecasting:
Uses tools like satellites, radars, and computer models to analyze data such as temperature, pressure, and wind patterns.


Advantages of Scientific Tools:

  • More accurate predictions, helping farmers plan crops better.
  • Early warnings for storms or droughts.
  • Real-time data from across the globe.

While traditional knowledge is useful, modern science provides reliable, detailed forecasts to prepare for extreme weather.

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