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Biodiversity and Conservation – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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12th

12th - Biology

Biodiversity and Conservation

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Overview of the Chapter

This chapter, Biodiversity and Conservation, explores the variety of life forms on Earth, their ecological importance, and the need for their conservation. It covers concepts such as biodiversity levels, patterns, threats, and conservation strategies as per the CBSE Grade 12 Biology curriculum.

Biodiversity: The variety of life forms at all levels of biological organization, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.

Levels of Biodiversity

  • Genetic Diversity: Variations in genes within a species.
  • Species Diversity: Variety of species in a given region.
  • Ecosystem Diversity: Diversity of habitats, communities, and ecological processes.

Patterns of Biodiversity

Biodiversity varies geographically due to factors like:

  • Latitudinal gradients (higher diversity near the equator).
  • Species-area relationships (larger areas support more species).

Endemism: Species confined to a specific region and not found elsewhere.

Importance of Biodiversity

  • Ecological stability and productivity.
  • Economic benefits (medicines, agriculture, industry).
  • Ethical and cultural significance.

Threats to Biodiversity

  • Habitat loss and fragmentation.
  • Overexploitation of resources.
  • Invasive species.
  • Pollution and climate change.

Conservation Strategies

  • In-situ Conservation: Protecting species in their natural habitats (e.g., national parks, wildlife sanctuaries).
  • Ex-situ Conservation: Protecting species outside their natural habitats (e.g., zoos, seed banks).

Hotspots: Regions with high species richness and endemism that are under threat.

International Efforts

  • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • Project Tiger and other national initiatives.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Define biodiversity.
Answer:
Definition: Variety of life forms at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.
Question 2:
Name two biodiversity hotspots in India.
Answer:
  • Western Ghats
  • Eastern Himalayas
Question 3:
What is ex situ conservation?
Answer:
Definition: Protecting species outside their natural habitats (e.g., zoos, seed banks).
Question 4:
Give an example of an endemic species.
Answer:

Lion-tailed macaque (found only in Western Ghats).

Question 5:
What is the Red Data Book?
Answer:
Definition: Record of threatened species globally.
Question 6:
Name one invasive alien species in India.
Answer:

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).

Question 7:
What is IUCN?
Answer:
Definition: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Question 8:
Define bioprospecting.
Answer:
Definition: Exploring biodiversity for commercially valuable resources.
Question 9:
What is the primary cause of biodiversity loss?
Answer:

Habitat destruction (e.g., deforestation).

Question 10:
Name two protected areas in India.
Answer:
  • Corbett National Park
  • Sunderbans National Park
Question 11:
What is ecosystem diversity?
Answer:
Definition: Variety of ecosystems in a region.
Question 12:
Give an example of keystone species.
Answer:

Indian tiger (Panthera tigris).

Question 13:
What is in situ conservation?
Answer:
Definition: Protecting species in their natural habitats (e.g., national parks).
Question 14:
Name one endangered plant species in India.
Answer:

Red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus).

Question 15:
Name the three levels of biodiversity.
Answer:

The three levels of biodiversity are:
1. Genetic diversity (variation within species),
2. Species diversity (variety among species),
3. Ecological diversity (diversity of ecosystems).

Question 16:
What is the significance of keystone species in an ecosystem?
Answer:

Keystone species play a crucial role in maintaining the structure of an ecosystem. Their presence ensures the survival of other species and the stability of the habitat. For example, predators like tigers control herbivore populations, preventing overgrazing.

Question 17:
Differentiate between in situ and ex situ conservation.
Answer:

In situ conservation protects species in their natural habitats (e.g., national parks), while ex situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats (e.g., zoos, seed banks).

Question 18:
List two major causes of biodiversity loss.
Answer:

Two major causes of biodiversity loss are:
1. Habitat destruction (deforestation, urbanization),
2. Overexploitation (hunting, overfishing).

Question 19:
What is the role of biodiversity hotspots in conservation?
Answer:

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species richness and endemism but facing severe threats. Protecting these areas helps conserve a large number of unique species efficiently.

Question 20:
Name two endemic species of India.
Answer:

Two endemic species of India are:
1. Lion-tailed macaque (Western Ghats),
2. Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiri Hills).

Question 21:
What is the importance of seed banks in conservation?
Answer:

Seed banks preserve genetic material of plants for future use, ensuring food security and biodiversity conservation. They protect species from extinction due to habitat loss or climate change.

Question 22:
Explain the term ecosystem services.
Answer:

Ecosystem services are benefits humans derive from ecosystems, such as:
1. Provisioning (food, water),
2. Regulating (climate control, pollination),
3. Cultural (recreation, spiritual value).

Question 23:
How does deforestation affect biodiversity?
Answer:

Deforestation leads to:
1. Habitat loss, causing species extinction,
2. Disruption of food chains,
3. Soil erosion and climate change, further threatening biodiversity.

Question 24:
What is bioprospecting?
Answer:

Bioprospecting is the exploration of biological resources (e.g., plants, microbes) for commercially valuable compounds, such as medicines or industrial products, while ensuring sustainable use and conservation.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Define biodiversity and mention its three levels.
Answer:

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth. Its three levels are:
1. Genetic diversity: Variations in genes within a species.
2. Species diversity: Variety of species in a region.
3. Ecological diversity: Diversity of ecosystems like forests, deserts, etc.

Question 2:
Name two hotspots of biodiversity in India.
Answer:

Two hotspots in India are:
1. Western Ghats
2. Indo-Burma region (including Eastern Himalayas).

Question 3:
Why are amphibians considered good bioindicators?
Answer:

Amphibians are sensitive to environmental changes (like pollution, climate) due to their permeable skin and aquatic-terrestrial life cycle, making them reliable bioindicators.

Question 4:
List two causes of biodiversity loss.
Answer:

1. Habitat destruction (e.g., deforestation).
2. Overexploitation (e.g., hunting, overfishing).

Question 5:
Explain the term endemism with an example.
Answer:

Endemism refers to species native to a specific region and found nowhere else. Example: Nilgiri tahr (endemic to Western Ghats).

Question 6:
Name two international agreements for biodiversity conservation.
Answer:

1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
2. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).

Question 7:
What is the role of seed banks in conservation?
Answer:

Seed banks preserve seeds of endangered or economically important plants under controlled conditions to ensure future biodiversity and food security.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in conservation strategies.
Answer:

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism that are under significant threat from human activities. Their significance in conservation strategies includes:

  • Prioritizing limited conservation resources to areas with the highest biodiversity.
  • Protecting endemic species found nowhere else on Earth.
  • Maintaining ecosystem services like water purification and carbon sequestration.

Examples include the Western Ghats and the Himalayas in India, which harbor unique flora and fauna.

Question 2:
Differentiate between in situ and ex situ conservation methods with examples.
Answer:

In situ conservation involves protecting species in their natural habitats, while ex situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats.

  • In situ examples: National parks (e.g., Kaziranga for rhinos), wildlife sanctuaries.
  • Ex situ examples: Zoos (e.g., Arignar Anna Zoological Park), seed banks, botanical gardens.

In situ methods maintain ecological interactions, whereas ex situ methods are crucial for critically endangered species.

Question 3:
How does deforestation contribute to the loss of biodiversity?
Answer:

Deforestation leads to biodiversity loss through:

  • Habitat destruction: Removal of trees eliminates the homes of countless species.
  • Fragmentation: Breaks ecosystems into smaller, isolated patches, reducing genetic diversity.
  • Climate change: Alters local and global climates, affecting species survival.

For example, the Amazon rainforest deforestation threatens species like the jaguar and countless insects and plants.

Question 4:
Describe the role of keystone species in maintaining ecosystem stability.
Answer:

Keystone species have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystem relative to their abundance. Their roles include:

  • Maintaining species diversity by controlling prey populations (e.g., tigers regulating herbivore numbers).
  • Modifying habitats (e.g., beavers creating wetlands).
  • Pollination or seed dispersal (e.g., figs sustaining entire food webs).

Their loss can lead to ecosystem collapse.

Question 5:
What are the major causes of species extinction in the current era?
Answer:

The major causes include:

  • Habitat loss: Due to agriculture, urbanization, and deforestation.
  • Pollution: Pesticides, plastics, and chemicals harm species.
  • Climate change: Alters habitats and migration patterns.
  • Overexploitation: Hunting, fishing, and illegal wildlife trade.
  • Invasive species: Outcompete native species for resources.

These factors often interact, accelerating extinction rates.

Question 6:
Explain the concept of Red Data Book and its importance in conservation.
Answer:

The Red Data Book is a global record of endangered species, categorized by threat levels (e.g., Critically Endangered, Vulnerable). Its importance includes:

  • Identifying species needing urgent conservation.
  • Guiding policy decisions and legal protections (e.g., CITES).
  • Raising public awareness about biodiversity decline.

For example, the Indian rhinoceros was listed, leading to successful Kaziranga conservation efforts.

Question 7:
How does the loss of keystone species affect an ecosystem?
Answer:

Keystone species have a disproportionately large impact on their ecosystem relative to their abundance. Their loss can:

  • Disrupt food chains, leading to cascading effects on other species.
  • Alter habitat structure (e.g., loss of sea otters leads to overgrazing of kelp by sea urchins).
  • Reduce biodiversity, as many species depend on them for survival.

For example, the extinction of wolves in Yellowstone led to overpopulation of herbivores.

Question 8:
Describe the role of endemic species in measuring biodiversity.
Answer:

Endemic species are those found only in a specific region and nowhere else. Their role includes:

  • Indicating unique evolutionary history of a region (e.g., the Nilgiri tahr in the Western Ghats).
  • Helping identify biodiversity hotspots for conservation priority.
  • Reflecting the ecological health of a region, as their loss signifies irreversible biodiversity decline.

High endemism often correlates with high conservation value.

Question 9:
What are the major threats to biodiversity due to human activities?
Answer:

Human activities threaten biodiversity through:

  • Habitat destruction: Deforestation, urbanization (e.g., Amazon rainforest loss).
  • Pollution: Air, water, and soil pollution harming species (e.g., oil spills).
  • Overexploitation: Hunting, fishing (e.g., tiger poaching).
  • Climate change: Altering habitats (e.g., coral bleaching).
  • Invasive species: Outcompeting natives (e.g., Lantana in Indian forests).

These threats accelerate species extinction rates.

Question 10:
Explain the concept of Red Data Book and its importance.
Answer:

The Red Data Book is a record of threatened species globally or regionally. Its importance includes:

  • Providing a conservation status of species (e.g., endangered, vulnerable).
  • Helping prioritize species for protection efforts (e.g., Bengal tiger).
  • Serving as a reference for policymakers and researchers.

It is maintained by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and aids in biodiversity monitoring.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots and discuss their significance in conservation efforts. Provide two examples.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species richness and endemism but facing severe habitat loss. Our textbook defines them as areas with at least 1,500 endemic plant species and having lost over 70% of original vegetation.

Evidence Analysis
  • The Western Ghats (India) hosts 5,000+ flowering plants, 325 globally threatened species.
  • Madagascar has 90% endemic flora/fauna but lost 85% forests.
Critical Evaluation

Hotspots cover just 2.4% Earth's land but protect 43% bird/amphibian species. However, political conflicts in Congo Basin hotspot hinder conservation.

Future Implications

Prioritizing these areas through legal protection (like UNESCO sites) can prevent mass extinctions. [Diagram: Global hotspot map]

Question 2:
Analyze how invasive alien species threaten native biodiversity with two case studies.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Invasive alien species are non-native organisms causing ecological/economic harm. They outcompete natives through rapid reproduction and lack of predators.

Evidence Analysis
  • Water hyacinth choked 50% of Bengaluru lakes, reducing fish diversity by 40%.
  • African catfish introduced in Indian rivers decimated local Mahseer populations.
Critical Evaluation

IUCN reports 37% species extinctions are invasive-related. Our textbook shows Lantana camara reduced grassland bird nests by 60%.

Future Implications

Strict quarantine laws (like 2022-23 amendments to Wildlife Act) and biological controls (Neochetina beetles for hyacinth) are essential.

Question 3:
Compare in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with examples. Which is more effective for megafauna?
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

In-situ conserves species in natural habitats (e.g., national parks), while ex-situ involves artificial environments (zoos, seed banks).

Evidence Analysis
  • Kaziranga's in-situ methods increased rhinos from 200 (1905) to 2,613 (2022).
  • Ex-situ: Cryopreservation revived nearly extinct Pyrenean ibex (2003).
Critical Evaluation

For megafauna like tigers, in-situ is superior as it maintains ecological interactions. However, ex-situ helps critically endangered species (e.g., California condor).

Future Implications

Integrated approaches (Project Tiger + captive breeding) are emerging solutions. [Diagram: Conservation continuum]

Question 4:
Evaluate the role of biosphere reserves in balancing conservation and sustainable development.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Biosphere reserves have core (strict protection), buffer (limited activity), and transition (human settlements) zones per UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Programme.

Evidence Analysis
  • Nilgiri Biosphere (5,520 km²) conserved Nilgiri tahr while allowing tribal coffee cultivation.
  • Sundarbans' transition zone supports 4.5 million people through regulated fishing.
Critical Evaluation

2021 reports show 60% Indian reserves improved both biodiversity and HDI. However, mining threats persist in Similipal's buffer zone.

Future Implications

Expanding such models with stricter zoning (like Pachmarhi's new 2023 guidelines) can achieve SDG 15 targets.

Question 5:
Discuss how climate change impacts marine biodiversity, citing evidence from coral reef ecosystems.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Climate change causes ocean acidification (pH dropped 0.1 since 1750) and thermal stress, disrupting marine ecosystems.

Evidence Analysis
  • Great Barrier Reef lost 50% corals (1995-2017) due to bleaching at +1°C.
  • Lakshadweep's porites coral growth reduced 23% (2000-2020).
Critical Evaluation

NOAA projects 90% reefs may perish by 2050. However, our textbook notes some species like Acropora show thermal adaptation.

Future Implications

Marine Protected Areas (like Gulf of Kachchh) and assisted evolution (selective breeding) are promising solutions. [Diagram: Coral bleaching process]

Question 6:
Compare in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with examples. Which approach is more sustainable?
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

In-situ conservation protects species in natural habitats (e.g., national parks), while ex-situ involves artificial environments (zoos, seed banks). Our NCERT emphasizes in-situ as primary.


Evidence Analysis
  • Kaziranga's in-situ efforts raised rhino numbers from 200 (1908) to 2,613 (2022).
  • Svalbard Seed Bank preserves 1.2 million seed samples but requires constant energy input.

Critical Evaluation

Ex-situ acts as insurance (e.g., saving the almost-extinct Pyrenean ibex via cloning), but captive populations show 40% genetic diversity loss per generation (2020 study).


Future Implications

Integrated approaches are emerging, like assisted migration combining ex-situ breeding with in-situ reintroduction, used for Gangetic dolphins.

Question 7:
Evaluate the effectiveness of Protected Areas in conserving biodiversity with reference to Indian scenarios.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Protected Areas (PAs) are legally designated regions restricting human activities. India has 903 PAs covering 5.03% land area (NTCA 2023).


Evidence Analysis
  • Project Tiger (1973) increased tiger numbers from 1,411 to 3,167 (2022).
  • However, 32% PA land suffers encroachment (Forest Survey of India 2021).

Critical Evaluation

While PAs reduce poaching by 72%, they often displace local communities. The Buxa Tiger Reserve lost 40% tigers due to inadequate corridors (WII report).


Future Implications

The new EIA 2022 draft proposes eco-sensitive zones around PAs. Community reserves like Maharashtra's Mangrove Foundation show 30% better outcomes than traditional PAs.

Question 8:
Discuss how climate change impacts global biodiversity patterns, citing two proven effects.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Climate change alters temperature, precipitation, and seasonality, forcing species to adapt, migrate, or face extinction. IPCC AR6 estimates 14% species risk extinction at 1.5°C warming.


Evidence Analysis
  • Corals show 50% bleaching at 1°C ocean warming (Great Barrier Reef 2016-2020).
  • Himalayan birds shifted upwards by 12.2m/year (BNHS longitudinal study).

Critical Evaluation

While some species adapt (e.g., red foxes expanding northward), specialists like polar bears face 30% population decline by 2050 (IUCN). Phenological mismatches disrupt 65% plant-pollinator networks (Nature 2021).


Future Implications

Assisted evolution techniques like selective breeding of heat-resistant corals are being tested, but may reduce genetic variability.

Question 9:
Explain the hotspots of biodiversity and their significance in conservation efforts. Provide two examples.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species richness and endemism but facing severe habitat loss. Our textbook shows that these areas cover less than 2.4% of Earth's land but support over 50% of endemic plant species.

Evidence Analysis
  • The Western Ghats in India host 7,402 species of flowering plants, 1,814 of which are endemic.
  • The Amazon Basin harbors 40,000 plant species, with deforestation threatening 20% of its area since 1970.
Critical Evaluation

Conservation here is cost-effective due to high species density. However, political and economic challenges hinder protection.

Future Implications

Prioritizing hotspots can prevent mass extinctions, but global cooperation is essential for sustainable outcomes.

Question 10:
Analyze the role of ex situ conservation in preserving endangered species with two examples.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Ex situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats, such as in zoos or seed banks. We studied its use for critically endangered species.

Evidence Analysis
  • The Indian Rhinoceros population increased from 200 to 3,700 due to captive breeding programs.
  • Svalbard Global Seed Vault preserves 1.2 million seed samples, safeguarding genetic diversity.
Critical Evaluation

While effective for short-term recovery, ex situ methods lack ecological context and may reduce genetic adaptability.

Future Implications

Integrating ex situ with in situ strategies can enhance species resilience against climate change and habitat fragmentation.

Question 11:
Discuss the ecological and economic benefits of biodiversity with reference to India.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Biodiversity sustains ecosystem services like pollination and soil fertility while supporting livelihoods. Our textbook highlights its dual role in ecology and economy.

Evidence Analysis
  • Indian forests sequester 7 billion tons of CO₂ annually, valued at $120 billion in climate regulation.
  • Marine fisheries employ 14 million people, contributing ₹65,000 crore to GDP.
Critical Evaluation

Overexploitation risks collapsing these benefits, as seen in declining fish stocks due to trawling.

Future Implications

Sustainable practices like organic farming and ecotourism can balance conservation with development needs.

Question 12:
Evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas in conserving biodiversity, citing two Indian examples.
Answer:
Theoretical Framework

Protected areas (PAs) like national parks restrict human activity to preserve ecosystems. We studied their design under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

Evidence Analysis
  • Kaziranga National Park increased one-horned rhinos from 100 (1905) to 2,613 (2022).
  • Periyar Tiger Reserve maintains 35 mammal species but faces encroachment from 30,000 nearby settlers.
Critical Evaluation

PAs succeed in species recovery but often displace local communities, creating conflicts.

Future Implications

Community-based conservation models, like Joint Forest Management, could improve PA effectiveness and equity.

Question 13:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots with suitable examples. Discuss their significance in conservation strategies.
Answer:

The term biodiversity hotspot refers to a biogeographic region that is both biologically rich (high species diversity) and highly threatened (significant habitat loss). To qualify as a hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria:

  • It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics (found nowhere else).
  • It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.

Examples of biodiversity hotspots include:

  • The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (home to endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr).
  • The Himalayas (supports species like the Snow Leopard and Red Panda).
  • The Sundaland hotspot (includes Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, known for Orangutans and Rafflesia flowers).

Significance in conservation strategies:

  • Hotspots prioritize regions needing urgent protection due to high extinction risks.
  • They help allocate limited conservation resources efficiently.
  • Protecting hotspots safeguards keystone species and maintains ecological balance.
  • They support sustainable development by preserving ecosystem services like water purification and soil fertility.

Conservation efforts in hotspots include establishing protected areas, promoting community-based conservation, and enforcing anti-poaching laws. For example, India's Project Tiger has successfully increased tiger populations in hotspot regions.

Question 14:
Describe the in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with examples. Compare their advantages and limitations.
Answer:

In-situ Conservation: This involves protecting species in their natural habitats.
Examples:

  • National Parks (e.g., Kaziranga National Park for Rhinoceros).
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries (e.g., Periyar Sanctuary for Elephants).
Advantages:
  • Maintains natural ecosystems and evolutionary processes.
  • Cost-effective for large populations.
Limitations:
  • Vulnerable to poaching and habitat destruction.
  • Not feasible for critically endangered species with tiny populations.

Ex-situ Conservation: This involves protecting species outside their natural habitats.
Examples:

  • Zoological Parks (e.g., Arignar Anna Zoological Park for captive breeding).
  • Seed Banks (e.g., Svalbard Global Seed Vault for crop diversity).
Advantages:
  • Provides controlled environments for breeding and research.
  • Acts as a backup against extinction.
Limitations:
  • High maintenance costs.
  • May lead to genetic adaptation to artificial conditions.

Comparison: While in-situ is ideal for ecosystem integrity, ex-situ is crucial for critically endangered species. A combined approach ensures holistic conservation.

Question 15:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots with suitable examples. Discuss the criteria for an area to be declared as a biodiversity hotspot and its significance in conservation efforts.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots refers to regions that are exceptionally rich in endemic species (species found nowhere else) and are under significant threat due to human activities. These areas are critical for conservation because they harbor a high number of unique species that are at risk of extinction.

Criteria for a biodiversity hotspot:
1. The region must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
2. It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human impact.

Examples of biodiversity hotspots:
- The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Home to numerous endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
- The Eastern Himalayas: Known for its rich flora and fauna, including the Red Panda and Himalayan Monal.

Significance in conservation:
- Hotspots help prioritize conservation efforts by focusing on areas with high biodiversity and high threat levels.
- They serve as a tool for raising awareness and securing funding for conservation projects.
- Protecting these regions ensures the survival of unique species and maintains ecological balance.

Question 16:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots with suitable examples. Discuss the criteria for an area to be designated as a biodiversity hotspot and its significance in conservation efforts.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots refers to regions that are exceptionally rich in species diversity but are also under significant threat due to human activities. These areas are prioritized for conservation because they host a high number of endemic species (species found nowhere else) and face severe habitat loss.

Criteria for a biodiversity hotspot:
1. The region must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
2. It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human impact.

Examples of biodiversity hotspots:

  • The Western Ghats in India, known for endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • The Eastern Himalayas, home to the Red Panda and Golden Langur.

Significance in conservation:
1. Hotspots help focus limited resources on the most critical areas.
2. Protecting these regions safeguards a large proportion of Earth's biodiversity.
3. Conservation efforts here benefit ecosystem services like water purification and climate regulation.

By prioritizing hotspots, we can maximize the impact of conservation efforts and prevent irreversible species loss.

Question 17:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots with suitable examples. Discuss the criteria for designating a region as a biodiversity hotspot and its significance in conservation efforts.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots refers to regions that are exceptionally rich in species diversity but are also under significant threat due to human activities. These areas are prioritized for conservation because they host a large number of endemic species (species found nowhere else) and face severe habitat loss.

Criteria for Designation:
1. The region must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
2. It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human impact.

Examples of Biodiversity Hotspots:

  • Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Home to species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • Himalayas: Hosts unique flora and fauna like the Snow Leopard and Rhododendrons.

Significance in Conservation:
1. Hotspots help focus limited conservation resources on the most critical areas.
2. Protecting these regions safeguards a high proportion of Earth's endemic species.
3. Conservation efforts here also benefit local communities by preserving ecosystem services like water purification and climate regulation.

By prioritizing biodiversity hotspots, we can prevent mass extinctions and maintain ecological balance, ensuring sustainable development for future generations.

Question 18:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots with suitable examples. Discuss the criteria for an area to be declared as a biodiversity hotspot and its significance in conservation strategies.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots refers to regions that are exceptionally rich in endemic species but face significant threats due to human activities. These areas are prioritized for conservation due to their high ecological value. Examples include the Western Ghats in India and the Amazon Rainforest in South America.

To be declared a biodiversity hotspot, a region must meet two primary criteria:

  • It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics (i.e., species found nowhere else).
  • It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human interference.

The significance of biodiversity hotspots in conservation strategies includes:

  • They help focus limited resources on areas with the highest conservation priority.
  • Protecting these regions safeguards a large number of endemic and threatened species.
  • They contribute to maintaining ecological balance and supporting ecosystem services like water purification and climate regulation.

Question 19:
Describe the in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with examples. Compare their advantages and limitations in preserving biodiversity.
Answer:

In-situ conservation involves protecting species in their natural habitats, while ex-situ conservation involves preserving species outside their natural environments.

Examples of in-situ conservation:

  • National parks (e.g., Kaziranga National Park for one-horned rhinoceros).
  • Wildlife sanctuaries (e.g., Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary for tigers and elephants).

Examples of ex-situ conservation:

  • Zoological parks (e.g., Arignar Anna Zoological Park for captive breeding).
  • Seed banks (e.g., Svalbard Global Seed Vault for preserving plant genetic material).

Comparison of advantages and limitations:

  • In-situ advantages: Maintains natural ecosystems, supports evolutionary processes, and is cost-effective for large areas.
  • In-situ limitations: Vulnerable to habitat destruction and poaching.
  • Ex-situ advantages: Provides controlled environments for endangered species, facilitates research, and acts as a backup for critically endangered species.
  • Ex-situ limitations: High maintenance costs, limited space, and potential loss of natural behaviors in captive species.

Question 20:
Describe the in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies for biodiversity. Compare their advantages and limitations with suitable examples.
Answer:

In-situ conservation refers to the protection of species within their natural habitats. Examples include:
- National Parks (e.g., Kaziranga National Park for the One-horned Rhinoceros).
- Wildlife Sanctuaries (e.g., Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary for Elephants and Tigers).

Advantages of in-situ conservation:
- Maintains the natural ecosystem and evolutionary processes.
- Protects entire communities of species, not just individual species.

Limitations:
- Requires large areas of land, which may not always be available.
- Vulnerable to natural disasters and human encroachment.

Ex-situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats. Examples include:
- Zoological Parks (e.g., Arignar Anna Zoological Park for captive breeding of endangered species).
- Seed Banks (e.g., Svalbard Global Seed Vault for preserving plant genetic diversity).

Advantages of ex-situ conservation:
- Provides controlled environments for breeding and research.
- Acts as a backup for species facing immediate extinction in the wild.

Limitations:
- High cost and maintenance requirements.
- May lead to loss of genetic diversity over time due to limited population sizes.

Comparison:
- In-situ is more sustainable but harder to implement in highly degraded areas.
- Ex-situ is a temporary solution but crucial for critically endangered species.

Question 21:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots with suitable examples. Discuss the criteria for designating a region as a biodiversity hotspot and its significance in conservation strategies.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots refers to regions that are exceptionally rich in endemic species but face significant threats due to human activities. These areas are prioritized for conservation due to their high ecological value and vulnerability.

Criteria for Designation:
1. The region must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
2. It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human interference.

Examples:

  • The Western Ghats in India, home to species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • The Eastern Himalayas, known for their unique flora and fauna, including the Red Panda.

Significance in Conservation: Protecting hotspots helps preserve genetic diversity, maintain ecosystem services, and prevent species extinction. Conservation efforts here often involve habitat restoration, legal protection, and community involvement.

Question 22:
Describe the in-situ and ex-situ methods of biodiversity conservation. Compare their advantages and limitations, and provide one example of each method.
Answer:

In-situ conservation involves protecting species in their natural habitats, while ex-situ conservation involves preserving species outside their natural environments.

In-situ Methods:

  • Example: National Parks like Kaziranga National Park (protecting the Indian One-horned Rhinoceros).
  • Advantages: Maintains natural ecosystems, supports evolutionary processes.
  • Limitations: Requires large areas, vulnerable to poaching and habitat destruction.

Ex-situ Methods:

  • Example: Seed Banks like the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (preserving crop diversity).
  • Advantages: Protects species from immediate threats, allows controlled breeding.
  • Limitations: High cost, may reduce genetic diversity over time.

Comparison: In-situ is more sustainable for long-term conservation, while ex-situ acts as a backup for critically endangered species. Both methods are complementary and essential for comprehensive biodiversity conservation.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
A study in the Western Ghats recorded a decline in endemic species due to habitat fragmentation. Analyze the role of biodiversity hotspots in conservation efforts.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, faces habitat loss, threatening endemic species like the Malabar giant squirrel. Our textbook shows hotspots conserve 44% of plant and 35% of vertebrate species.

Theoretical Application
  • Hotspots prioritize conservation due to high species richness.
  • Protected areas like Silent Valley National Park preserve endemic flora.
Critical Evaluation

While hotspots aid targeted conservation, their small area (2.4% of land) limits global species coverage. Ex-situ methods like seed banks complement hotspot efforts.

Question 2:
The IUCN Red List 2023 classified the Great Indian Bustard as Critically Endangered. Discuss how ex-situ conservation can aid its recovery.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The Great Indian Bustard's population dropped to 150 due to habitat loss. Ex-situ conservation involves breeding programs outside natural habitats.

Theoretical Application
  • Captive breeding at Nandankanan Zoo aims to increase genetic diversity.
  • Egg artificial incubation mimics natural conditions.
Critical Evaluation

Though ex-situ methods prevent extinction, they can't replicate ecological roles. Combined with habitat restoration (like Desert National Park), success rates improve.

Question 3:
Compare the in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies using the examples of Kaziranga National Park and the Central Zoo Authority.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Kaziranga (in-situ) protects rhinos in their habitat, while Central Zoo Authority (ex-situ) manages captive breeding.

Theoretical Application
StrategyAdvantage
In-situPreserves ecosystems (e.g., Kaziranga's wetlands)
Ex-situSaves critically endangered species (e.g., white-rumped vulture)
Critical Evaluation

In-situ maintains evolutionary processes, but ex-situ acts as a backup. Both are vital, as seen in Project Tiger's combined approach.

Question 4:
Explain how the Ramsar Convention contributes to wetland conservation, citing Keoladeo National Park as an example.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The Ramsar Convention designates wetlands of international importance. Keoladeo, a Ramsar site, hosts migratory Siberian cranes.

Theoretical Application
  • Provides legal protection against drainage (saved 70% of Keoladeo's area).
  • Promotes community participation in water management.
Critical Evaluation

While effective (2,471 sites globally), enforcement varies. Keoladeo's water scarcity (2019) shows need for stronger local policies.

Question 5:
Analyze the ecological and economic impacts of invasive species like Lantana camara in Indian forests.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Lantana camara covers 40% of Indian forests, altering soil chemistry and displacing natives like sal trees.

Theoretical Application
  • Ecological: Reduces fodder for herbivores (e.g., spotted deer decline).
  • Economic: Costs ₹14,000/ha for removal (Bandipur Tiger Reserve data).
Critical Evaluation

Though Lantana provides some honey income, its net impact is negative. Biological control (using insects) shows promise in Kerala.

Question 6:
A study in the Western Ghats found that endemic species like the Malabar Giant Squirrel are declining due to habitat fragmentation. Analyze the ecological consequences and suggest conservation strategies.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The decline of endemic species disrupts food chains, reducing biodiversity. Fragmentation isolates populations, lowering genetic diversity.

Theoretical Application
  • Establish wildlife corridors to reconnect habitats.
  • Implement protected areas under the Wildlife Protection Act.
Critical Evaluation

Our textbook shows habitat loss is irreversible, but corridors can mitigate effects. For example, Project Elephant successfully used corridors in Kerala.

Question 7:
The Keystone species concept was debated when wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone. Explain their trophic role and how this aligns with biodiversity conservation goals.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Keystone species like wolves regulate prey populations, preventing overgrazing. Their absence cascades through ecosystems.

Theoretical Application
  • Wolves control elk herds, allowing willow regrowth.
  • This supports riparian ecosystems, aiding fish and birds.
Critical Evaluation

We studied how Yellowstone’s biodiversity increased by 23% post-reintroduction. Similar success is seen with tigers in India’s reserves.

Question 8:
Compare ex situ and in situ conservation using the Indian Rhinoceros (Kaziranga) and Red Panda (captive breeding) as examples.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

In situ protects species in natural habitats (Kaziranga’s rhinos), while ex situ involves artificial settings (Red Panda breeding centers).

Theoretical Application
  • Kaziranga’s anti-poaching patrols increased rhinos by 200%.
  • Captive breeding maintains genetic diversity for endangered species.
Critical Evaluation

Our textbook shows ex situ is costly but vital for critically endangered species like the Pygmy Hog.

Question 9:
The IUCN Red List upgraded the Snow Leopard from ‘Endangered’ to ‘Vulnerable’ in 2017. Critically assess the parameters used and limitations of such classifications.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The upgrade reflected improved population estimates (4,000–6,500 individuals) and community-based conservation in Himalayas.

Theoretical Application
  • Parameters: Population size, habitat range, threats.
  • Limitation: Data gaps in remote areas skew assessments.
Critical Evaluation

We studied how local surveys (e.g., Spiti Valley) conflict with global estimates. Climate change impacts remain unquantified.

Question 10:
Analyze how sacred groves in Meghalaya preserve biodiversity hotspots despite lacking legal protection. Provide scientific and cultural evidence.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Sacred groves like Mawphlang host 300+ plant species, including endemic orchids, due to traditional taboos against logging.

Theoretical Application
  • Scientific: Higher endemism than adjacent areas.
  • Cultural: Khasi tribes’ rituals prevent exploitation.
Critical Evaluation

Our textbook shows such groves cover <1% of India but harbor 43% of its endangered flora. Similar practices exist in Kerala’s Kavus.

Question 11:
A study in the Western Ghats identified endemic species like the Nilgiri tahr facing habitat loss due to deforestation. Analyze the conservation strategies proposed and their feasibility.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The Nilgiri tahr, an endemic species, is threatened by deforestation disrupting its alpine grassland habitat.

Theoretical Application
  • In-situ conservation: Establishing protected areas like Eravikulam National Park.
  • Community involvement: Promoting eco-tourism to fund conservation.
Critical Evaluation

While protected areas ensure immediate safety, long-term success depends on addressing human-wildlife conflict. Eco-tourism, though beneficial, requires strict regulation to prevent habitat degradation.

Question 12:
The IUCN Red List classifies the Great Indian Bustard as 'Critically Endangered'. Discuss the ecological significance of its decline and restoration measures.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The Great Indian Bustard's decline indicates grassland ecosystem degradation, affecting biodiversity.

Theoretical Application
  • Habitat restoration: Replanting native grasses in Rajasthan.
  • Captive breeding: Initiatives like the Desert National Park program.
Critical Evaluation

Habitat restoration is sustainable but slow. Captive breeding faces challenges like low genetic diversity. Both strategies need parallel enforcement of anti-poaching laws.

Question 13:
Compare the hotspot approach (e.g., Eastern Himalayas) and protected area networks in conserving biodiversity. Provide examples.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Hotspots prioritize regions with high endemism and threat, while protected areas focus on legal safeguards.

Theoretical Application
  • Hotspot: Eastern Himalayas conserve 163 globally threatened species.
  • Protected area: Kaziranga National Park protects one-horned rhinos.
Critical Evaluation

Hotspots attract funding but may neglect lesser-known species. Protected areas offer immediate protection but face encroachment issues.

Question 14:
A 2023 report highlights invasive species like Lantana camara disrupting native flora in Central India. Evaluate eradication methods and their ecological impact.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Lantana outcompetes native plants, reducing fodder availability for herbivores.

Theoretical Application
  • Mechanical removal: Uprooting in Kanha Tiger Reserve.
  • Biological control: Introducing host-specific insects like Teleonemia scrupulosa.
Critical Evaluation

Mechanical removal is labor-intensive but immediate. Biological control is sustainable but risks non-target effects. Integrated approaches are most effective.

Question 15:
A study in the Western Ghats recorded a decline in endemic species due to habitat fragmentation. Analyze the ecological consequences of this phenomenon and suggest conservation strategies.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Habitat fragmentation disrupts gene flow and increases edge effects, threatening endemic species like the Malabar giant squirrel.

Theoretical Application
  • Ecological consequences: Reduced biodiversity, disrupted pollination networks.
  • Example: Lion-tailed macaque populations declined by 30% in fragmented forests.
Critical Evaluation

Corridor creation and community-based conservation (e.g., Kerala's Periyar Tiger Reserve model) can mitigate fragmentation impacts.

Question 16:
Compare ex situ and in situ conservation methods using the case of the Great Indian Bustard. Which approach shows higher success rates and why?
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The critically endangered bustard requires both in situ (Desert National Park) and ex situ (breeding centers) efforts.

Theoretical Application
  • In situ maintains natural behaviors but faces habitat loss.
  • Example: Rajasthan's captive breeding program achieved 60% hatching success.
Critical Evaluation

Integrated approaches work best, as our textbook shows with the California condor recovery program.

Question 17:
Analyze how invasive alien species like Lantana camara affect ecosystem services in Indian forests, citing specific examples.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Lantana reduces native plant diversity by allelopathy, impacting ecosystem services like soil fertility.

Theoretical Application
  • Displaces 40% of understory in Bandipur Tiger Reserve.
  • Example: Reduced fodder availability affects herbivores like chital deer.
Critical Evaluation

Mechanical removal combined with native species reintroduction (as done in Corbett NP) shows promise.

Question 18:
Evaluate the effectiveness of Protected Areas in conserving marine biodiversity, using the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve as a case study.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

The Reserve protects 3,600 species including endangered dugongs and coral reefs.

Theoretical Application
  • No-take zones increased fish biomass by 25%.
  • Example: Successful sea turtle conservation through community patrols.
Critical Evaluation

Our textbook shows PAs work best with strict enforcement and alternative livelihoods, as seen in this case.

Question 19:
In a biodiversity hotspot like the Sundarbans, mangrove forests are declining due to rising sea levels and human activities. Analyze the situation and answer:
(a) How does the loss of mangroves affect coastal biodiversity?
(b) Propose two measures to restore mangrove ecosystems while supporting local livelihoods.
Answer:

(a) The loss of mangroves disrupts coastal biodiversity by:

  • Destroying nursery habitats for fish and crustaceans, reducing marine biodiversity.
  • Increasing soil erosion and vulnerability to storms, which affects terrestrial and aquatic species.
  • Reducing carbon sequestration, exacerbating climate change impacts on ecosystems.

(b) Two restoration measures are:

  • Afforestation Programs: Planting mangrove saplings with community participation to rebuild the ecosystem while providing jobs.
  • Eco-Tourism: Promoting responsible tourism to generate income for locals while raising awareness about mangrove conservation.
Question 20:
A group of researchers conducted a survey in the Western Ghats and discovered a new species of frog with unique vocalizations. However, they noticed its habitat was shrinking due to deforestation. Based on this case, answer the following:
(a) Why is the discovery of a new species significant for biodiversity?
(b) Suggest two conservation strategies to protect this frog species and its habitat.
Answer:

(a) The discovery of a new species is significant for biodiversity because it adds to the genetic diversity of the ecosystem, enhancing its resilience. New species may also have unique ecological roles, such as pollination or pest control, contributing to ecosystem stability. Additionally, they may possess biochemical compounds with potential medicinal or industrial applications.

(b) Two conservation strategies are:

  • Habitat Protection: Establishing a protected area or wildlife sanctuary to prevent further deforestation and human encroachment.
  • Community Involvement: Educating local communities about the frog's ecological importance and promoting sustainable land-use practices like agroforestry to reduce habitat destruction.
Question 21:
A group of researchers conducted a survey in the Western Ghats and recorded a decline in the population of the Lion-tailed Macaque. They identified habitat destruction due to deforestation as the primary cause. Based on this case, answer the following:

(a) Explain how deforestation leads to a decline in biodiversity.
(b) Suggest two conservation measures that can help protect the Lion-tailed Macaque.
Answer:

(a) Deforestation leads to a decline in biodiversity by destroying the natural habitats of species like the Lion-tailed Macaque. When forests are cleared, the following consequences occur:

1. Loss of habitat: Species lose their homes, food sources, and breeding grounds, leading to population decline or extinction.
2. Fragmentation of ecosystems: Remaining habitats become isolated, reducing genetic diversity and increasing vulnerability to environmental changes.
3. Disruption of food chains: The removal of key species affects predators, prey, and other interdependent organisms.

(b) Two conservation measures to protect the Lion-tailed Macaque are:

1. Establishing protected areas: Creating wildlife sanctuaries or national parks to safeguard their natural habitat from human activities.
2. Reforestation and habitat restoration: Planting native trees and restoring degraded areas to reconnect fragmented habitats and support population recovery.

Question 22:
In a biodiversity hotspot like the Sundarbans, the Royal Bengal Tiger population is threatened by rising sea levels due to climate change. Analyze the situation and answer:

(a) How does climate change contribute to the loss of biodiversity in such regions?
(b) Propose two strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change on the Royal Bengal Tiger.
Answer:

(a) Climate change contributes to biodiversity loss in the Sundarbans in the following ways:

1. Habitat submergence: Rising sea levels flood mangrove forests, reducing the available land for tigers and their prey.
2. Salinization of freshwater: Increased salinity affects the ecosystem, making it harder for species to survive.
3. Extreme weather events: Cyclones and storms damage habitats and disrupt breeding cycles.

(b) Two strategies to mitigate the impact on the Royal Bengal Tiger are:

1. Strengthening coastal protection: Building barriers or restoring mangroves to reduce erosion and buffer against sea-level rise.
2. Creating climate-resilient corridors: Establishing pathways for tigers to migrate to safer habitats as their current range becomes uninhabitable.

Question 23:
A group of researchers conducted a survey in the Western Ghats and recorded a significant decline in the population of the Lion-tailed Macaque. They identified habitat destruction due to deforestation as the primary cause. Based on this case, answer the following:
(a) Explain how deforestation leads to habitat destruction.
(b) Suggest two conservation measures to protect the Lion-tailed Macaque.
Answer:

(a) Deforestation leads to habitat destruction by removing the trees and vegetation that form the natural ecosystem of species like the Lion-tailed Macaque. This disrupts their food sources, nesting sites, and overall survival.

(b) Two conservation measures to protect the Lion-tailed Macaque are:

  • Establishing protected areas like wildlife sanctuaries to safeguard their natural habitat.
  • Promoting afforestation and reforestation programs to restore degraded habitats and ensure long-term survival.
Additionally, creating awareness among local communities about the importance of biodiversity can further aid conservation efforts.

Question 24:
In a biodiversity hotspot like the Sundarbans, the population of Royal Bengal Tigers is under threat due to rising sea levels caused by climate change. Analyze the situation and answer:
(a) How does climate change contribute to rising sea levels?
(b) Propose two strategies to mitigate the impact on the Royal Bengal Tigers.
Answer:

(a) Climate change contributes to rising sea levels through the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers due to global warming, as well as the thermal expansion of seawater. This leads to habitat loss for species like the Royal Bengal Tiger in low-lying areas like the Sundarbans.

(b) Two strategies to mitigate the impact on the Royal Bengal Tigers are:

  • Implementing coastal zone management to protect mangrove forests, which act as natural barriers against rising sea levels.
  • Creating alternative habitats or corridors for tigers to migrate to safer regions with similar ecological conditions.
Additionally, reducing carbon emissions globally can help slow down climate change and its effects on such ecosystems.

Question 25:
A group of researchers conducted a survey in the Western Ghats and recorded a decline in the population of the Lion-tailed Macaque due to habitat fragmentation caused by human activities. Based on this case, explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots and suggest two conservation measures to protect such endangered species.
Answer:

The Western Ghats is a recognized biodiversity hotspot, which refers to a region with high species richness and endemism but facing significant threats due to human activities. Habitat fragmentation disrupts ecosystems, leading to population declines, as seen in the Lion-tailed Macaque.

Two conservation measures to protect endangered species like this are:

  • Habitat restoration: Reconnecting fragmented forests through corridor creation to allow species movement and genetic exchange.
  • Community involvement: Educating locals about sustainable practices and involving them in conservation programs to reduce human-wildlife conflict.

Such measures align with the CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) goals, ensuring long-term species survival.

Question 26:
In a wildlife sanctuary, invasive species like Lantana camara are outcompeting native flora, threatening the food chain. Analyze the ecological impact of invasive species and propose two strategies to control their spread.
Answer:

Invasive species like Lantana camara disrupt ecosystems by:

  • Outcompeting native plants for resources, reducing biodiversity.
  • Altering soil chemistry and fire regimes, further destabilizing habitats.

Two strategies to control their spread include:

  • Mechanical removal: Uprooting invasive plants manually or using machinery, followed by replanting native species to restore balance.
  • Biological control: Introducing natural predators or pathogens specific to the invasive species, ensuring minimal harm to the ecosystem.

These methods align with the National Biodiversity Action Plan, promoting sustainable ecosystem management.

Question 27:
A group of researchers conducted a survey in the Western Ghats and discovered a new species of frog with unique vocal patterns. However, they noticed its habitat was shrinking due to deforestation. Based on this case:

(a) Explain the term endemic species and why the Western Ghats are considered a biodiversity hotspot.
(b) Suggest two conservation measures to protect this newly discovered frog species.
Answer:

(a) An endemic species refers to a plant or animal that is exclusively found in a particular geographic region and nowhere else in the world. The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot because they host an exceptionally high number of endemic species and face significant threats from human activities like deforestation and urbanization. This region is crucial for maintaining global biodiversity.


(b) Two conservation measures to protect the frog species are:

  • Habitat Restoration: Replanting native trees and controlling deforestation to restore the frog's natural habitat.
  • Legal Protection: Declaring the area as a protected reserve or wildlife sanctuary under government laws to prevent further habitat destruction.
Additionally, raising awareness among local communities about the ecological importance of the species can aid in conservation efforts.

Question 28:
In a wildlife sanctuary, the population of tigers has increased due to strict anti-poaching laws, but the number of herbivores has declined sharply. Ecologists warn this may disrupt the food chain.

(a) Define keystone species and explain how tigers function as one in this ecosystem.
(b) Propose two strategies to restore the herbivore population while maintaining tiger conservation.
Answer:

(a) A keystone species is an organism that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecosystem. Tigers act as a keystone species by regulating herbivore populations, which in turn prevents overgrazing and maintains plant diversity. Their presence ensures ecological balance.


(b) Two strategies to restore herbivore populations are:

  • Habitat Enrichment: Creating water sources and planting vegetation to support herbivore growth and reproduction.
  • Controlled Relocation: Introducing herbivores from other protected areas to boost genetic diversity and population numbers.
Monitoring prey-predator dynamics and implementing sustainable wildlife management practices will help maintain equilibrium in the ecosystem.

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