Chapter Overview
This chapter covers the rise of the Harappan (Indus Valley) Civilization, focusing on urban planning (bricks, drainage), craft specialization (beads, seals, metallurgy), subsistence strategies (agriculture, diet, hunting), social inequalities (luxury vs utilitarian artifacts), and long‑distance trade. It also looks into the civilization’s decline and post‑Harappan transformations.
Important Keywords
- Citadel: Elevated, fortified part of Harappan towns.
- Grid Planning: Streets laid in square/rectangular patterns.
- Drainage: Advanced underground sewage network.
- Bead‑making: Specialized craft in stones, metals, shell.
- Faience: Glazed non‑metallic material.
- Trade Networks: Links with Oman, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan.
- Lapsed Civilization: 1900 BCE post‑urban small communities.
Detailed Notes
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