CBSE Class 12 History – Peasants, Zamindars, and the State

Chapter Overview

This chapter explores Mughal-era agrarian society (16th–17th c), focusing on peasants, zamindars, and the state. It examines land holdings, revenue systems, village community, irrigation, rural artisans, women’s participation, forest tribes, and the evolving relationship between cultivators and authority. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}

Important Keywords

• Raiyat/Muzarian: Terms for peasant. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}
• Khud-kashta: Resident cultivator.
• Pahi-kashta: Non-resident cultivator. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
• Milkiyat: Zamindar’s personal land ownership. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
• Jajmani system: Village-based service compensation to artisans. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
• Muqaddam/Mandal: Village headman. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
• Pargana: Administrative unit.
• Hasil: Actual revenue collected. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}