Chapter Overview
This chapter explores the Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilization—its origins (Early Harappan: 6000–2600 BCE), urban peak (Mature: 2600–1900 BCE), and decline (Late: 1900–1300 BCE). Through archaeological remains—bricks, beads, seals, weights—it examines planning, crafts, subsistence, social structure, trade, and interpretive challenges. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
Important Keywords
- EBA: Early Bronze Age context, c. 2600–1900 BCE.
- Citadel: Elevated fortified town sector (e.g., Mohenjodaro).
- Grid Planning: Streets laid out at right angles.
- Steatite seals: Used in trade, featuring animal motifs and script. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}
- Bead-making: Craft in carnelian, jasper, shell, faience (e.g., Chanhudaro). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
- Faience: Glazed non‑metallic craftware.
- Punch-marked weights: Standardized trade tools.
- Decline: Post‑1900 BCE deurbanisation and simplification.
Detailed Notes
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