Class 12 Economics – Introduction to Macroeconomics

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12th

12th - Economics

Introduction to Macroeconomics

Chapter Overview

Macro­economics analyses the economy as a whole—its total output, income, employment, price levels, savings, investment, and foreign trade. It contrasts with microeconomics by focusing on aggregate national income, circular flow of income, and overarching policy instruments. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

Important Keywords

  • National Income: Total income earned in an economy over a period.
  • Aggregate Demand (AD): Sum of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.
  • Aggregate Supply (AS): Total planned output at different price levels.
  • Circular Flow: Income & real flow between households, firms, govt, and foreign sector.
  • Leakages & Injections: Savings, taxes, imports (leak) vs investment, govt spending, exports (injection).
  • Fiscal Policy: Government’s use of taxation and spending to influence output and inflation.
  • Monetary Policy: Central bank’s use of money supply and interest rates to stabilize economy.

Detailed Notes

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