Class 12 Economics – Economic Reforms Since 1991

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12th

12th - Economics

Economic Reforms Since 1991

Chapter Overview

Post‑1991, India pivoted from a license‑raj, inward‑looking economy to a market‑oriented one. Key reforms across fiscal, financial, industrial, trade, and digital sectors unleashed growth, foreign investment, competition, and global integration. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

Important Keywords

  • Liberalisation: Removing controls—licensing, tariffs, interest and exchange regulations. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
  • Privatisation: Disinvestment of PSUs, strategic sales, autonomy to Navratna/Maharatna firms. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
  • Globalisation: Trade openness, FDI liberalisation, WTO membership, forex convertibility. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
  • FRBM Act: Fiscal discipline—capped deficits post‑2003. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
  • Financial Sector Reform: Deregulation, banking autonomy, capital market development. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
  • LPG: Acronym for Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

Detailed Notes

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