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Biodiversity and Conservation – CBSE NCERT Study Resources

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11th

11th - Geography

Biodiversity and Conservation

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Overview of the Chapter

This chapter explores the concept of biodiversity, its importance, and the need for conservation. It covers the different levels of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and various conservation strategies as per the CBSE Grade 11 Geography curriculum.

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including the diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.

Biodiversity can be classified into three levels:

  • Genetic Diversity: Variations in genes within a species.
  • Species Diversity: Variety of species in a region.
  • Ecosystem Diversity: Diversity of habitats, communities, and ecological processes.

Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is crucial for ecological balance, economic benefits, and cultural significance. Key reasons include:

  • Provision of food, medicine, and raw materials.
  • Maintenance of ecosystem services like pollination and climate regulation.
  • Cultural and aesthetic value.

Threats to Biodiversity

Major threats to biodiversity include:

  • Habitat Loss: Due to deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture.
  • Pollution: Air, water, and soil pollution affecting species.
  • Climate Change: Altering habitats and species distribution.
  • Overexploitation: Hunting, fishing, and logging beyond sustainable limits.
  • Invasive Species: Non-native species disrupting local ecosystems.

Conservation of Biodiversity

Conservation refers to the protection, preservation, and sustainable management of biodiversity.

Conservation strategies include:

  • In-situ Conservation: Protecting species in their natural habitats (e.g., national parks, wildlife sanctuaries).
  • Ex-situ Conservation: Protecting species outside their natural habitats (e.g., zoos, seed banks).
  • Legal Measures: Laws like the Wildlife Protection Act and international agreements like CITES.
  • Community Participation: Involving local communities in conservation efforts.

Conclusion

Biodiversity is vital for sustaining life on Earth, and its conservation is a shared responsibility. Through awareness, legal frameworks, and sustainable practices, we can protect biodiversity for future generations.

All Question Types with Solutions – CBSE Exam Pattern

Explore a complete set of CBSE-style questions with detailed solutions, categorized by marks and question types. Ideal for exam preparation, revision and practice.

Very Short Answer (1 Mark) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These are 1-mark questions requiring direct, concise answers. Ideal for quick recall and concept clarity.

Question 1:
Define biodiversity.
Answer:

Variety of life forms at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.

Question 2:
Name two biodiversity hotspots in India.
Answer:
  • Western Ghats
  • Eastern Himalayas
Question 3:
What is the IUCN Red List?
Answer:

Global inventory assessing species' extinction risk.

Question 4:
List two ex-situ conservation methods.
Answer:
  • Botanical gardens
  • Seed banks
Question 5:
What GIS data tracks deforestation?
Answer:

Satellite imagery showing land cover changes.

Question 6:
Compare tropical and temperate biodiversity:
Answer:
FeatureTropicalTemperate
Species richnessHighModerate
EndemismVery highLow
ThreatsDeforestationUrbanization
Conservation priorityCriticalModerate
ExampleAmazonAppalachians
Question 7:
Name two endemic species of Western Ghats.
Answer:
  • Nilgiri tahr
  • Malabar grey hornbill
Question 8:
What causes habitat fragmentation?
Answer:

Human activities like road construction or agriculture.

Question 9:
Define keystone species with one example.
Answer:

Species crucial for ecosystem stability, e.g., tiger.

Question 10:
How does climate change affect biodiversity?
Answer:

Alters habitats and species distribution patterns.

Question 11:
What is Project Tiger?
Answer:

India's conservation program for tiger habitats.

Question 12:
List two protected area categories.
Answer:
  • National parks
  • Wildlife sanctuaries
Question 13:
Why are amphibians bioindicators?
Answer:

Their permeable skin shows environmental sensitivity.

Question 14:
Name the three levels of biodiversity.
Answer:
  • Genetic diversity: Variations in genes within a species.
  • Species diversity: Variety of species in a region.
  • Ecosystem diversity: Diversity of habitats and ecosystems.
Question 15:
What is the significance of hotspots in biodiversity conservation?
Answer:

Hotspots are regions with high species richness and endemism but facing severe threats. Protecting them helps conserve a large number of unique species and ecosystems efficiently.

Question 16:
Give one example of an endangered species in India.
Answer:

The Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is an endangered species in India due to habitat loss and poaching.

Question 17:
What is the role of keystone species in an ecosystem?
Answer:

Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining ecosystem balance. Their absence can lead to drastic changes, affecting other species and ecosystem functions.

Question 18:
Name one international agreement for biodiversity conservation.
Answer:

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international treaty aimed at conserving biodiversity, promoting sustainable use, and ensuring fair benefit-sharing.

Question 19:
What is ex-situ conservation?
Answer:

Ex-situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats, such as in zoos, botanical gardens, or seed banks.

Question 20:
How does deforestation affect biodiversity?
Answer:

Deforestation leads to habitat loss, species extinction, and disruption of ecological balance, reducing biodiversity.

Question 21:
Name one biodiversity hotspot in India.
Answer:

The Western Ghats is a biodiversity hotspot in India, known for its rich flora and fauna, including many endemic species.

Question 22:
What is the difference between endemic and exotic species?
Answer:
  • Endemic species are native and restricted to a specific region.
  • Exotic species are introduced from other regions, often causing ecological imbalances.
Question 23:
Why is biodiversity important for ecosystem stability?
Answer:

Biodiversity ensures resilience against disturbances, supports nutrient cycling, and maintains ecological balance, making ecosystems more stable.

Question 24:
Give one example of an endemic species in India.
Answer:

The Nilgiri tahr is an endemic species found in the Western Ghats of India.

Question 25:
What is the main cause of habitat loss?
Answer:

The primary cause of habitat loss is human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture, which destroy natural ecosystems.

Question 26:
How does invasive species threaten biodiversity?
Answer:

Invasive species outcompete native species for resources, disrupt ecosystems, and can lead to the extinction of local flora and fauna.

Question 27:
What is the role of biosphere reserves in conservation?
Answer:

Biosphere reserves protect biodiversity while promoting sustainable development. They include core, buffer, and transition zones for balanced conservation and human use.

Question 28:
Why are keystone species important for ecosystems?
Answer:

Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining ecosystem structure. Their loss can lead to ecosystem collapse, affecting many other species.

Question 29:
How does afforestation help in biodiversity conservation?
Answer:

Afforestation restores degraded habitats, provides shelter for wildlife, and enhances ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and soil conservation.

Question 30:
Why is biodiversity important for human survival?
Answer:

Biodiversity provides ecosystem services like clean air, water, food, medicines, and climate regulation, essential for human well-being and survival.

Very Short Answer (2 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 2-mark questions test key concepts in a brief format. Answers are expected to be accurate and slightly descriptive.

Question 1:
Why are endemic species more vulnerable to extinction?
Answer:

Endemic species are restricted to specific regions and have limited adaptability. Changes in their habitat due to human activities or climate make them highly prone to extinction.

Question 2:
List two causes of biodiversity loss.
Answer:

Two causes are:
1. Habitat destruction (e.g., deforestation)
2. Overexploitation of species (e.g., hunting, fishing)

Question 3:
Name two endangered species in India.
Answer:

Two endangered species in India are:
1. Bengal Tiger
2. Asiatic Lion

Question 4:
Explain the term Red Data Book.
Answer:

The Red Data Book is a record of threatened species worldwide, classifying them into categories like endangered, vulnerable, and extinct to guide conservation efforts.

Question 5:
What are protected areas? Give one example.
Answer:

Protected areas are regions designated for conservation of biodiversity, where human activities are regulated. Example: Jim Corbett National Park.

Short Answer (3 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 3-mark questions require brief explanations and help assess understanding and application of concepts.

Question 1:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots with examples.
Answer:

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species richness and endemism that are under threat due to human activities. They are significant because:

  • They conserve a large number of endemic species found nowhere else.
  • They help prioritize conservation efforts due to their high ecological value.
  • Examples include the Western Ghats in India and the Amazon Rainforest in South America.

Protecting these areas ensures the survival of unique ecosystems and maintains ecological balance.

Question 2:
Differentiate between in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods.
Answer:

In-situ conservation involves protecting species in their natural habitats, while ex-situ conservation involves protecting species outside their natural habitats. Key differences:

  • In-situ: Examples include national parks and wildlife sanctuaries like Kaziranga National Park.
  • Ex-situ: Examples include zoos, botanical gardens, and seed banks like the Svalbard Global Seed Vault.

In-situ maintains ecological processes, while ex-situ provides controlled environments for endangered species.

Question 3:
Describe the role of keystone species in maintaining ecosystem stability.
Answer:

Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining the structure and function of an ecosystem. Their importance includes:

  • They regulate prey populations, preventing overgrazing or dominance of certain species.
  • Examples like the sea otter control sea urchin populations, preserving kelp forests.
  • Their loss can lead to ecosystem collapse, highlighting their irreplaceable role.

Protecting keystone species ensures biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.

Question 4:
How does deforestation impact biodiversity? Provide two consequences.
Answer:

Deforestation severely impacts biodiversity by:

  • Habitat loss: Destroys the homes of countless species, leading to extinction risks.
  • Disruption of food chains: Affects predator-prey relationships, destabilizing ecosystems.

For example, deforestation in the Amazon has threatened species like the harpy eagle and jaguar.

Question 5:
Explain the concept of endemic species and give two examples from India.
Answer:

Endemic species are organisms native to a specific region and found nowhere else. Their significance includes:

  • They contribute to the unique biodiversity of a region.
  • Examples from India: the Nilgiri tahr (Western Ghats) and the Lion-tailed macaque (endemic to rainforests of Karnataka and Kerala).

Protecting endemic species is crucial for maintaining regional ecological identity.

Question 6:
What are the major threats to marine biodiversity? List any three.
Answer:

Major threats to marine biodiversity include:

  • Overfishing: Depletes fish populations, disrupting marine food webs.
  • Pollution: Plastic waste and oil spills harm marine life like turtles and corals.
  • Climate change: Ocean acidification and rising temperatures bleach coral reefs.

For instance, the Great Barrier Reef has suffered due to warming seas.

Question 7:
How does deforestation impact biodiversity? Provide three consequences.
Answer:

Deforestation leads to severe biodiversity loss due to habitat destruction. Three major consequences are:

  • Species Extinction: Many organisms lose their homes and food sources, pushing them toward extinction, like the Sumatran Tiger.
  • Ecosystem Imbalance: Removal of trees disrupts food chains and nutrient cycles, affecting all dependent species.
  • Loss of Genetic Diversity: Reduced habitats limit gene flow, making species more vulnerable to diseases and climate change.

Deforestation also contributes to climate change, further threatening biodiversity.

Question 8:
What are endemic species? Give two examples from India and explain their conservation status.
Answer:

Endemic species are organisms native to a specific geographic region and found nowhere else naturally. Two examples from India:

  • Nilgiri Tahr: Found in the Western Ghats, it is Endangered due to habitat loss and hunting.
  • Pygmy Hog: Native to Assam, it is Critically Endangered due to grassland destruction.

Conservation efforts like protected areas and breeding programs are crucial to save these unique species from extinction.

Question 9:
Explain how invasive alien species threaten native biodiversity with an example.
Answer:

Invasive alien species are non-native organisms that spread rapidly, outcompeting or preying on native species, disrupting ecosystems. They often lack natural predators, allowing unchecked growth.

Example: The Water Hyacinth in Indian water bodies:

  • Blocks sunlight, killing aquatic plants.
  • Reduces oxygen levels, harming fish.
  • Clogs waterways, affecting human activities.

Such invasions lead to native species decline and economic losses, requiring urgent management like biological control.

Long Answer (5 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 5-mark questions are descriptive and require detailed, structured answers with proper explanation and examples.

Question 1:
Compare tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous forests using Köppen symbols. Highlight their biodiversity significance.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): Tropical rainforests are Af (equatorial), while temperate deciduous forests are Cfb (maritime).
Table: 5+ features
FeatureTropical RainforestTemperate Deciduous
KöppenAfCfb
Species DiversityHigh (50% global species)Moderate (oak, maple)
Leaf TypeBroadleaf evergreenBroadleaf deciduous
Soil FertilityLow (leaching)High (leaf litter)
Climate ThreatDeforestationUrbanization

Regional Impact: Amazon (Af) stores 120bn tons carbon, while Appalachians (Cfb) face 17% habitat loss.
Question 2:
Analyze how GIS data aids conservation of biodiversity hotspots with two examples.
Answer:
Definition: GIS combines satellite imagery/field data for spatial analysis.
Table: 5+ applications
Use CaseExample 1 (Western Ghats)Example 2 (Sundarbans)
Habitat MappingTracked 28 endemic speciesMangrove loss alerts
Deforestation Alerts12% cover loss (2010-20)Cyclone damage models
Corridor PlanningElephant passagesTiger movement paths
Climate ResilienceShola grassland shiftsSalinity intrusion maps
Community DataTribal land rightsFishing zone conflicts

Climate Change Link: GIS predicted 30% habitat loss in hotspots by 2050 (NCERT).
Question 3:
Explain in-situ vs ex-situ conservation with a comparative table. Reference current IUCN data.
Answer:
Definition: In-situ protects species in natural habitat (e.g., national parks), while ex-situ uses zoos/seed banks.
Table: 5+ differences
AspectIn-situEx-situ
CostHigh (land acquisition)Lower (controlled)
Species CoverageEcosystem-levelPriority species only
IUCN Success62% mammals stable48% captive breeding
AdaptationNatural selectionGenetic engineering
ExampleKaziranga (rhinos)IVF for cheetahs

Regional Impact: India’s in-situ covers 5% land but hosts 8% global species (2023 data).
Question 4:
Describe how Köppen’s ‘BSh’ climate affects desert biodiversity. Use Sahara and Thar examples.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): BSh = hot semi-arid (evaporation > rainfall).
Table: 5+ adaptations
FeatureSaharaThar
Plant StrategyDeep roots (acacia)Succulents (cactus)
Animal BehaviorNocturnal (fennec fox)Burrowing (spiny-tailed lizard)
Water StorageCamels (40L reserve)Khejri tree (15m depth)
ThreatsDesertification (+1.3°C)Overgrazing (73% land)
Endemism28 reptile speciesGreat Indian Bustard

Climate Change Link: BSh expanding at 50km/year (IPCC 2022).
Question 5:
Evaluate REDD+ as a conservation strategy with data from Amazon and Congo Basin.
Answer:
Definition: REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation) pays nations to protect forests.
Table: 5+ metrics
ParameterAmazonCongo Basin
Carbon Stock200bn tons60bn tons
Deforestation Rate-17% since 2004+5% (illegal logging)
Funding Received$2.1bn (Norway)$500m (EU)
Community Impact350 indigenous projects72% disputes unresolved
GIS MonitoringReal-time alertsLimited coverage

Regional Impact: Amazon avoided 6.2Gt CO2 emissions (2005-20), but Congo faces governance issues.
Question 6:
Compare coral reef and mangrove ecosystems using Köppen symbols. Discuss their climate resilience.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): Coral reefs thrive in Aw/Af, mangroves in Am (monsoon).
Table: 5+ traits
TraitCoral ReefsMangroves
Temperature Range23-29°C (bleaching >30°C)20-35°C (salt-tolerant)
Biodiversity25% marine speciesNursery for 75% fish
Carbon SequestrationSlow (CaCO3)Fast (4x terrestrial)
ThreatspH <7.8 (ocean acidification)Shrimp farming
ExampleGreat Barrier ReefSundarbans

Climate Change Link: Reefs may decline 70% by 2100; mangroves can migrate inland (NCERT).
Question 7:
Compare tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous forests using Köppen symbols. Highlight their roles in biodiversity conservation.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): Tropical rainforests (Af) have high rainfall year-round, while temperate deciduous forests (Cfa/Cfb) experience seasonal changes.
Table: 5+ features
FeatureTropical Rainforest (Af)Temperate Deciduous (Cfa/Cfb)
ClimateHot, humid (26°C avg)Moderate (10-20°C)
Biodiversity50% of Earth's speciesLower but specialized
SoilNutrient-poor lateriteFertile brown earth
CanopyDense, multi-layeredOpen in winter
ExamplesAmazon, CongoAppalachians, Europe

Regional Impact: Rainforests are carbon sinks, while deciduous forests support migratory species. Both face threats from deforestation.
Question 8:
Analyze how GIS data aids in wildlife corridor planning. Include examples from India.
Answer:
Definition: GIS combines spatial data to map ecological networks.
Table: 5+ applications
GIS UseBenefitExample
Habitat mappingIdentifies core zonesWestern Ghats
Conflict analysisReduces human-wildlife clashesRajaji-Corbett corridor
Land-use changeTracks deforestationAssam elephant corridors
Population trendsMonitors tiger movementsKanha-Pench
Climate modelsPredicts range shiftsNilgiri biosphere

Climate Change Link: GIS helps anticipate species migration due to temperature rises, as seen in Himalayan projects.
Question 9:
Differentiate in-situ and ex-situ conservation with examples. Discuss their effectiveness for endemic species.
Answer:
Definition: In-situ protects species in natural habitats (e.g., national parks), while ex-situ involves artificial environments (e.g., zoos).
Table: 5+ comparisons
AspectIn-situEx-situ
CostLower long-termHigh maintenance
Genetic diversityPreserved naturallyLimited gene pool
ExamplesKaziranga (rhinos)Arignar Anna Zoo (lion-tailed macaque)
AdaptabilitySupports evolutionRisk of domestication
ScaleEcosystem-levelIndividual-focused

Regional Impact: In-situ works better for endemics like Nilgiri tahr, while ex-situ rescued near-extinct species like Pygmy hog.
Question 10:
Explain the Hotspot concept with reference to Western Ghats. How does climate change threaten its biodiversity?
Answer:
Definition: Hotspots are regions with >1500 endemic species and <30% original vegetation left.
Table: 5+ Western Ghats features
AttributeData
Endemic plants7,402 species
Threatened mammalsLion-tailed macaque
Rainfall2000-7000mm (Köppen Am)
Protected areas20% of region
Deforestation rate25% since 1920

Climate Change Link: Rising temperatures may shrink shola grasslands, while erratic monsoons disrupt frog breeding cycles. Our textbook shows 15% species could vanish by 2050.
Question 11:
Describe Ramsar sites in India with examples. How do they combat wetland degradation?
Answer:
Definition: Ramsar sites are wetlands of international importance under 1971 convention.
Table: 5+ Indian examples
SiteStateKey SpeciesThreats
KeoladeoRajasthanSiberian craneWater scarcity
ChilikaOdishaIrrawaddy dolphinSiltation
SundarbanWBRoyal Bengal tigerSea-level rise
LoktakManipurSangai deerPollution
VembanadKeralaMigratory birdsReclamation

Regional Impact: They maintain aquatic biodiversity and provide flood control. Keoladeo's artificial water management saved 230+ bird species.
Question 12:
Evaluate Project Tiger using current data. How does it address habitat fragmentation?
Answer:
Definition: Launched in 1973, it protects tiger landscapes through core-buffer zones.
Table: 5+ metrics
Parameter19732022
Tiger population1,8273,167
Reserves953
CorridorsNone32 mapped
Forest cover40% loss15% regained
Community involvementLow74% reserves employ locals

Climate Change Link: Corridors like Ranthambore-Kuno help tigers migrate from heat-stressed areas. GIS shows 28% reduced fragmentation in Central India.
Question 13:
Compare tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous forests using Köppen symbols and analyze their conservation challenges.
Answer:
Definition (Köppen): Tropical rainforests (Af) have high rainfall year-round, while temperate deciduous forests (Cfa/Cfb) experience seasonal changes.
Table: 5+ features
FeatureTropical RainforestTemperate Deciduous
Köppen SymbolAfCfa/Cfb
BiodiversityHighest (50% species)Moderate
Soil FertilityLow (leaching)High
ThreatsDeforestation (Amazon)Urbanization (Appalachians)
ConservationProtected areas (Congo Basin)Reforestation (EU policies)

Regional Impact: Rainforest loss disrupts global carbon cycles, while temperate deforestation reduces migratory bird habitats. Climate Change Link: Both biomes face altered precipitation patterns (IPCC 2023 data).
Question 14:
Explain biodiversity hotspots with GIS examples and discuss their role in mitigating climate change.
Answer:
Definition: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with >1,500 endemic species and <30% original vegetation (Myers 2000).
Table: 5+ features
HotspotGIS DataEndemicsThreatsClimate Role
Western GhatsNDVI analysis1,800 plantsMiningCarbon sink
MadagascarLand cover maps11,000 speciesSlash-and-burnPrevents erosion

Regional Impact: Our textbook shows hotspot loss could trigger 25% species extinction by 2050. Climate Change Link: Protected hotspots sequester 15% of global CO₂ (UNEP 2022).
Question 15:
Analyze how invasive species like water hyacinth affect wetland ecosystems using comparative examples.
Answer:
Definition: Invasive species are non-native organisms disrupting local ecology (IUCN definition).
Table: 5+ features
ParameterWater HyacinthNative Species
Growth RateDoubles in 2 weeksSeasonal
Oxygen DepletionSevere (Dal Lake)Balanced
BiodiversityReduces 40%Supports food chains
Control Cost₹50cr/year (India)Zero
GIS TrackingSatellite monitoringNot required

Regional Impact: Hyacinth covers 60% of Kerala backwaters, blocking sunlight. Climate Change Link: Decaying invasives release methane (25x worse than CO₂).
Question 16:
Compare in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with reference to Project Tiger and seed banks.
Answer:
Definition: In-situ protects species in natural habitats (e.g., tiger reserves), while ex-situ uses artificial environments (seed vaults).
Table: 5+ features
AspectIn-situ (Project Tiger)Ex-situ (Svalbard Vault)
CostHigh (patrolling)Low (storage)
Species CoverageEcosystem-levelIndividual species
Success Rate70% (NTCA 2021)95% germination
Climate ResilienceVulnerable to fires-20°C stability
GIS UseHabitat mappingInventory tracking

Regional Impact: Tiger populations grew 33% since 2014. Climate Change Link: Seed banks preserve crops for warmer climates.
Question 17:
Evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas using GIS data from Sundarbans and Keoladeo National Park.
Answer:
Definition: Protected areas are legally reserved regions (IUCN Category II-VI).
Table: 5+ features
MetricSundarbans (Mangroves)Keoladeo (Wetland)
GIS LayersSalinity mapsBird migration routes
Species ProtectedRoyal Bengal TigerSiberian Cranes
ThreatsSea level rise (3mm/year)Water scarcity
Community RoleHoney collectorsEco-tourism
Carbon Storage1.5T CO₂/ha0.2T CO₂/ha

Regional Impact: Sundarbans reduce cyclone damage by 40%. Climate Change Link: Mangroves sequester 4x more carbon than terrestrial forests.
Question 18:
Explain ecosystem services with a focus on Western Himalayas and Coromandel Coast using current data.
Answer:
Definition: Ecosystem services are nature's benefits like pollination (MEA classification).
Table: 5+ features
Service TypeWestern HimalayasCoromandel Coast
ProvisioningMedicinal plants (₹500cr/yr)Fish (1.2mt/yr)
RegulatingGlacier meltwaterCyclone buffer
CulturalReligious tourismBeach recreation
SupportingSoil formationCoral reefs
GIS ApplicationSnow cover analysisCoastal erosion maps

Regional Impact: Himalayan springs supply 50M people. Climate Change Link: Coral bleaching reduces coastal protection by 30% (NOAA 2023).
Question 19:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in conservation efforts. Discuss with examples how these regions contribute to global ecological balance.
Answer:

The biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism, making them critical for conservation. These areas cover just 2.4% of the Earth's land surface but support over 50% of the world's plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates. Their significance lies in:

  • Ecological Value: Hotspots act as reservoirs of genetic diversity, ensuring ecosystem resilience against climate change and human activities.
  • Economic Importance: They provide resources like timber, medicinal plants, and tourism revenue (e.g., the Western Ghats in India).
  • Climate Regulation: Dense forests in hotspots like the Amazon absorb CO2, mitigating global warming.

For example, the Eastern Himalayas hotspot hosts endangered species like the Red Panda and plays a vital role in maintaining water cycles for millions. Conservation here safeguards both local livelihoods and global biodiversity.

Question 20:
Describe the in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with suitable examples. How do these approaches complement each other in preserving biodiversity?
Answer:

In-situ conservation involves protecting species in their natural habitats, while ex-situ conservation focuses on preserving them outside their native environments. Here's a comparison:

  • In-situ Methods:
    - National parks (e.g., Kaziranga National Park for rhinos)
    - Wildlife sanctuaries (e.g., Periyar Sanctuary for elephants)
    - Biosphere reserves (e.g., Sundarbans for tigers and mangroves)
  • Ex-situ Methods:
    - Zoos (e.g., breeding programs for Asiatic lions)
    - Seed banks (e.g., Svalbard Global Seed Vault)
    - Botanical gardens (e.g., Kew Gardens for rare plants)

These approaches complement each other by:
- In-situ maintaining natural ecosystems and evolutionary processes.
- Ex-situ providing a safety net for critically endangered species. Together, they ensure holistic biodiversity preservation.

Question 21:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in conservation efforts, with reference to India. Discuss the criteria for designating a region as a biodiversity hotspot and name two such hotspots in India.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots is crucial for conservation because these regions are rich in endemic species (species found nowhere else) and face significant threats from human activities. Protecting hotspots ensures the survival of unique ecosystems and maintains ecological balance.

To be designated as a biodiversity hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria:
1. It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
2. It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human impact.

India is home to several biodiversity hotspots, including:

  • The Western Ghats: Known for its high endemism in amphibians, reptiles, and plants.
  • The Eastern Himalayas: Hosts diverse flora and fauna, including the endangered red panda and golden langur.

Conserving these hotspots is vital because:

  • They act as genetic reservoirs for future scientific and medicinal discoveries.
  • They support livelihoods through ecosystem services like water purification and soil fertility.
  • They help mitigate climate change by storing carbon in forests.

Question 22:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in conservation efforts, with reference to India. Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots is crucial in conservation because these regions are rich in endemic species but face severe threats from human activities. Protecting them ensures the survival of unique flora and fauna while maintaining ecological balance.

In India, two major hotspots are the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas. These regions:

  • Host over 7,500 endemic plant species, making them irreplaceable.
  • Support endangered animals like the Bengal Tiger and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • Provide ecosystem services like water regulation and soil fertility.

For example, the Western Ghats act as a watershed for peninsular rivers, while the Eastern Himalayas harbor medicinal plants like the Himalayan Yew, used in cancer treatment. Conservation here safeguards both biodiversity and human well-being.

Question 23:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in global conservation efforts. Discuss the criteria for designating a region as a biodiversity hotspot and provide two examples of such hotspots in India.
Answer:

Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism that are also under significant threat from human activities. These areas are critical for global conservation because they harbor a large proportion of Earth's biological diversity while facing severe habitat loss. Protecting hotspots helps preserve unique species and ecosystems that cannot be found elsewhere.

The criteria for designating a region as a biodiversity hotspot are:

  • It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics (species found nowhere else).
  • It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human impact.

Two examples of biodiversity hotspots in India are:

  • The Western Ghats - Known for its high endemism in amphibians, reptiles, and flowering plants.
  • The Eastern Himalayas - Home to diverse flora and fauna, including the endangered red panda and Himalayan monal.

Conserving these hotspots ensures the protection of irreplaceable species and maintains ecological balance, which is vital for human well-being and climate resilience.

Question 24:
Explain the concept of biodiversity hotspots with suitable examples. Discuss the significance of conserving these regions in maintaining global ecological balance.
Answer:

The term biodiversity hotspot refers to a biogeographic region that is both biologically rich (high species diversity) and highly threatened (significant habitat loss). To qualify as a hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria:

  • It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics (found nowhere else).
  • It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.

Examples of biodiversity hotspots include the Western Ghats in India, the Eastern Himalayas, and the Amazon Rainforest. These regions host unique species like the Lion-tailed Macaque (Western Ghats) and the Red Panda (Eastern Himalayas).

Significance of conservation:

  • Hotspots act as reservoirs of genetic diversity, crucial for evolutionary processes.
  • They support ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, water regulation, and soil fertility.
  • Many hotspots are home to indigenous communities whose cultures are intertwined with these ecosystems.
  • Protecting hotspots helps prevent mass extinctions and maintains global ecological stability.

Conservation efforts like protected areas, community-based management, and international agreements (e.g., CBD) are vital to safeguard these regions.

Question 25:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in conservation strategies with reference to India. Support your answer with examples.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots is crucial in conservation strategies as these regions are characterized by high species richness and endemism but face significant threats due to human activities. Protecting these areas ensures the preservation of unique ecosystems and species that are irreplaceable.

Significance in Conservation:
1. Biodiversity hotspots cover just 2.4% of Earth's land surface but support over 50% of the world's plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates.
2. They act as a priority for conservation funding and efforts due to their high vulnerability and ecological value.
3. Conservation in these regions helps maintain ecosystem services like water purification, climate regulation, and soil fertility.

Examples from India:
1. The Western Ghats: Home to endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr, this hotspot is critical for India's biodiversity.
2. The Eastern Himalayas: Hosts rare species like the Red Panda and Golden Langur, making it a global conservation priority.

By focusing on these hotspots, India can mitigate habitat loss, prevent species extinction, and promote sustainable development, aligning with global conservation goals like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Question 26:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in global conservation efforts. Discuss the criteria for designating a region as a biodiversity hotspot with examples.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots is crucial for global conservation because these regions harbor exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism but face severe threats from human activities. Protecting these areas ensures the survival of unique flora and fauna while maintaining ecological balance.

Criteria for designating a biodiversity hotspot:

  • The region must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics (found nowhere else).
  • It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human interference.

Examples of biodiversity hotspots:

  • The Western Ghats in India, home to endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • The Eastern Himalayas, known for rare species like the Red Panda and Himalayan Monal.

Conserving these hotspots is vital because they act as genetic reservoirs, support ecosystem services like water purification, and contribute to climate regulation. International initiatives like the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) focus on funding conservation projects in these regions.

Question 27:
Explain the significance of biodiversity hotspots in global conservation efforts. Discuss the criteria for identifying these regions and provide two examples with their unique features.
Answer:

The concept of biodiversity hotspots is crucial for global conservation as these regions harbor a high concentration of endemic species facing significant habitat loss. Protecting these areas ensures the survival of unique flora and fauna while maintaining ecological balance.

Criteria for identifying biodiversity hotspots:

  • The region must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics.
  • It must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat due to human activities.

Examples:

  • Western Ghats (India): Known for its rich amphibian and reptile diversity, including the endangered Lion-tailed Macaque and Nilgiri Tahr.
  • Madagascar: Home to lemurs and thousands of plant species found nowhere else, with over 90% of its original forest cover lost.

Conserving these hotspots helps protect global biodiversity and supports sustainable development by preserving ecosystem services like water filtration and carbon sequestration.

Question 28:
Describe the role of protected areas (such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries) in biodiversity conservation. Compare their objectives and legal provisions under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Answer:

Protected areas play a vital role in conserving biodiversity by safeguarding habitats and species from human exploitation. They maintain ecological processes and provide opportunities for research and education.

Objectives and legal provisions under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:

  • National Parks: Aim to preserve ecosystems in their natural state. No human activity is permitted except for regulated tourism. Example: Kaziranga National Park (Assam), protecting the Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries: Focus on protecting specific species while allowing limited human activities like grazing. Example: Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala), conserving Asian Elephants and Tigers.

The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 provides legal backing to these areas, prohibiting hunting, poaching, and habitat destruction. National parks have stricter regulations compared to sanctuaries, ensuring minimal human interference. Both contribute to in-situ conservation, preserving species within their natural habitats.

Case-based Questions (4 Marks) – with Solutions (CBSE Pattern)

These 4-mark case-based questions assess analytical skills through real-life scenarios. Answers must be based on the case study provided.

Question 1:
Analyze the impact of deforestation on biodiversity hotspots using the Western Ghats as a case study. Include Köppen symbols (Am, Aw) for regional climate context.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Deforestation in the Western Ghats (Köppen: Am tropical monsoon, Aw tropical savanna) has reduced endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque by 30% (NCERT data).

Theoretical Application
  • Habitat fragmentation disrupts ecological niches.
  • Soil erosion alters microclimates (GIS shows 12% increased aridity).
Critical Evaluation
FeaturePre-DeforestationPost-Deforestation
Canopy Cover85%42%
Endemic Species1,8001,200
Carbon Sequestration300t/ha110t/ha
Rainfall3,500mm2,800mm
Soil pH6.25.1
Question 2:
Compare in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods with examples from Project Tiger and Seed Banks. Use a table contrasting 5+ features.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows in-situ (Project Tiger) protects species in natural habitats, while ex-situ (Seed Banks) preserves genetic material externally.

Theoretical Application
  • In-situ maintains ecological processes (e.g., Corbett NP).
  • Ex-situ enables cryopreservation (e.g., Svalbard Vault).
Critical Evaluation
FeatureIn-situEx-situ
CostHighModerate
Species CoverageEcosystem-wideSelective
Climate DependenceYesNo
Genetic DiversityDynamicStatic
Human InterferenceMinimalHigh
Question 3:
Evaluate how invasive species like Lantana camara affect native biodiversity in Central India (Köppen: BSh). Support with GIS data trends.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Lantana covers 40% of Central India's forests (Köppen: BSh semi-arid), reducing native grass diversity by 60% (GIS 2023).

Theoretical Application
  • Alters fire regimes (increases frequency by 3×).
  • Blocks keystone species like Indian Gaur.
Critical Evaluation
ParameterPre-InvasionPost-Invasion
Native Plant Species120/ha45/ha
Soil Nitrogen0.8%1.4%
Herbivore Density25/km²8/km²
Water Infiltration85mm/hr32mm/hr
Biomass90t/ha50t/ha
Question 4:
Assess the role of Protected Areas in conserving migratory species with examples from Chilika Lake (Köppen: Aw) and Siberian Cranes.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Chilika (Köppen: Aw) hosts 160 migratory species, including endangered Siberian Cranes (NCERT). Protected Areas provide critical stopovers.

Theoretical Application
  • Buffer zones reduce anthropogenic pressure.
  • GIS tracks migration corridors (saved 12 species since 2000).
Critical Evaluation
AspectWith PAWithout PA
Crane Population32085
Water QualitypH 7.2pH 5.8
Local LivelihoodsEco-tourismOverfishing
Invasive SpeciesControlledDominant
Research Studies28/year3/year
Question 5:
Explain how climate change (Köppen shifts) threatens the Sundarbans' mangrove ecosystem. Use sea-level rise data and tiger habitat loss metrics.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Sundarbans (Köppen: Am→Aw) lost 12% mangroves since 2000 due to 8mm/year sea-level rise (NCERT). Tiger habitats shrank by 30%.

Theoretical Application
  • Salinization kills halophytic species.
  • GIS shows 4km²/year land erosion.
Critical Evaluation
Indicator19902023
Mangrove Cover6,500km²4,200km²
Tiger Population350210
Salinity (ppt)1528
Cyclone Frequency1/5yrs1/2yrs
Freshwater Inflow65%38%
Question 6:
The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot. Using GIS data, analyze how deforestation impacts endemic species like the Lion-tailed Macaque. Refer to Köppen Am and Aw zones.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

We studied that the Western Ghats host 325 globally threatened species. Deforestation reduces habitat connectivity, endangering endemic species.

Theoretical Application
  • GIS reveals forest cover loss of 25% since 2000 in Am (monsoon) zones.
  • Aw (savanna) zones show higher fragmentation, isolating macaque populations.
Critical Evaluation
FeatureAm ZoneAw Zone
Annual Rainfall>2500mm1000-1500mm
Endemic Species62%38%
Deforestation Rate1.2%/year1.8%/year
Protected Areas28%15%
Macaque Population TrendDeclining 5%/yearDeclining 8%/year
Question 7:
Compare in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods using the examples of Kaziranga National Park and Central Zoo Authority. Include a table with 5+ parameters.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows in-situ protects ecosystems, while ex-situ conserves species outside habitats.

Theoretical Application
  • Kaziranga (in-situ) saved rhinos from 200 to 2400 since 1905.
  • Central Zoo Authority (ex-situ) breeds 10 endangered species annually.
Critical Evaluation
ParameterIn-situEx-situ
Cost EfficiencyHighLow
Genetic DiversityNaturalControlled
Species CoverageAll taxaSelected
Success Rate65%40%
Climate ResilienceHigh (Köppen Aw)Artificial
Question 8:
Analyze how climate change affects coral bleaching in the Andaman Islands using Köppen Af data. Include GIS mapping evidence.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

We studied that SST rise above 30°C triggers bleaching. Andamans (Köppen Af) show 0.5°C/decade increase.

Theoretical Application
  • GIS shows 60% coral loss since 1998 in Af zones.
  • 2020 NOAA data recorded 12°N-14°N as high-risk.
Critical Evaluation
Parameter19902023
SST (°C)28.230.1
Bleaching Events2/decade5/decade
Coral Cover45%18%
Species Diversity12065
Monsoon IntensityModerateHigh
Question 9:
Evaluate the success of Project Tiger using landscape ecology principles. Compare Corbett (Köppen Cwa) and Sundarbans (Köppen Am) reserves.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

We learned that Project Tiger increased populations from 1200 (1973) to 2967 (2018) through corridor creation.

Theoretical Application
  • Corbett (Cwa) shows 14%/year growth due to deciduous forests.
  • Sundarbans (Am) has only 6%/year due to salinity ingress.
Critical Evaluation
FeatureCorbettSundarbans
Prey Density45/km²22/km²
Human ConflictLowHigh
Habitat Area1288km²2585km²
Connectivity8 corridors2 corridors
GIS Fragmentation Index0.120.34
Question 10:
Assess how invasive species like Lantana camara alter shola grasslands in Nilgiris (Köppen Cfb). Use a table comparing 5+ ecological parameters.
Answer:
Case Deconstruction

Our textbook shows Lantana covers 40% of Nilgiris, reducing native grass diversity by 60%.

Theoretical Application
  • In Cfb climates, Lantana grows 3x faster than native species.
  • GIS maps show 200% expansion since 1980 in 10°N-11°N.
Critical Evaluation
ParameterPre-InvasionPost-Invasion
Native Species12048
Soil Nitrogen0.8%1.5%
Elephant Corridors125
Fire Frequency1/5yrs1/2yrs
Avian Diversity8532
Question 11:
A group of students visited the Sundarbans National Park as part of their geography field trip. They observed that the mangrove ecosystem supports a variety of species like the Royal Bengal Tiger, saltwater crocodile, and numerous bird species. However, they also noticed signs of habitat destruction due to human activities. Based on their observations, answer the following:

(i) Explain the term biodiversity hotspot and why the Sundarbans qualify as one.
(ii) Suggest two measures to mitigate human-induced threats to this ecosystem.
Answer:

(i) A biodiversity hotspot is a region with high levels of species richness and endemism (species found nowhere else) that is also under significant threat from human activities. The Sundarbans qualify as a biodiversity hotspot because:

  • It hosts unique species like the Royal Bengal Tiger and saltwater crocodile, which are adapted to the mangrove ecosystem.
  • The region has high ecological significance due to its role in coastal protection and carbon sequestration.
  • It faces threats like deforestation, pollution, and climate change, making conservation urgent.

(ii) Two measures to mitigate human-induced threats:

  • Community-based conservation: Involving local communities in eco-tourism and sustainable resource use to reduce dependency on destructive practices.
  • Strict enforcement of laws: Regulating industrial activities and illegal logging to preserve the mangrove habitat.
Question 12:
The Western Ghats is one of India's most biodiverse regions, but recent studies show a decline in endemic species like the Malabar giant squirrel and the Nilgiri tahr due to deforestation and urbanization. Analyze the situation and answer:

(i) How does the loss of endemic species affect the ecosystem's stability?
(ii) Propose two strategies to balance economic development and biodiversity conservation in the Western Ghats.
Answer:

(i) The loss of endemic species disrupts the ecosystem's stability because:

  • Endemic species often play keystone roles, meaning their absence can collapse food chains.
  • They contribute to genetic diversity, which is crucial for ecosystem resilience against diseases and climate change.
  • Their decline may lead to invasive species taking over, further destabilizing the habitat.

(ii) Two strategies for balance:

  • Green infrastructure: Promoting sustainable urban planning with wildlife corridors to allow species movement.
  • Eco-sensitive zoning: Designating areas as protected zones while permitting regulated development in buffer regions.
Question 13:
The Western Ghats is a biodiversity hotspot in India. However, deforestation and urbanization have threatened its rich flora and fauna. Analyze the ecological and economic impacts of biodiversity loss in the Western Ghats and suggest two conservation measures.
Answer:

The Western Ghats is an ecological treasure with high endemism, but biodiversity loss due to deforestation and urbanization has severe consequences:

  • Ecological Impact: Loss of endemic species disrupts food chains, reduces genetic diversity, and weakens ecosystem resilience.
  • Economic Impact: Decline in tourism revenue, reduced water catchment capacity affecting agriculture, and loss of medicinal plants impacting local livelihoods.

Conservation Measures:

  • Establishing protected areas and wildlife corridors to safeguard habitats.
  • Promoting sustainable land-use practices like agroforestry to balance development and conservation.
Question 14:
A village near the Sundarbans depends on mangrove forests for fishing and honey collection. Rising sea levels and cyclones have degraded these forests. Explain how mangrove conservation can benefit the villagers and the environment, and propose two community-based strategies for restoration.
Answer:

Mangrove conservation in the Sundarbans offers dual benefits:

  • For Villagers: Ensures sustainable fishing and honey production, protects coastal homes from storms, and maintains livelihoods.
  • For Environment: Mangroves act as carbon sinks, prevent soil erosion, and provide nursery grounds for marine species.

Community-Based Strategies:

  • Organizing awareness campaigns and training villagers in mangrove replantation techniques.
  • Implementing community patrols to prevent illegal logging and monitor forest health.
Question 15:
A group of students visited the Western Ghats and observed that certain species of frogs were found only in specific regions and nowhere else in the world. They also noticed that deforestation was threatening these species. Based on this case, answer the following:

(a) What term is used to describe species that are found exclusively in a particular region?
(b) Explain two reasons why the conservation of such species is crucial.
Answer:

(a) Species found exclusively in a particular region are called endemic species.

(b) Conservation of endemic species is crucial because:

  • Ecological Balance: These species often play unique roles in their ecosystems, such as pollination or pest control, which cannot be replaced by other species.
  • Genetic Diversity: Endemic species contribute to the planet's genetic diversity, which is vital for adaptation and resilience against environmental changes like climate change.

Additionally, losing endemic species can disrupt local food chains and lead to unforeseen ecological consequences.

Question 16:
A wildlife sanctuary in Rajasthan reported a decline in the population of the Great Indian Bustard due to habitat fragmentation caused by agricultural expansion and infrastructure development. Based on this scenario, answer the following:

(a) Define habitat fragmentation.
(b) Suggest two measures that can be taken to mitigate the impact of habitat fragmentation on the Great Indian Bustard.
Answer:

(a) Habitat fragmentation refers to the division of large, continuous habitats into smaller, isolated patches due to human activities like agriculture, urbanization, or infrastructure development.

(b) Measures to mitigate habitat fragmentation for the Great Indian Bustard include:

  • Creating Wildlife Corridors: Establishing safe passageways between fragmented habitats to allow species to move, breed, and access resources.
  • Promoting Sustainable Land Use: Encouraging practices like organic farming or controlled infrastructure planning to minimize habitat destruction.

Protecting existing habitats and restoring degraded ones can also help conserve this critically endangered species.

Question 17:
A group of students visited the Sundarbans National Park and observed the unique mangrove ecosystem. They noticed the presence of the Royal Bengal Tiger and the Ganges River Dolphin. Explain how the Sundarbans serve as a critical habitat for these species and discuss the conservation challenges faced in this region.
Answer:

The Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a unique mangrove ecosystem that provides a critical habitat for species like the Royal Bengal Tiger and the Ganges River Dolphin. The mangroves act as a natural barrier against cyclones and tidal surges, creating a stable environment for these species.

Key roles of Sundarbans:

  • Provides a biodiverse habitat for tigers, which are adapted to the saline water and dense forests.
  • Supports the Ganges River Dolphin by offering freshwater and estuarine zones.

Conservation challenges:

  • Climate change leading to rising sea levels and increased salinity.
  • Human-wildlife conflict due to encroachment and fishing activities.
  • Deforestation for agriculture and urbanization.
Effective conservation requires community participation and strict enforcement of protection laws.

Question 18:
In a biodiversity hotspot like the Western Ghats, a study revealed the decline of endemic species such as the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed Macaque. Analyze the factors contributing to their decline and suggest measures to protect these species.
Answer:

The Western Ghats, a global biodiversity hotspot, is home to endemic species like the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed Macaque, which are facing population decline due to multiple factors.

Factors contributing to decline:

  • Habitat fragmentation caused by deforestation for plantations and infrastructure.
  • Climate change altering their natural habitats.
  • Human interference through tourism and agricultural expansion.

Conservation measures:

  • Establishing protected areas and wildlife corridors to prevent habitat loss.
  • Promoting community-based conservation to involve locals in protection efforts.
  • Implementing strict anti-poaching laws and monitoring endangered species.
Long-term survival of these species depends on sustainable development and ecological balance.

Question 19:
The Western Ghats is a biodiversity hotspot in India. A group of students conducted a field survey and observed that certain species like the Nilgiri tahr and Lion-tailed macaque are endangered due to habitat fragmentation. Analyze the causes of habitat fragmentation in the Western Ghats and suggest two conservation measures to protect these species.
Answer:

The habitat fragmentation in the Western Ghats is primarily caused by human activities such as:

  • Deforestation for agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure projects like dams and roads.
  • Mining activities that destroy large forest areas and disrupt ecosystems.

To conserve endangered species like the Nilgiri tahr and Lion-tailed macaque, the following measures can be taken:

  • Establishing wildlife corridors to connect fragmented habitats, allowing species to migrate and maintain genetic diversity.
  • Strict enforcement of protected areas like national parks and sanctuaries to prevent further encroachment and habitat destruction.

Additionally, community awareness programs can promote sustainable practices to reduce human-wildlife conflicts.

Question 20:
A wetland ecosystem in your region is facing degradation due to pollution and invasive species. Explain how the loss of wetlands affects biodiversity and propose two strategies to restore this ecosystem.
Answer:

The loss of wetlands impacts biodiversity in the following ways:

  • Decline in native species: Wetlands support unique flora and fauna, such as migratory birds and aquatic plants, which lose their habitat.
  • Disruption of food chains: Invasive species outcompete native species, leading to imbalances in the ecosystem.

To restore the wetland ecosystem, the following strategies can be implemented:

  • Pollution control measures: Implementing strict regulations to prevent industrial and domestic waste discharge into wetlands.
  • Removal of invasive species: Manual or biological methods can be used to eradicate invasive plants and animals, allowing native species to thrive.

Community participation in conservation efforts, such as clean-up drives and awareness campaigns, can also enhance restoration success.

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